Name: a method for obtaining serial ultrathin sections of microorganisms in transmission electron microscopy
Uploaded: 2018-01-17T10:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Obtaining Serial Ultrathin Sections of Microorganisms in Transmission Electron Microscopy at JoVE.com

Vi tackar Shigeo Kita för hans värdefulla förslag och diskussion. Vi tackar också John och Sumire Eckstein för deras kritisk läsning av manuskriptet.

Obs: De prover som används i denna studie var mikroorganismer, snabbt frysta med propan i flytande kväve, frysa substituerade i aceton som innehåller 2% osmium vanligtvis, och inbäddade i epoxi harts1,2,3, 4,5,6,7,8,9...

<ol>
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Cell Biol. 82, 531-538 (2003).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+and+dynamic+ultrastructure+of+yeast+cells+by+electron+microscopy.">Quantitative and dynamic ultrastructure of yeast cells by electron microscopy.</a> Recent Res. Dev. Microbiology. 8, 219-243 (2004).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Biswas, S. K., Ohkusu, M., Takeo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamics+of+the+spindle+pole+body+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+Cryptococcus+neoformans+examined+by+freeze-substitution+electron+microscopy.">Dynamics of the spindle pole body of the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans examined by freeze-substitution electron microscopy.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 296, 257-265 (2009).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spindle+pole+body+of+the+pathogenic+yeast+Cryptococcus+neoformans:+variation+in+morphology+and+positional+relationship+with+the+nucleolus+and+the+bud+in+interphase+cells.">The spindle pole body of the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans: variation in morphology and positional relationship with the nucleolus and the bud in interphase cells.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 59, 165-172 (2010).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+of+Exophiala+yeast+cells+determined+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+electron+microscopy.">Structome of Exophiala yeast cells determined by freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy.</a> Curr. Trends Microbiol. 2, 1-12 (2006).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+of+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+determined+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+electron+microscopy.">Structome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae determined by freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning electron microscopy.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 60, 321-335 (2011).</li><li>Biswas, S. K., Yamaguchi, M., Naoe, N., Takashima, T., Takeo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+three-dimensional+structural+analysis+of+Exophiala+dermatitidis+yeast+cells+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning.">Quantitative three-dimensional structural analysis of Exophiala dermatitidis yeast cells by freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 52, 133-143 (2003).</li><li>Yamada, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+analysis+of+Escherichia+coli.+cells+by+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+reveals+the+precise+cell+profiles+and+the+ribosome+density.">Structome analysis of Escherichia coli. cells by serial ultrathin sectioning reveals the precise cell profiles and the ribosome density.</a> Microscopy. 66, 283-294 (2017).</li><li>Yamada, H., Yamaguchi, M., Chikamatsu, K., Aono, A., Mitarai, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structome+analysis+of+virulent+Mycobacterium+tuberculosis,+which+survives+with+only+700+ribosomes+at+density+per+0.1+fl+cytoplasm.">Structome analysis of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which survives with only 700 ribosomes at density per 0.1 fl cytoplasm.</a> PLoS ONE. 10, e0117109 (2015).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-voltage+electron+microscopy+tomography+and+structome+analysis+of+unique+spiral+bacteria+from+the+deep+sea.">High-voltage electron microscopy tomography and structome analysis of unique spiral bacteria from the deep sea.</a> Microscopy. 65, 363-369 (2016).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prokaryote+or+eukaryote?+A+unique+microorganism+from+the+deep-sea.">Prokaryote or eukaryote? A unique microorganism from the deep-sea.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 61, 423-431 (2012).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrathin+sectioning+of+the+Myojin+parakaryote+discovered+in+the+deep+sea.">Ultrathin sectioning of the Myojin parakaryote discovered in the deep sea.</a> Cytologia. 78, 333-334 (2013).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Worman, C. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep-sea+microorganisms+and+the+origin+of+the+eukaryotic+cell.">Deep-sea microorganisms and the origin of the eukaryotic cell.</a> Jpn. J. Protozool. 47, 29-48 (2014).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+electron+microscopic+study+of+microorganisms:+from+influenza+virus+to+deep-sea+microorganisms.">An electron microscopic study of microorganisms: from influenza virus to deep-sea microorganisms.</a> JSM Mycotoxins. 65, 81-99 (2015).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Okada, H., Namiki, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Smart+specimen+preparation+for+freeze-substitution+and+serial+ultrathin+sectioning+of+yeast+cells.">Smart specimen preparation for freeze-substitution and serial ultrathin sectioning of yeast cells.</a> J. Electron Microsc. 58, 261-266 (2009).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Biswas, S. K., Suzuki, Y., Furukawa, H., Takeo, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+a+pathogenic+yeast+Exophiala+dermatitidis+cell+by+freeze-substitution+and+serial+sectioning+electron+microscopy.">Three-dimensional reconstruction of a pathogenic yeast Exophiala dermatitidis cell by freeze-substitution and serial sectioning electron microscopy.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 219, 17-21 (2003).</li><li>Kozubowski, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ordered+kinetochore+assembly+in+the+human+pathogenic+basidiomycetous+yeast,+Cryptococcus+neoformans.">Ordered kinetochore assembly in the human pathogenic basidiomycetous yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans.</a> mBio. 4, e00614-e00613 (2013).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Adachi, K., The Japanese Society of Microscopy, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Specimen+support.">Specimen support.</a> Guide Book for Electron Microscopy. , 52-57 (2011).</li><li>Hayat, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Support+films.">Support films.</a> Principles and Techniques of Electron Microscopy: Biological Application. , 216 (2000).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Kita, S., The Japanese Society of Microscopy, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrathin+sectioning.">Ultrathin sectioning.</a> Guide Book for Electron Microscopy. , 40-52 (2011).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Aoyama, T., Yamada, N., Chibana, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+measurement+of+hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity+of+the+plasma-polymerized+naphthalene+film+(Super+support+film)+and+other+support+films+and+grids+in+electron+microscopy.">Quantitative measurement of hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of the plasma-polymerized naphthalene film (Super support film) and other support films and grids in electron microscopy.</a> Microscopy. 65, 444-450 (2016).</li><li>Kita, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliable+method+for+obtaining+serial+ultrathin+sections+using+new+small+tools.">Reliable method for obtaining serial ultrathin sections using new small tools.</a> Kenbikyo. 46, 253-257 (2011).</li><li>Yamaguchi, M., Shimizu, M., Yamaguchi, T., Ohkusu, M., Kawamoto, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeated+use+of+uranyl+acetate+solution+in+section+staining+in+transmission+electron+microscopy.">Repeated use of uranyl acetate solution in section staining in transmission electron microscopy.</a> Plant Morphology. 17, 57-59 (2005).</li><li>Hayworth, K. J., Kasthuri, N., Schalek, R., Lichtman, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Automating+the+collection+of+ultrathin+serial+sections+for+large+volume+TEM+reconstructions.">Automating the collection of ultrathin serial sections for large volume TEM reconstructions.</a> Microsc. Microanal. 12, 86-87 (2006).</li><li>Hildebrand, D. G. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole-brain+serial-section+electron+microscopy+in+larval+zebrafish.">Whole-brain serial-section electron microscopy in larval zebrafish.</a> Nature. 545, 345-349 (2017).</li><li>Denk, W., Horstmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serial+block-face+scanning+electron+microscopy+to+reconstruct+three-dimensional+tissue+nanostructure.">Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to reconstruct three-dimensional tissue nanostructure.</a> PLoS Biol. 2, e329 (2004).</li><li>Heymann, J. A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Site-specific+3D+imaging+of+cells+and+tissues+with+a+dual+beam+microscope.">Site-specific 3D imaging of cells and tissues with a dual beam microscope.</a> J. Struct. Biol. 155, 63-73 (2006).</li></ol>

Metoden presenteras här kräver ingen dyr utrustning. Det kräver bara en aluminium rack (figur 3), tre-slit rutnät (figur 6 c), avsnitt-anläggning loopar (figur 10a), vatten-ytan-höjning loop (Fig. 11a) och en färgning tube (figur 13). Det finns många funktioner i denna metod. Den stora delen av preparatet används för att justera preparatet yta och kniv kant så at...

Rätt seriella ultrathin snittningen teknik är nödvändig för att studera celler och cell komponenter tredimensionellt på elektron mikroskopisk nivå. Vi har studerat dynamiken i spindeln pole kroppen i cellcykeln av jästceller, och avslöjade morfologiska förändringar av deras ultrastruktur under cellcykeln och tidpunkten för dubbelarbete1,2,3, 4,5. I 2006, vi myntat ett nytt ord 'structome' genom att kombinera 'struktur' och '-ome', och definierat det som 'kvantitativa och tredimensionella strukturell information av en hel cell på elektron mikroskopisk nivå' 6,7.
Av structome analys, som kräver seriell ultrathin snittningen teknik, konstaterades det att en jäst cell av Saccharomyces cerevisiae och Exophiala dermatitidis hade omkring 200.000 ribosomer7,8, en Escherichia coli cell hade 26.000 ribosomer9, en Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell hade 1.700 ribosomer10 och Myojin spiral bakterier hade endast 300 ribosomer11. Denna information är användbar inte bara beräkna tillväxttakten i varje organism, men också i identifiering av arter9.
Vidare, structome analys ledde till upptäckten av en ny organism; Parakaryon myojinensis hittades i det djupa havet utanför Japans kust, vars cellstruktur var en intermediär mellan prokaryoter och Eukaryoter12,13,14,15. För närvarande anses seriell ultrathin snittningen tekniken vara så svårt att det skulle ta lång tid att bemästra. I denna studie har vi utvecklat en pålitlig metod där någon kan utföra seriell ultrathin snittning utan svårighet.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Formvar making apparatus</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>652</td>
			<td>W 180 x D 180 x H 300 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slide</td>
			<td>Matsunami Co. Ltd., Osaka</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>76 x 26 x 1.3 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum rack with 4-mm holes</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>658</td>
			<td>W 30 x D 25 x H 3 mm, Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>SMZ 645</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED illumination for stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>SM-LW 61 Ji</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trimming stage</td>
			<td>Sunmag Co.Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Tilting mechanism equipped, Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED illumination for trimming stage</td>
			<td>Sunmag Co.Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic trimming blade</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>5240</td>
			<td>EM-240, Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond knife for trimming</td>
			<td>Diatome Co. Ltd., Switzerland</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>45&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diamond knife for ultrathin sectioning</td>
			<td>Diatome Co. Ltd., Switzerland</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>45&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultramicrotome</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems, Vienna</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Ultracut S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mesa cut</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems, Vienna</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Mirror</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5% Neoprene W solution</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>605</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Special 3-slit nickel grid</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>2458</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Special 3-slit copper grid</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>2459</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Section-holding loop</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>526</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water-surface-raising loop</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>527</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Staining tube</td>
			<td>Nisshin EM Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>463</td>
			<td>Refer to this paper</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-specimen holder</td>
			<td>JEOL Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>EM-11170</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JEM-1400</td>
			<td>JEOL Co. Ltd., Tokyo</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Transmission electron microscope</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for obtaining serial ultrathin sections of microorganisms in transmission electron microscopy

Att observera celler och cell komponenter i tre dimensioner med hög förstoring i transmissionselektronmikroskopi kräver förbereder seriella ultrathin sektioner av provet. Även förbereder seriella ultrathin sektioner anses vara mycket svårt, är det ganska lätt om den korrekta metoden används. I detta papper visar vi ett stegvis förfarande för att säkert få följetong ultrathin sektioner av mikroorganismer. De viktigaste punkterna i denna metod är: 1) att använda den stora delen av preparatet och justera preparatet yta och kniv kant så att de är parallella med varandra. (2) att skära seriell avsnitt i grupper och undvika svårigheter i att separera sektioner med ett par hårstrån vid hämtning av en grupp av seriell avsnitt på gallren för slit; (3) att använda en 'avsnitt-anläggning loop ”och undvika blanda upp ordningen på de avsnitt grupperna. (4) att använda en 'vatten-ytan-höjning loop ”och kontrollera att avsnitten är placerade på apexen av vattnet och att de röra rutnätet först, för att placera dem i önskad position på rutnäten; (5) att använda stöd filmen på en aluminium rack och göra det lättare att återställa avsnitten på gallren och undvika skrynkling av stöd filmen; och 6) att använda en färgning tube och undvika att oavsiktligt bryta stöd filmerna med pincett. Denna nya metod kan få följetong ultrathin sektioner utan svårighet. Metoden gör det möjligt att analysera cellstrukturer av mikroorganismer med hög upplösning i 3D, vilket inte kan uppnås med hjälp av automatiska tejp-samlande ultramicrotome metoden och seriell block-ansikte eller fokuserad ion beam svepelektronmikroskopi.

I detta protokoll användes tre-slit rutnät för att plocka upp seriell avsnitt. Gallren är tillverkade av nickel eller koppar. Avsnitten seriell placeras på mitten skåran. Skårorna på båda sidor är nödvändiga för att visa avsnitten när plockande dem upp med rutnätet. För att hålla rutnäten parallellt med seriell avsnitt när plockande dem upp med pincett (figur 11 d), handtaget är böjd (figur 6 c, höger). Ett ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Obtaining Serial Ultrathin Sections of Microorganisms in Transmission Electron Microscopy at JoVE.com

A Method for Obtaining Serial Ultrathin Sections of Microorganisms in Transmission Electron Microscopy

Denna studie presenterar tillförlitlig och lätt förfaranden för att erhålla seriell ultrathin sektioner av en mikroorganism utan dyr utrustning i transmissionselektronmikroskopi.

En metod för att erhålla seriell Ultrathin sektioner av mikroorganismer i transmissionselektronmikroskopi

Observing cells and cell components in three dimensions at high magnification in transmission electron microscopy requires preparing serial ultrathin ...

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We demonstrate extension of electron-beam lithography using conventional resists and pattern transfer processes to single-digit nanometer dimensions by ...

Graphene-Assisted Quasi-van der Waals Epitaxy of AlN Film on Nano-Patterned Sapphire Substrate for Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes

Grafen-Assisted Quasi-van der Waals Epitaxy of AlN Film on Nano-Patterned Sapphire Substrat for Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes

This protocol demonstrates a method for graphene-assisted quick growth and coalescence of AlN on nano-pattened sapphire substrate (NPSS). Graphene layers ...

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

In Situ Transmission ElectronMikroskopi med förspänning och tillverkning av asymmetriska tvärstänger baserade på blandade faser a-VOx

Resistive switching crossbar architecture is highly desired in the field of digital memories due to low cost and high-density benefits. Different ...

Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope

Performing In Situ Closed-Cell Gas Reactions in the Transmission Electron Microscope

Utföra in Situ slutna-cell gasar reaktioner i överföringselektronmikroskopet

Gas reactions studied by in situ electron microscopy can be used to capture the real-time morphological and microchemical transformations of materials at ...