Name: a method for obtaining serial ultrathin sections of microorganisms in transmission electron microscopy
Uploaded: 2018-01-17T10:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Obtaining Serial Ultrathin Sections of Microorganisms in Transmission Electron Microscopy at JoVE.com

Vi takker hjertelig Shigeo Kita for hans verdifulle forslag og diskusjon. Vi også takke John og Sumire Eckstein for deres kritisk lesning av manuskriptet.

Merk: Prøvene brukt i denne studien var mikroorganismer, raskt frosset med propan i flytende nitrogen, fryse erstattet i aceton som inneholder 2% osmium tetroxide og innebygd i epoxy harpiks1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9,...

<ol>
	<li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spindle+pole+body+duplicates+in+early+G1+phase+in+a+pathogenic+yeast+Exophiala+dermatitidis:+an+ultrastructural+study.">The spindle pole body duplicates in early G1 phase in a pathogenic yeast Exophiala dermatitidis: an ultrastructural study.</a> Exp. Cell Res. 279, 71-79 (2002).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spindle+pole+body+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+Exophiala+dermatitidis:+variation+in+morphology+and+positional+relationship+to+the+nucleolus+and+the+bud+in+interphase+cells.">The spindle pole body of the pathogenic yeast Exophiala dermatitidis: variation in morphology and positional relationship to the nucleolus and the bud in interphase cells.</a> Eur. J. Cell Biol. 82, 531-538 (2003).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+and+dynamic+ultrastructure+of+yeast+cells+by+electron+microscopy.">Quantitative and dynamic ultrastructure of yeast cells by electron microscopy.</a> Recent Res. Dev. Microbiology. 8, 219-243 (2004).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Biswas, S. K., Ohkusu, M., Takeo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+spindle+pole+body+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+Cryptococcus+neoformans+examined+by+freeze-substitution+electron+microscopy.">Dynamics of the spindle pole body of the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans examined by freeze-substitution electron microscopy.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 296, 257-265 (2009).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spindle+pole+body+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+Cryptococcus+neoformans:+variation+in+morphology+and+positional+relationship+with+the+nucleolus+and+the+bud+in+interphase+cells.">The spindle pole body of the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans: variation in morphology and positional relationship with the nucleolus and the bud in interphase cells.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 59, 165-172 (2010).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+of+Exophiala+yeast+cells+determined+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+electron+microscopy.">Structome of Exophiala yeast cells determined by freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy.</a> Curr. Trends Microbiol. 2, 1-12 (2006).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+determined+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+electron+microscopy.">Structome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae determined by freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 60, 321-335 (2011).</li><li>Biswas, S. K., Yamaguchi, M., Naoe, N., Takashima, T., Takeo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+three-dimensional+structural+analysis+of+Exophiala+dermatitidis+yeast+cells+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning.">Quantitative three-dimensional structural analysis of Exophiala dermatitidis yeast cells by freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 52, 133-143 (2003).</li><li>Yamada, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+analysis+of+Escherichia+coli.+cells+by+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+reveals+the+precise+cell+profiles+and+the+ribosome+density.">Structome analysis of Escherichia coli. cells by serial ultrathin sectioning reveals the precise cell profiles and the ribosome density.</a> Microscopy. 66, 283-294 (2017).</li><li>Yamada, H., Yamaguchi, M., Chikamatsu, K., Aono, A., Mitarai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+analysis+of+virulent+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis,+which+survives+with+only+700+ribosomes+at+density+per+0.1+fl+cytoplasm.">Structome analysis of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which survives with only 700 ribosomes at density per 0.1 fl cytoplasm.</a> PLoS ONE. 10, e0117109 (2015).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-voltage+electron+microscopy+tomography+and+structome+analysis+of+unique+spiral+bacteria+from+the+deep+sea.">High-voltage electron microscopy tomography and structome analysis of unique spiral bacteria from the deep sea.</a> Microscopy. 65, 363-369 (2016).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prokaryote+or+eukaryote?+A+unique+microorganism+from+the+deep-sea.">Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique microorganism from the deep-sea.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 61, 423-431 (2012).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrathin+sectioning+of+the+Myojin+parakaryote+discovered+in+the+deep+sea.">Ultrathin sectioning of the Myojin parakaryote discovered in the deep sea.</a> Cytologia. 78, 333-334 (2013).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Worman, C. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep-sea+microorganisms+and+the+origin+of+the+eukaryotic+cell.">Deep-sea microorganisms and the origin of the eukaryotic cell.</a> Jpn. J. Protozool. 47, 29-48 (2014).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+electron+microscopic+study+of+microorganisms:+from+influenza+virus+to+deep-sea+microorganisms.">An electron microscopic study of microorganisms: from influenza virus to deep-sea microorganisms.</a> JSM Mycotoxins. 65, 81-99 (2015).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Okada, H., Namiki, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smart+specimen+preparation+for+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+of+yeast+cells.">Smart specimen preparation for freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning of yeast cells.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 58, 261-266 (2009).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Biswas, S. K., Suzuki, Y., Furukawa, H., Takeo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+a+pathogenic+yeast+Exophiala+dermatitidis+cell+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+sectioning+electron+microscopy.">Three-dimensional reconstruction of a pathogenic yeast Exophiala dermatitidis cell by freeze-substitution and serial sectioning electron microscopy.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 219, 17-21 (2003).</li><li>Kozubowski, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ordered+kinetochore+assembly+in+the+human+pathogenic+basidiomycetous+yeast,+Cryptococcus+neoformans.">Ordered kinetochore assembly in the human pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans.</a> mBio. 4, e00614-e00613 (2013).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Adachi, K., The Japanese Society of Microscopy, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specimen+support.">Specimen support.</a> Guide Book for Electron Microscopy. , 52-57 (2011).</li><li>Hayat, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Support+films.">Support films.</a> Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy: Biological Application. , 216 (2000).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Kita, S., The Japanese Society of Microscopy, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrathin+sectioning.">Ultrathin sectioning.</a> Guide Book for Electron Microscopy. , 40-52 (2011).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Aoyama, T., Yamada, N., Chibana, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+measurement+of+hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity+of+the+plasma-polymerized+naphthalene+film+(Super+support+film)+and+other+support+films+and+grids+in+electron+microscopy.">Quantitative measurement of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the plasma-polymerized naphthalene film (Super support film) and other support films and grids in electron microscopy.</a> Microscopy. 65, 444-450 (2016).</li><li>Kita, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliable+method+for+obtaining+serial+ultrathin+sections+using+new+small+tools.">Reliable method for obtaining serial ultrathin sections using new small tools.</a> Kenbikyo. 46, 253-257 (2011).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Shimizu, M., Yamaguchi, T., Ohkusu, M., Kawamoto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeated+use+of+uranyl+acetate+solution+in+section+staining+in+transmission+electron+microscopy.">Repeated use of uranyl acetate solution in section staining in transmission electron microscopy.</a> Plant Morphology. 17, 57-59 (2005).</li><li>Hayworth, K. J., Kasthuri, N., Schalek, R., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automating+the+collection+of+ultrathin+serial+sections+for+large+volume+TEM+reconstructions.">Automating the collection of ultrathin serial sections for large volume TEM reconstructions.</a> Microsc. Microanal. 12, 86-87 (2006).</li><li>Hildebrand, D. G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-brain+serial-section+electron+microscopy+in+larval+zebrafish.">Whole-brain serial-section electron microscopy in larval zebrafish.</a> Nature. 545, 345-349 (2017).</li><li>Denk, W., Horstmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serial+block-face+scanning+electron+microscopy+to+reconstruct+three-dimensional+tissue+nanostructure.">Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to reconstruct three-dimensional tissue nanostructure.</a> PLoS Biol. 2, e329 (2004).</li><li>Heymann, J. A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Site-specific+3D+imaging+of+cells+and+tissues+with+a+dual+beam+microscope.">Site-specific 3D imaging of cells and tissues with a dual beam microscope.</a> J. Struct. Biol. 155, 63-73 (2006).</li></ol>

Metoden som presenteres her krever ingen dyrt utstyr. Det krever bare en aluminium stativ (Figur 3), tre-spalte rutenett (figur 6 c), delen holder looper (figur 10a), vann-overflaten-raising loop (figur 11a) og en flekker tube (figur 13). Det er mange funksjoner i metoden finnes. Store deler av prøven brukes til å justere prøven overflate og kniven kanten slik at de stå...

Riktig serielle ultrathin snitting teknikk er uunnværlig celler og celle komponenter tredimensjonalt på elektron mikroskopisk nivå. Vi har studert dynamikken i spindel pole kroppen i cellen syklus av gjærceller, og viste morfologiske endringer av deres ultrastructure under cellen syklus og tid duplisering1,2,3, 4,5. I 2006 vi laget et nytt ord "structome" ved å kombinere "structure" og "-ome', og omtaler det som"kvantitative og tredimensjonale strukturell informasjon for en hel celle på elektron mikroskopisk nivå" 6,7.
Av structome analyse, som krever føljetong ultrathin snitting teknikk, ble det funnet at en gjær celle Saccharomyces cerevisiae og Exophiala dermatitidis hadde ca 200.000 ribosomer7,8, en Escherichia coli celle hadde 26.000 ribosomer9, en Mycobacterium tuberculosis celle hadde 1700 ribosomer10 og Myojin spiral bakterier hadde kun 300 ribosomer11. Denne informasjonen er nyttig ikke bare beregne veksten i hver organisme, men også i identifisering av artene9.
Videre structome analysen ledet til oppdagelsen av en ny organisme; Parakaryon myojinensis ble funnet i den dype sjøen utenfor kysten av Japan, som cellestruktur var et mellomledd mellom de av prokaryoter og eukaryoter12,13,14,15. I dag anses føljetong ultrathin snitting teknikk så vanskelig at det ville ta lang tid å mestre. I denne studien har vi utviklet en pålitelig metode der alle kan utføre føljetong ultrathin snitting uten problemer.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Formvar making apparatus</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>652</td>
			<td>W 180 x D 180 x H 300 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slide</td>
			<td>Matsunami Co. Ltd., Osaka</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>76 x 26 x 1.3 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum rack with 4-mm holes</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>658</td>
			<td>W 30 x D 25 x H 3 mm, Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>SMZ 645</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED illumination for stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>SM-LW 61 Ji</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trimming stage</td>
			<td>Sunmag Co.Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Tilting mechanism equipped, Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED illumination for trimming stage</td>
			<td>Sunmag Co.Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic trimming blade</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>5240</td>
			<td>EM-240, Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond knife for trimming</td>
			<td>Diatome Co. Ltd., Switzerland</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>45&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond knife for ultrathin sectioning</td>
			<td>Diatome Co. Ltd., Switzerland</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>45&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultramicrotome</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems, Vienna</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Ultracut S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mesa cut</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems, Vienna</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5% Neoprene W solution</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Special 3-slit nickel grid</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>2458</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Special 3-slit copper grid</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>2459</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Section-holding loop</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>526</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water-surface-raising loop</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>527</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining tube</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>463</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-specimen holder</td>
			<td>JEOL Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>EM-11170</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JEM-1400</td>
			<td>JEOL Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for obtaining serial ultrathin sections of microorganisms in transmission electron microscopy

Observere celler og celle komponenter i tre dimensjoner på forstørring i overføring elektronmikroskop krever klargjør fortsettelsene ultrathin deler av prøven. Selv om forbereder føljetong ultrathin deler anses å være svært vanskelig, er det ganske lett hvis den passende metoden brukes. I dette papiret viser vi en fremgangsmåte for trygt å skaffe føljetong ultrathin deler av mikroorganismer. De viktigste punktene av denne metoden er: 1) store deler av prøven og justere prøven overflate og kniven kanten slik at de er parallelle med hverandre; 2) å kutte føljetong deler i grupper og unngå problemer med å skille delene med en hårstrå når du henter en gruppe føljetong deler på slit rutenettene; 3) bruke en "delen holder loop" og unngå å blande opp rekkefølgen på inndelingsgrupper; 4) for å bruke en "vann-overflaten-raising loop" og kontroller at delene er plassert på toppen av vannet og at de berører rutenettet først for å plassere dem i ønsket posisjon på nett; 5) bruke støtte filmen på en aluminium stativ og gjøre det enklere å gjenopprette avsnittene om rutenettene og å unngå rynker i støtte filmen. og 6) å bruke en flekker rør og unngå uhell bryte støtte filmene med pinsett. Denne nye metoden kan skaffe føljetong ultrathin inndelinger uten problemer. Metoden gjør det mulig å analysere celle strukturer av mikroorganismer i høy oppløsning i 3D, som kan oppnås ved hjelp av automatisk tape-innsamling ultramicrotome metode og føljetong blokk-ansikt eller fokusert ion strålen skanning elektronmikroskop.

I denne protokollen, ble tre-spalte rutenett brukt for å plukke opp serielle deler. Rutenettet er laget av nikkel eller kobber. Delene føljetong plasseres midt slit. Åpninger på begge sider er nødvendig å vise avsnittene når plukke dem opp med rutenett. Håndtaket er bøyd for å holde rutenettene parallelt med delene føljetong når plukke dem opp med pinsett (Figur 11 d), (figur 6 c, høyre). En liten hånd er en fordel ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Obtaining Serial Ultrathin Sections of Microorganisms in Transmission Electron Microscopy at JoVE.com

A Method for Obtaining Serial Ultrathin Sections of Microorganisms in Transmission Electron Microscopy

Denne studien gir pålitelig og enkel prosedyrer for å få føljetong ultrathin deler av en microorganism uten dyrt utstyr i overføring elektronmikroskop.

En metode for å få føljetong Ultrathin deler av mikroorganismer i overføring elektronmikroskop

Observing cells and cell components in three dimensions at high magnification in transmission electron microscopy requires preparing serial ultrathin ...

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We demonstrate extension of electron-beam lithography using conventional resists and pattern transfer processes to single-digit nanometer dimensions by ...

Graphene-Assisted Quasi-van der Waals Epitaxy of AlN Film on Nano-Patterned Sapphire Substrate for Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes

Grafenassistert Quasi-van der Waals Epitaxy av AlN Film på Nano-mønstret Sapphire Substrat for ultrafiolett lys emitting dioder

This protocol demonstrates a method for graphene-assisted quick growth and coalescence of AlN on nano-pattened sapphire substrate (NPSS). Graphene layers ...

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

In Situ Transmission Electron Mikroskopi med biasing og fabrikasjon av asymmetriske tverrligger basert på blandet faset a-VOx

Resistive switching crossbar architecture is highly desired in the field of digital memories due to low cost and high-density benefits. Different ...

Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope

Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope

Utføre in situ lukket celle gassreaksjoner i transmisjonselektronmikroskopet

Gas reactions studied by in situ electron microscopy can be used to capture the real-time morphological and microchemical transformations of materials at ...