Name: a method for obtaining serial ultrathin sections of microorganisms in transmission electron microscopy
Uploaded: 2018-01-17T10:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Obtaining Serial Ultrathin Sections of Microorganisms in Transmission Electron Microscopy at JoVE.com

我々 は心から彼の貴重な提案や議論の茂雄北をありがちましょう。我々 はまた原稿の彼らの重要な読書のジョンとすみれエクスタインをありがちましょう。

注: この研究で使用される標本は、プロパンと液体窒素で急速凍結された微生物を凍結置換アセトン 2% オスミウム四酸化二を含むとエポキシ樹脂1,2,3、埋め込み 4,5,6,7,8,9<...

<ol>
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Cell Biol. 82, 531-538 (2003).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+and+dynamic+ultrastructure+of+yeast+cells+by+electron+microscopy.">Quantitative and dynamic ultrastructure of yeast cells by electron microscopy.</a> Recent Res. Dev. Microbiology. 8, 219-243 (2004).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Biswas, S. K., Ohkusu, M., Takeo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+spindle+pole+body+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+Cryptococcus+neoformans+examined+by+freeze-substitution+electron+microscopy.">Dynamics of the spindle pole body of the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans examined by freeze-substitution electron microscopy.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 296, 257-265 (2009).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spindle+pole+body+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+Cryptococcus+neoformans:+variation+in+morphology+and+positional+relationship+with+the+nucleolus+and+the+bud+in+interphase+cells.">The spindle pole body of the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans: variation in morphology and positional relationship with the nucleolus and the bud in interphase cells.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 59, 165-172 (2010).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+of+Exophiala+yeast+cells+determined+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+electron+microscopy.">Structome of Exophiala yeast cells determined by freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy.</a> Curr. Trends Microbiol. 2, 1-12 (2006).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+determined+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+electron+microscopy.">Structome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae determined by freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 60, 321-335 (2011).</li><li>Biswas, S. K., Yamaguchi, M., Naoe, N., Takashima, T., Takeo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+three-dimensional+structural+analysis+of+Exophiala+dermatitidis+yeast+cells+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning.">Quantitative three-dimensional structural analysis of Exophiala dermatitidis yeast cells by freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 52, 133-143 (2003).</li><li>Yamada, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+analysis+of+Escherichia+coli.+cells+by+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+reveals+the+precise+cell+profiles+and+the+ribosome+density.">Structome analysis of Escherichia coli. cells by serial ultrathin sectioning reveals the precise cell profiles and the ribosome density.</a> Microscopy. 66, 283-294 (2017).</li><li>Yamada, H., Yamaguchi, M., Chikamatsu, K., Aono, A., Mitarai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+analysis+of+virulent+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis,+which+survives+with+only+700+ribosomes+at+density+per+0.1+fl+cytoplasm.">Structome analysis of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which survives with only 700 ribosomes at density per 0.1 fl cytoplasm.</a> PLoS ONE. 10, e0117109 (2015).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-voltage+electron+microscopy+tomography+and+structome+analysis+of+unique+spiral+bacteria+from+the+deep+sea.">High-voltage electron microscopy tomography and structome analysis of unique spiral bacteria from the deep sea.</a> Microscopy. 65, 363-369 (2016).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prokaryote+or+eukaryote?+A+unique+microorganism+from+the+deep-sea.">Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique microorganism from the deep-sea.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 61, 423-431 (2012).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrathin+sectioning+of+the+Myojin+parakaryote+discovered+in+the+deep+sea.">Ultrathin sectioning of the Myojin parakaryote discovered in the deep sea.</a> Cytologia. 78, 333-334 (2013).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Worman, C. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep-sea+microorganisms+and+the+origin+of+the+eukaryotic+cell.">Deep-sea microorganisms and the origin of the eukaryotic cell.</a> Jpn. J. Protozool. 47, 29-48 (2014).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+electron+microscopic+study+of+microorganisms:+from+influenza+virus+to+deep-sea+microorganisms.">An electron microscopic study of microorganisms: from influenza virus to deep-sea microorganisms.</a> JSM Mycotoxins. 65, 81-99 (2015).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Okada, H., Namiki, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smart+specimen+preparation+for+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+of+yeast+cells.">Smart specimen preparation for freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning of yeast cells.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 58, 261-266 (2009).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Biswas, S. K., Suzuki, Y., Furukawa, H., Takeo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+a+pathogenic+yeast+Exophiala+dermatitidis+cell+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+sectioning+electron+microscopy.">Three-dimensional reconstruction of a pathogenic yeast Exophiala dermatitidis cell by freeze-substitution and serial sectioning electron microscopy.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 219, 17-21 (2003).</li><li>Kozubowski, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ordered+kinetochore+assembly+in+the+human+pathogenic+basidiomycetous+yeast,+Cryptococcus+neoformans.">Ordered kinetochore assembly in the human pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans.</a> mBio. 4, e00614-e00613 (2013).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Adachi, K., The Japanese Society of Microscopy, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specimen+support.">Specimen support.</a> Guide Book for Electron Microscopy. , 52-57 (2011).</li><li>Hayat, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Support+films.">Support films.</a> Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy: Biological Application. , 216 (2000).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Kita, S., The Japanese Society of Microscopy, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrathin+sectioning.">Ultrathin sectioning.</a> Guide Book for Electron Microscopy. , 40-52 (2011).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Aoyama, T., Yamada, N., Chibana, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+measurement+of+hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity+of+the+plasma-polymerized+naphthalene+film+(Super+support+film)+and+other+support+films+and+grids+in+electron+microscopy.">Quantitative measurement of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the plasma-polymerized naphthalene film (Super support film) and other support films and grids in electron microscopy.</a> Microscopy. 65, 444-450 (2016).</li><li>Kita, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliable+method+for+obtaining+serial+ultrathin+sections+using+new+small+tools.">Reliable method for obtaining serial ultrathin sections using new small tools.</a> Kenbikyo. 46, 253-257 (2011).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Shimizu, M., Yamaguchi, T., Ohkusu, M., Kawamoto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeated+use+of+uranyl+acetate+solution+in+section+staining+in+transmission+electron+microscopy.">Repeated use of uranyl acetate solution in section staining in transmission electron microscopy.</a> Plant Morphology. 17, 57-59 (2005).</li><li>Hayworth, K. J., Kasthuri, N., Schalek, R., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automating+the+collection+of+ultrathin+serial+sections+for+large+volume+TEM+reconstructions.">Automating the collection of ultrathin serial sections for large volume TEM reconstructions.</a> Microsc. Microanal. 12, 86-87 (2006).</li><li>Hildebrand, D. G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-brain+serial-section+electron+microscopy+in+larval+zebrafish.">Whole-brain serial-section electron microscopy in larval zebrafish.</a> Nature. 545, 345-349 (2017).</li><li>Denk, W., Horstmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serial+block-face+scanning+electron+microscopy+to+reconstruct+three-dimensional+tissue+nanostructure.">Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to reconstruct three-dimensional tissue nanostructure.</a> PLoS Biol. 2, e329 (2004).</li><li>Heymann, J. A. 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ここで紹介した方法は、高価な機器を必要としません。染色管 (図 13)、水表面を上げるループ (図 11 a)、ループ セクションを保持 (図 10 a) 3 スリット グリッド (図 6 c) アルミ ラック (図 3) のみが必要です。現在のメソッドの多くの機能があります。標本の大部分は、互いに平行に?...

適切なシリアル極薄断面法は細胞および三次元電子顕微鏡レベルでの細胞成分の研究に不可欠であります。酵母細胞の細胞周期におけるスピンドル極体のダイナミクスを検討し、, 細胞周期と重複1,2,3,の時間の間に彼らの微細構造の形態学的変化を明らかにいる4,5。2006 年に「構造」を組み合わせることで新しい単語 'ストラクトーム」を造語と '-青梅 '、'構造情報、電子顕微鏡レベルで全体細胞の、定量的および三次元' 6,7として定義。
シリアルの極薄断面法を必要とするストラクトーム解析による酵母とExophiala dermatitidisの酵母細胞が約 200,000 リボゾーム7、8、を持っていたことがわかった。大腸菌セル 26,000 リボゾーム9、結核菌細胞いた 1,700 リボゾーム10明神らせん状細菌のみ 300 リボゾーム11を持っていた。この情報だけでなく各有機体、9種の同定にも成長率の推定に役に立ちます。
さらに、ストラクトーム解析; 新しい有機体の発見につながったParakaryon myojinensisは、細胞構造が原核生物と真核生物12,13,14,15の間中間日本の海岸沖の深海で発見されました。現時点では、シリアルの極薄断面法マスターに長い時間がかかるので困難であると見なされます。本研究では難なく極薄シリアルセクショニングを実行できます誰も信頼性の高い方法を開発しました。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Formvar making apparatus</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>652</td>
			<td>W 180 x D 180 x H 300 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slide</td>
			<td>Matsunami Co. Ltd., Osaka</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>76 x 26 x 1.3 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum rack with 4-mm holes</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>658</td>
			<td>W 30 x D 25 x H 3 mm, Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>SMZ 645</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED illumination for stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>SM-LW 61 Ji</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trimming stage</td>
			<td>Sunmag Co.Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Tilting mechanism equipped, Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED illumination for trimming stage</td>
			<td>Sunmag Co.Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic trimming blade</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>5240</td>
			<td>EM-240, Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond knife for trimming</td>
			<td>Diatome Co. Ltd., Switzerland</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>45&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond knife for ultrathin sectioning</td>
			<td>Diatome Co. Ltd., Switzerland</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>45&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultramicrotome</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems, Vienna</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Ultracut S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mesa cut</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems, Vienna</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5% Neoprene W solution</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Special 3-slit nickel grid</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>2458</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Special 3-slit copper grid</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>2459</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Section-holding loop</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>526</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water-surface-raising loop</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>527</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining tube</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>463</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-specimen holder</td>
			<td>JEOL Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>EM-11170</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JEM-1400</td>
			<td>JEOL Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for obtaining serial ultrathin sections of microorganisms in transmission electron microscopy

細胞と細胞成分を透過型電子顕微鏡の高倍率で 3 次元観察試料の超薄切片を準備する必要があります。連続超薄切片の準備は非常に困難であると考えられている適切な方法を使用する場合より簡単です。本稿では微生物の連続超薄切片を安全に取得するためのステップバイ ステップの手順を紹介します。このメソッドの重要なポイントは、: 1) 標本の大部分を使用し、互いに平行になるので、試料の表面とナイフのエッジを調整するには2) グループの連続切片をカット、スリット格子; に連続切片のグループを取得するときに髪の毛のペアを使用してセクションを分離することの難しさを避けるために3) 'セクション保持ループ' を使用してセクション グループの順序を混合しないように4)「水表面調達ループ」を使用してセクションは水頂点に配置され、こと; グリッドの目的の位置に配置するためのグリッドを最初タッチを確認するには5) アルミ ラック支持フィルムを使用し、容易にグリッド上のセクションを回復するしサポート フィルムのしわを避けるために・ 6) 染色チューブを使用し、誤ってピンセットでサポート フィルムを破ることを避けます。この新しいメソッドは、難なく連続超薄切片を取得できます。メソッドは、自動テープ収集ウルトラミクロトーム メソッドとシリアル ブロック顔または集束イオンビーム走査電子顕微鏡を使用して達成することができない、3 D の高解像度で微生物の細胞構造を解析することが可能になります。

このプロトコルでは、3 スリット格子は連続切片を拾うために使用されていました。グリッドは、ニッケルや銅の作られています。連続切片は、真ん中のスリットに配置されます。両側スリットは、グリッドとそれらを拾うときにセクションを表示する必要があります。グリッド連続切片と平行するときしてピンセット (図 11 d) でそれらを拾い?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Obtaining Serial Ultrathin Sections of Microorganisms in Transmission Electron Microscopy at JoVE.com

A Method for Obtaining Serial Ultrathin Sections of Microorganisms in Transmission Electron Microscopy

本研究は、透過型電子顕微鏡の高価な機器なし微生物の連続超薄切片を得るため信頼性が高く、簡単な手順を示します。

透過型電子顕微鏡における微生物の連続超薄切片を得る方法

Observing cells and cell components in three dimensions at high magnification in transmission electron microscopy requires preparing serial ultrathin ...

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In Depth Analyses of LEDs by a Combination of X-ray Computed Tomography CT and Light Microscopy LM Correlated with Scanning Electron Microscopy SEM

走査型電子顕微鏡（SEM）と相関X線コンピュータ断層撮影（CT）および光学顕微鏡（LM）の組合せによるLEDの深さ分析で

In failure analysis, device characterization and reverse engineering of light emitting diodes (LEDs), and similar electronic components of ...

Studying Dynamic Processes of Nano-sized Objects in Liquid using Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

走査型透過電子顕微鏡を用いて、液体中にナノサイズのオブジェクトの動的プロセスを学びます

Samples fully embedded in liquid can be studied at a nanoscale spatial resolution with Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) using a ...

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

トランスミッション菊池回折を用いて超微細粒とナノ結晶材料のキャラクタリゼーション

One of the challenges in microstructure analysis nowadays resides in the reliable and accurate characterization of ultra-fine grained (UFG) and ...

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

磁気渦の研究伝達顕微鏡検査の技術を使用してシリコン窒化膜の磁性ナノ構造の作製

Electron and x-ray magnetic microscopies allow for high-resolution magnetic imaging down to tens of nanometers. However, the samples need to be prepared ...

Single-Digit Nanometer Electron-Beam Lithography with an Aberration-Corrected Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope

収差補正走査透過電子顕微鏡と 1 桁台のナノメートルの電子ビーム露光

We demonstrate extension of electron-beam lithography using conventional resists and pattern transfer processes to single-digit nanometer dimensions by ...

Graphene-Assisted Quasi-van der Waals Epitaxy of AlN Film on Nano-Patterned Sapphire Substrate for Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes

紫外発光ダイオード用ナノパターンサファイア基板上のAlNフィルムのグラフェン支援準ファンデルワールスエピタキシー

This protocol demonstrates a method for graphene-assisted quick growth and coalescence of AlN on nano-pattened sapphire substrate (NPSS). Graphene layers ...

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

混相a-VOxに基づく非対称クロスバーのバイアスと作製を用いたSitu透過電子顕微鏡

Resistive switching crossbar architecture is highly desired in the field of digital memories due to low cost and high-density benefits. Different ...

Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope

Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope

透過型電子顕微鏡 で の密閉セルガス反応の実施

Gas reactions studied by in situ electron microscopy can be used to capture the real-time morphological and microchemical transformations of materials at ...