Name: measurements of soil carbon by neutron-gamma analysis in static and scanning modes
Uploaded: 2017-08-24T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurements of Soil Carbon by Neutron-Gamma Analysis in Static and Scanning Modes at JoVE.com

作者感谢巴里 g. 杜曼, 罗伯特 a. Icenogle, 胡安. 罗德里格斯, 莫里斯 g. 韦尔奇, 和马林 Siegford 在实验测量方面的技术援助, 以及对吉姆. 克拉克和德克斯特. 拉格朗的计算机模拟帮助。我们感谢夏 LLC 允许在这个项目中使用他们的电子和探测器。这项工作是支持 NIFA ALA 研究合同没有 ALA061-4-15014 "的土壤碳含量的精确地理空间测绘农业生产力和生命周期管理"。

1. 构建 ins 系统 <ol> <li> 使用在 图 1 中显示的常规 ins 系统几何. </li> </ol>
 <img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56270/56270fig1.jpg"/> 图 1 。 INS 系统几何 <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56270/56270fig1large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
<ol start="2"> <li> 使用在 图 2 </str...

<ol>
	<li>Potter, K. N., Daniel, J. A., Altom, W., Torbert, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stocking+rate+effect+on+soil+carbon+and+nitrogen+in+degraded+soils.">Stocking rate effect on soil carbon and nitrogen in degraded soils.</a> J. Soil Water Conserv. 56, 233-236 (2001).</li><li>Torbert, H. A., Prior, S. A., Runion, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+the+return+to+cultivation+on+carbon+(C)+sequestration.">Impact of the return to cultivation on carbon (C) sequestration.</a> J. Soil Water Conserv. 59 (1), 1-8 (2004).</li><li>Stolbovoy, V., Montanarella, L., Filippi, N., Jones, A., Gallego, J., Grassi, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Soil sampling protocol to certify the changes of organic carbon stock in mineral soil of the European Union. Version 2. , (2007).</li><li>Smith, K. E., Watts, D. B., Way, T. R., Torbert, H. A., Prior, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+tillage+and+fertilizer+application+method+on+gas+emissions+(CO2,+CH4,+N2O)+in+a+corn+cropping+system.">Impact of tillage and fertilizer application method on gas emissions (CO2, CH4, N2O) in a corn cropping system.</a> Pedosphere. 22 (5), 604-615 (2012).</li><li>Seybold, C. A., Mausbach, M. J., Karlen, D. L., Rogers, H. H., Lal, R., Kimble, J., Stewart, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+soil+quality.">Quantification of soil quality.</a> Soil processes and the carbon cycle. , 387-404 (1997).</li><li>Nelson, D. W., Sommers, L. E., Sparks, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Total+carbon,+organic+carbon,+and+organic+matter.">Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter.</a> Methods of Soil Analysis., Part 3, Chemical Methods. , 961-1010 (1996).</li><li>Wielopolski, L., Carayannis, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuclear+methodology+for+non-destructive+multi-elemental+analysis+of+large+volumes+of+soil.">Nuclear methodology for non-destructive multi-elemental analysis of large volumes of soil.</a> Planet Earth: Global Warming Challenges and Opportunities for Policy and Practice. , (2011).</li><li>Wielopolski, L., Yanai, R. D., Levine , C. R., Mitra, S., Vadeboncoeur, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid,+non-destructive+carbon+analysis+of+forest+soils+using+neutron-induced+gamma-ray+spectroscopy.">Rapid, non-destructive carbon analysis of forest soils using neutron-induced gamma-ray spectroscopy.</a> Forest Ecol. Manag. 260, 1132-1137 (2010).</li><li>Mitra, S., Wielopolski, L., Tan, H., Fallu-Labruyere, A., Hennig, W., Warburton, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concurrent+measurement+of+individual+gamma-ray+spectra+during+and+between+fast+neutron+pulses.">Concurrent measurement of individual gamma-ray spectra during and between fast neutron pulses.</a> Nucl. Sci. 54 (1), 192-196 (2007).</li><li>Yakubova, G., Wielopolski, L., Kavetskiy, A., Torbert, H. A., Prior, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Field+testing+a+mobile+inelastic+neutron+scattering+system+to+measure+soil+carbon.">Field testing a mobile inelastic neutron scattering system to measure soil carbon.</a> Soil Sci. 179, 529-535 (2014).</li><li>Yakubova, G., Kavetskiy, A., Prior, S. A., Torbert, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Benchmarking+the+inelastic+neutron+scattering+soil+carbon+method.">Benchmarking the inelastic neutron scattering soil carbon method.</a> Vadose Zone J. 15 (2), (2016).</li><li>Knoll, G. 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在以前的研究人员建立的基础上, NSDL 工作人员讨论了在实际和成功地使用这项技术在现实世界领域中的关键问题。最初, NSDL 研究人员证明了在确定净碳峰值区时, 需要考虑 INS 系统的背景信号。11另一项努力表明, 净碳峰值面积是通过直接比例依赖性来表征上部 10 cm 土层 (不论碳深度分布形状) 的平均碳重量百分比。此外, 为 INS 系统校准所需的设备 (即, 1.5 m x 1.5 m x 0.6 m 坑?...

需要了解土壤碳含量, 以优化土壤生产力和利润率, 理解农用土地利用做法对土壤资源的影响, 并评估碳螯合的策略1, 2,3,4。土壤碳是土壤质量的普遍指标5。为土壤碳量测量开发了几种方法。干式燃烧 (DC) 是多年来使用最广泛的方法6;该方法是基于野外样品收集和实验室处理和测量, 具有破坏性, 劳动强度大, 耗时。两个新的方法是激光诱导击穿光谱学, 和近和中红外光谱学7。这些方法也是破坏性的并且只分析非常近表面土壤层数 (0.1-1 cm 土壤深度)。此外, 这些方法只对小样本量 (60 厘米3的 DC 方法) 和 0.01-10 cm3的红外光谱方法的碳含量进行点测量。这样的点测量使得很难将结果推断出场或横向尺度。因为这些方法是破坏性的, 所以重复的测量也是不可能的。
前文国家实验室的研究人员建议应用中子技术进行土壤碳分析 (INS 方法)7,8,9。这一初步的努力发展的理论和实践中使用中子伽马分析土壤碳测量。从2013年开始, 这项工作继续在美国农业部-ARS 国家土壤动力学实验室 (NSDL)。在过去10年中, 这种技术应用的扩大是由于两个主要因素: 相对便宜的商用中子发生器、伽玛探测器和相应的电子软件的可用性;和状态的艺术中子-原子核相互作用参考数据库。这种方法比其他方式有几个优点。一个 INS 系统, 放置在一个平台上, 可以操纵任何类型的领域, 需要测量。这种非破坏性的原位方法可以分析大的土壤体积 (约300千克), 可以通过少量的测量来对整个农业领域进行插值。这个 INS 系统也能够在扫描模式下运行, 它可以根据预先确定的域或横向网格的扫描来决定一个区域的平均碳含量。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="717">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:195px;">Neutron Generator</td>
			<td style="width:327px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Colorado Springs, CO 
			DNC software</td>
			<td style="width:125px;">MP320</td>
			<td style="width:72px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gamma-detector:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>na</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">- NaI(Tl) crystal</td>
			<td>Scionix USA, Orlando, FL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">- Electronics</td>
			<td>XIA LLC, Hayward, CA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">- Software</td>
			<td>ProSpect</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Battery</td>
			<td>Fullriver Battery USA, Camarillo, CA</td>
			<td>DC105-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Invertor</td>
			<td>Nova Electric, Bergenfield, NJ</td>
			<td>CGL 600W-series</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Charger</td>
			<td>PRO Charging Systems, LLC, LaVergne, TN</td>
			<td>PS4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Block of Iron</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>na</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Boric Acid</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>na</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Laptop</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>na</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mu-metal</td>
			<td>Magnetic Shield Corp., Bensenville, IL</td>
			<td>&#160;MU010-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Construction sand</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>na</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Coconut shell</td>
			<td>General Carbon Corp., Patterson, NJ</td>
			<td>GC 8 X 30S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">Reference Cs-137 source</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>na</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measurements of soil carbon by neutron-gamma analysis in static and scanning modes

本文介绍了非弹性中子散射 (INS) 法在土壤碳分析中的应用, 其基础是在中子与土壤元素相互作用时所产生的伽玛射线的登记和分析。ins 系统的主要部分是脉冲中子发生器, 奈 (Tl) 伽玛探测器, 分裂电子学, 以分离伽马谱由于 INS 和热中子捕获 (跨国公司) 的过程, 和软件的伽马谱采集和数据处理。这种方法比其他方法有几个优点, 因为它是一种非破坏性的原位方法, 用于测量大容量土壤中的平均碳含量, 地受土壤碳的局部剧烈变化的影响, 可用于静止或扫描模式。INS 方法的结果是, 在静止状态下, 从一个站点的碳含量为 2.5-3 m2 , 或者扫描体制中所遍历区域的平均碳含量。当前 INS 系统的测量范围是和 #62; 1.5 碳重量% (标准偏差± 0.3 w%) 在上部 10 cm 土壤层数为 1 hmeasurement。

土壤和 #38; 跨国公司和跨国公司的伽马谱
在图 4中显示了测量的土壤伽玛谱的一般视图。光谱由连续背景上的一组峰组成。主要的兴趣峰值质心在4.44 兆伏特和1.78 兆伏特在 INS 和 #38; 跨国公司光谱。第二峰可归因于土壤中的硅核, 第一峰是碳和硅核的重叠峰值。本文介绍了从这些光谱中提取净碳峰面积的方法。这一?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measurements of Soil Carbon by Neutron-Gamma Analysis in Static and Scanning Modes at JoVE.com

Measurements of Soil Carbon by Neutron-Gamma Analysis in Static and Scanning Modes

静态和扫描模式下中子伽马分析法测量土壤碳

在这里, 我们提出了使用中子伽玛技术进行单点测量 (静态模式) 或场平均值 (扫描模式) 的土壤碳的原位测量的协议。我们还描述系统建设和详细的数据处理程序。

The herein described application of the inelastic neutron scattering (INS) method for soil carbon analysis is based on the registration and analysis of ...

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