Name: preparation of chitosan-based injectable hydrogels and its application in 3d cell culture
Uploaded: 2017-09-29T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Chitosan-based Injectable Hydrogels and Its Application in 3D Cell Culture at JoVE.com

Denne forskningen ble støttet av National Science Foundation of China (21474057 og 21604076).

forsiktig: ta kontakt med alle relevante sikkerhetsdatablader (MSDS) før bruk. Bruk riktige sikkerhets praksis når kjemi eksperimenter, inkludert bruk av en avtrekksvifte og personlig verneutstyr (vernebriller, vernehansker, laboratoriefrakk, etc.). Protokollen krever standard celle håndtering teknikker (sterilisering celle utvinning celle passaging, celle frysing, celle flekker, etc.).
 1. forberedelse av Hydrogels <ol><li>syntese av benzaldehyde avsluttet di-f...

<ol>
	<li>Hoffman, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogels+for+biomedical+applications.">Hydrogels for biomedical applications.</a> Adv. Drug. Deliver. Rev. 64, 18-23 (2012).</li><li>Seliktar, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Designing+cell-compatible+hydrogels+for+biomedical+applications.">Designing cell-compatible hydrogels for biomedical applications.</a> Science. 336 (6085), 1124-1128 (2012).</li><li>Tibbitt, M. W., Anseth, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogels+as+extracellular+matrix+mimics+for+3D+cell+culture.">Hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics for 3D cell culture.</a> Biotechnol. Bioeng. 103 (4), 655-663 (2009).</li><li>Sawicki, L. A., Kloxin, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light-mediated+Formation+and+Patterning+of+Hydrogels+for+Cell+Culture+Applications.">Light-mediated Formation and Patterning of Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (115), (2016).</li><li>Haycock, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+cell+culture:+a+review+of+current+approaches+and+techniques.">3D cell culture: a review of current approaches and techniques.</a> 3D Cell Culture: Methods and Protocols. , 1-15 (2011).</li><li>Breslin, S., O&#8217;Driscoll, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+cell+culture:+the+missing+link+in+drug+discovery.">Three-dimensional cell culture: the missing link in drug discovery.</a> Drug. Discov. Today. 18 (5), 240-249 (2013).</li><li>Yang, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facilely+prepared+inexpensive+and+biocompatible+self-healing+hydrogel:+a+new+injectable+cell+therapy+carrier.">Facilely prepared inexpensive and biocompatible self-healing hydrogel: a new injectable cell therapy carrier.</a> Polym. Chem. 3 (12), 3235-3238 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, Y., Tao, L., Li, S., Wei, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+multiresponsive+and+dynamic+chitosan-based+hydrogels+for+controlled+release+of+bioactive+molecules.">Synthesis of multiresponsive and dynamic chitosan-based hydrogels for controlled release of bioactive molecules.</a> Biomacromolecules. 12 (8), 2894-2901 (2011).</li><li>Cao, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+injectable+hydrogel+formed+by+in+situ+cross-linking+of+glycol+chitosan+and+multi-benzaldehyde+functionalized+PEG+analogues+for+cartilage+tissue+engineering.">An injectable hydrogel formed by in situ cross-linking of glycol chitosan and multi-benzaldehyde functionalized PEG analogues for cartilage tissue engineering.</a> J. Mater. Chem. B. 3 (7), 1268-1280 (2015).</li><li>Ding, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+dynamic+and+self-crosslinked+polysaccharide+hydrogel+with+autonomous+self-healing+ability.">A dynamic and self-crosslinked polysaccharide hydrogel with autonomous self-healing ability.</a> Soft Matter. 11 (20), 3971-3976 (2015).</li><li>Wei, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-healing+gels+based+on+constitutional+dynamic+chemistry+and+their+potential+applications.">Self-healing gels based on constitutional dynamic chemistry and their potential applications.</a> Chem. Soc. Rev. 43 (23), 8114-8131 (2014).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulus-regulated+3D-cell+proliferation+in+an+injectable+self-healing+hydrogel.">Modulus-regulated 3D-cell proliferation in an injectable self-healing hydrogel.</a> Colloid. Surface. B. 149, 168-173 (2017).</li><li>Tseng, T. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Injectable,+Self&#8208;Healing+Hydrogel+to+Repair+the+Central+Nervous+System.">An Injectable, Self&#8208;Healing Hydrogel to Repair the Central Nervous System.</a> Adv. Mater. 27 (23), 3518-3524 (2015).</li><li>Yu, L., Ding, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Injectable+hydrogels+as+unique+biomedical+materials.">Injectable hydrogels as unique biomedical materials.</a> Chem. Soc. Rev. 37 (8), 1473-1481 (2008).</li><li>Yang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+Tumor+Chemotherapy+Effect+by+Using+an+Injectable+Self-healing+Hydrogel+as+Drug+Carrier.">Improving Tumor Chemotherapy Effect by Using an Injectable Self-healing Hydrogel as Drug Carrier.</a> Polym. Chem. , (2017).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+magnetic+self-healing+hydrogel.">A magnetic self-healing hydrogel.</a> Chem. Commun. 48 (74), 9305-9307 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+an+injectable,+self-healable+and+dual+responsive+hydrogel+for+drug+delivery+and+3D+cell+cultivation.">Synthesis of an injectable, self-healable and dual responsive hydrogel for drug delivery and 3D cell cultivation.</a> Polym. Chem. 8 (3), 537-534 (2017).</li><li>Yang, C., Tibbitt, M. W., Basta, L., Anseth, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+memory+and+dosing+influence+stem+cell+fate.">Mechanical memory and dosing influence stem cell fate.</a> Nat. Mater. 13 (6), 645-652 (2014).</li><li>Geerligs, M., Peters, G. W., Ackermans, P. A., Oomens, C. W., Baaijens, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linear+viscoelastic+behavior+of+subcutaneous+adipose+tissue.">Linear viscoelastic behavior of subcutaneous adipose tissue.</a> Biorheology. 45 (6), 677-688 (2008).</li><li>Banerjee, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+hydrogel+modulus+on+the+proliferation+and+differentiation+of+encapsulated+neural+stem+cells.">The influence of hydrogel modulus on the proliferation and differentiation of encapsulated neural stem cells.</a> Biomaterials. 30 (27), 4695-4699 (2009).</li><li>Benoit, D. S., Schwartz, M. P., Durney, A. R., Anseth, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+functional+groups+for+controlled+differentiation+of+hydrogel-encapsulated+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Small functional groups for controlled differentiation of hydrogel-encapsulated human mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Nat. Mater. 7 (10), 816-823 (2008).</li></ol>

Hydrogel presentert i denne protokollen (figur 1) har to hovedkomponenter: naturlige polymer glykol chitosan og en syntetisk benzaldehyde avsluttet polymer gelator DF pinne, som er både biokompatible materialer. Syntese av DF PEG er presentert ved hjelp av en ettrinns endring reaksjon. PEG av molekylvekt 4000 ble valgt i denne protokollen i bekymringene til løselighet, modifikasjon effektivitet, samt hydrogel stivhet. En rekke hydrogels med forskjellige mekanisk styrke var forberedt med fo...

Hydrogels er krysskoblet polymer materiale med store mengder vann og myk mekaniske egenskaper, og de har vært brukt i mange bio-medisinske programmer1,2. Hydrogels kan tilby en myk og våt miljø, som er svært lik fysiologiske omgivelsene for celler i vivo. Derfor har hydrogels blitt en av de mest populære stillasene for 3D celle kultur3,4. Sammenlignet med 2D Petriskål cellekultur, har 3D cellekultur avansert raskt for å tilby en ekstracellulær matrix (EFM) etterlignet microenvironment for cellene å kontakte og montere spredning og differensiering formål5. I tillegg kunne hydrogels som inneholder naturlige polymerer tilby bio-kompatibel og fremme miljøer for cellene til spredning og differensiere3. Hydrogels avledet fra syntetiske polymerer foretrekkes for sin enkle og klare komponenter, noe som utelukker komplekse påvirkninger som dyr opprinnelse proteiner eller virus. Blant alle hydrogel kandidater for 3D cellekultur er hydrogels som er lett forberedt og har en konsekvent eiendom alltid foretrukket. Anlegget å justere den hydrogel egenskaper tilpasses ulike forskning kravene er viktig som godt6.
Her introduserer vi en lettvinte forberedelse av en glykol chitosan-baserte hydrogel bruker dynamiske imine kjemi, som blir en allsidig hydrogel plattform for 3D celle kultur7. I denne metoden brukes kjente bio-kompatible glykol chitosan å etablere rammene av hydrogel's nettverk. Dens amino grupper er reagerte med en benzaldehyde avsluttet polyetylenglykol som polymer gelator til dynamisk imine obligasjoner som crosslinkages av hydrogels8. Dynamisk imine obligasjoner kan danne og råtne reversibel og fleksibelt omgivelser, endowing hydrogels med mekanisk justerbar krysskoblet nettverk9,10,11. På grunn av sin høye vann innholdet, bio-kompatible materialer og justerbar mekaniske styrken, er hydrogel brukt som et stillas for L929 celler i 3D celle kultur12,13. Protokollen her detaljer prosedyrer, inkludert polymer gelator syntese, hydrogel forberedelse, celle innebygging og 3D celle dyrking.
Hydrogel viser også flere andre funksjoner på grunn av sin dynamiske imine crosslinkages, inkludert dens flere mottagelig for ulike bio-stimuli (syre/pH, vitamin B6 avledede pyridoxal, protein papain, etc.), som indikerer at hydrogel kunne indusert oppløse under fysiologiske forhold8. Hydrogel er også selv healable og injiserbare, som betyr hydrogel kunne administreres via en minimal invasiv injeksjon metode og få en fordel i narkotika og celle leveranser14,15. Legge til funksjonelle tilsetningsstoffer eller bestemte forhåndsutformede polymer gelators, hydrogel er forenlig å få bestemte egenskaper som magnetiske, temperatur, pH forståelsesfull, etc.16,17, som kan oppfylle en stort utvalg av forskning krav. Disse egenskapene avsløre den hydrogel potensiell kapasitet til å være en injectable flere operatører for narkotika og celler i både i vitro og i vivo bio-medisinsk forskning og programmer.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1151">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:276px;">Glycol chitosan</td>
			<td style="width:360px;">Wako Pure Chemical Industries</td>
			<td style="width:131px;">39280-86-9</td>
			<td style="width:385px;">90% degree of deacetylation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4-Carboxybenzaldehyde</td>
			<td>Shanghai Aladdin&#160;Bio-Chem Technology Co.,LTD</td>
			<td>619-66-9</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">N, N&#39;-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide</td>
			<td>Shanghai Aladdin&#160;Bio-Chem Technology Co.,LTD</td>
			<td>538-75-0</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Calcium chloride anhydrous</td>
			<td>Shanghai Aladdin&#160;Bio-Chem Technology Co.,LTD</td>
			<td>10043-52-4</td>
			<td>96%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4-dimethylamiopryidine</td>
			<td>Shanghai Aladdin&#160;Bio-Chem Technology Co.,LTD</td>
			<td>1122-58</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Polyethyleneglycol</td>
			<td>Sino-pharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>5254-43-7</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td>Sino-pharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>109-99-9</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Toluene</td>
			<td>Sino-pharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>108-88-3</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethyl ether</td>
			<td>Sino-pharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>60-29-7</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Sino-pharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>64-19-7</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Anhydrous CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sino-pharm Chemical Reagent</td>
			<td>10043-52-4</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluorescein diacetate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>596-09-8</td>
			<td>99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Propidium iodide&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>25535-16-4</td>
			<td>94%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RPMI-1640 culture media</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>0.01 M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Penicillin streptomycin solution</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10,000 U/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rheometer</td>
			<td>TA Instrument</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>AR-G2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>710-3channel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">L929 Cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>NCTC clone 929; L cell, L929, derivative of Strain L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Evaporator</td>
			<td>EYELA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>N-1100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">48 guage needle</td>
			<td>ShanghaiZhiyu Medical Material Co., LTD</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>48-guage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DM3000 B</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Microscope software</td>
			<td>Imaris</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heat gun</td>
			<td>Confu</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>KF-5843&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Petri dish</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation of chitosan-based injectable hydrogels and its application in 3d cell culture

Protokollen presenterer en lettvinte, effektiv og allsidig metode for å forberede chitosan-basert hydrogels med dynamisk imine kjemi. Hydrogel forberedt ved å blande glykol chitosan løsninger med en syntetisk benzaldehyde avsluttet polymer gelator, og hydrogels er effektivt oppnådd i flere minutter ved romtemperatur. Av varierende forhold mellom glykol chitosan, polymer gelator og vann innholdet hentes allsidig hydrogels med forskjellige gelation ganger og stivhet. Når skadet, kan hydrogel gjenopprette sine opptredener og modulus, på grunn av Reversibilitet av dynamisk imine obligasjoner som crosslinkages. Selv healable egenskapen kan hydrogel skal injiserbare siden det kan være selvstendig helbredet fra presset stykker til en integrert bulk hydrogel etter injeksjon prosessen. Hydrogel er også flere forståelsesfull å mange bio-aktive stimuli på grunn av ulike balanse statuser av dynamisk imine obligasjoner. Denne hydrogel bekreftet som bio-kompatibel, og L929 musen fibroblast celler var innebygd følgende standard prosedyrer og celle spredning ble lett vurdert av en 3D-cellen dyrking prosess. Hydrogel kan tilby en justerbar plattform for forskjellige forskning der en fysiologisk etterligne av et 3D-miljø for cellene er profittert. Sammen med flere forståelsesfull, selv healable og injiserbare egenskaper, kan hydrogels potensielt brukes som flere operatører for narkotika og celler i fremtidige bio-medisinske anvendelser.

En skjematisk fremstilling av denne protokollen på hydrogel forberedelse og dens bruk som 3D cellekultur tilbys i figur 1. Informasjon i hydrogel innholdet og forhold med ulike mekaniske styrken summeres i tabell 1. Hydrogel er selv healable og Reologi egenskapen presenterer den hydrogel stivhet lagring modulus versus frekvensen test i figur 2. Cellen AC confocal bilder og celle tall med dager av kulturen i hydrogels presenteres i <strong class...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Chitosan-based Injectable Hydrogels and Its Application in 3D Cell Culture at JoVE.com

Preparation of Chitosan-based Injectable Hydrogels and Its Application in 3D Cell Culture

Her beskriver vi en lettvinte forberedelse av chitosan-baserte injiserbare hydrogels ved hjelp av dynamisk imine kjemi. Metoder for å justere den hydrogel mekanisk styrke og dens anvendelse i 3D cellekultur presenteres.

Utarbeidelse av Chitosan-baserte injiserbare Hydrogels og dens anvendelse i 3D cellekultur

The protocol presents a facile, efficient, and versatile method to prepare chitosan-based hydrogels using dynamic imine chemistry. The hydrogel is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Synthesis, Cellular Delivery and In vivo Application of Dendrimer-based pH Sensors

Synthesis, Cellular Delivery and In vivo Application of Dendrimer-based pH Sensors

Syntese, Cellular Levering og<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Bruk av Dendrimer-baserte pH Sensorer

The development of  fluorescent indicators represented a revolution for life sciences. Genetically  encoded and synthetic fluorophores with sensing ...

Synthesis of Hypervalent Iodonium Alkynyl Triflates for the Application of Generating Cyanocarbenes

Syntese av Hypervalent jod Alkynyl Triflates for anvendelse av Generering Cyanocarbenes

The procedures described in this article involve the synthesis and isolation of hypervalent iodonium alkynyl triflates (HIATs) and their subsequent ...

Isolation and Preparation of Bacterial Cell Walls for Compositional Analysis by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography

Isolering og fremstilling av bakterielle cellevegger for komposisjonsanalyse ved ultraytelses væskekromatografi

The bacterial cell wall is critical for the determination of cell shape during growth and division, and maintains the mechanical integrity of cells in the ...

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Vurdering av Boron Doped Diamond elektrode Kvalitet og søknad til<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Endring av lokal pH ved vannelektrolyse

Boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have shown considerable promise as an electrode material where many of their reported properties such as extended ...

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical (Methylation) and Physical (Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Techniques

Sequencing of Plant Wall Heteroxylans Using Enzymic, Chemical Methylation and Physical Mass Spectrometry, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Techniques

Sekvensering av Plant Wall Heteroxylans Bruke enzymic, Chemical (Metylering) og fysiske (massespektrometri Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Teknikker

This protocol describes the specific techniques used for the characterization of reducing end (RE) and internal region glycosyl sequence(s) of ...

Investigations on the Ga(III) Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

Investigations on the GaIII Complex of EOB-DTPA and Its 68Ga Radiolabeled Analogue

Undersøkelser på Ga (III) Kompleks av EOB-DTPA og dens<sup&gt; 68</sup&gt; Ga Radiomerket Analog

We demonstrate a method for the isolation of EOB-DTPA (3,6,9-triaza-3,6,9-tris(carboxymethyl)-4-(ethoxybenzyl)-undecanedioic acid) from its Gd(III) ...

Bio-inspired Polydopamine Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds and Its Reduction of Silver Nanoparticles

Bio-inspirert Polydopamine overflaten modifikasjon av Nanodiamonds og dens reduksjon av Silver nanopartikler

Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs) is still challenging due to the diversity of functional groups on the ND surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a ...

Photogeneration of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Application in Photoinduced Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

Photogeneration av N-hetrosyklisk Carbenes: programmet i Photoinduced Ring-åpning Metathesis polymerisering

We report a method to generate the N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene (IMes) under UV-irradiation at 365 nm to characterize IMes ...

Synthesis of Soft Polysiloxane-urea Elastomers for Intraocular Lens Application

Syntese av myke Polysiloxane-urea elastomerer for intraokulært linsen program

This study discusses a synthesis route for soft polysiloxane-based urea (PSU) elastomers for their applications as accommodating intraocular lenses ...

Preparation and Application of a New Bacterial Biosensor for the Presumptive Detection of Gunshot Residue

Utarbeidelse og anvendelse av en ny bakteriell Biosensor for presumptive deteksjon av skudd rester

MicRoboCop is a biosensor that has been designed for a unique application in forensic chemistry. MicRoboCop is a system made up of three devices that, ...