Name: a test bed to examine helmet fit and retention and biomechanical measures of head and neck injury in simulated impact
Uploaded: 2017-09-21T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact at JoVE.com

我们衷心感谢加拿大自然科学和工程研究理事会 (发现赠款 435921)、Pashby 体育安全基金 (2016: RES0028760)、班廷研究基金会 (发现奖 31214)、NBEC Inc. (NSERC) 的资助 (加拿大), 以及阿尔伯塔大学机械工程和工程学系。

1. 头盔匹配方案的排列 <ol> <li> 定义了要在人体测量学测试设备头和颈部 (杂交 III 第五十百分位男性) 研究的适合方案, 其头部周长为 575 mm。
	注意: 表 1 中显示了与 图 1 相对应的头盔位置的四适合方案的示例。向前和向后适应情景根据正确的盔甲的定义使用从早先流行病学研究, 指定适当的盔甲位置不覆盖眉毛或暴露前额 3 . </li>
	<li> 对...

<ol>
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本文介绍了模拟盔头部撞击时头盔拟合的方法。头盔适合是量化的与合适的力量传感器, 影响是模拟与一个 headform 和颈部在一个引导下降塔, 和头盔运动的跟踪与高速视频。在不同的拟合方案下, 对不同的撞击场景进行了模拟, 以探讨头盔配合的生物力学措施的影响。
头盔适合传感器可以区分不同的匹配力量之间的头盔适合场景 (图 12)。适应力的趋势在?...

大多数流行病学证据表明, 自行车头盔为所有年龄的骑车者提供保护, 防止头部受伤1。生物力学文献提出了一致的主题, 盔头部承受相对较少的严重头部/脑损伤继发影响, 相对于无保护 (un-helmeted) 头2。一些研究表明, 头盔佩戴不当与头部损伤的风险增加有关3, 这意味着头盔在适当的时候是最有效的。根据所使用的标准来定义良好的头盔适合, 不正确的头盔使用被发现是高达64% 之间的盔骑自行车者3。尽管流行病学证据表明, 头盔适合是相关的严重程度或可能头部受伤的影响, 有最小的实验工作评估在一个受控实验室设置是否正确的头盔适合或头盔保留对损伤的生物力学指标有显著影响。一项相关研究探讨了摩托车头盔尺寸在盔撞击过程中的影响, 并通过有限元模型4进行模拟。另一项相关研究探讨了头盔上浆在实验性撞击时的效果5 , 同时使用压敏薄膜来量化足球头盔中的合适力。研究了保留系统对自行车和摩托车头盔撞击的影响6,7, 以及 preadolescents6的向后适应方案。
我们的工作提出的方法, 研究的影响, 自行车头盔适合的风险的头盔适合力传感器, 模拟的影响与人体测量头颈部, 和立体高速摄影机。我们所提出的方法的目标是在不同的现实影响情景中量化合适和评估损伤风险。与相关的方法不同, 我们的工作是研究自行车头盔的适合性, 适当的头盔使用是多种多样的。与以往方法相似, 确定了头部运动学;然而, 颈部负荷和头部头盔的位移也被量化。虽然自行车颈部损伤的流行病学表明, 颈部受伤是不常见的, 他们往往与更严重的头部影响和住院治疗8,9。证据是混合在是否头盔使用降低颈部损伤率8 , 并没有被引用的流行病学研究量化的方面头盔适合。考虑到自行车颈部损伤往往与更严重的事故有关, 而且颈部损伤流行病学未检查头盔适合性, 因此, 头颈部损伤的检测方法在生物力学研究中具有重要价值。这种实验方法可用于生物力学研究, 补充流行病学研究, 不能在所有情况下控制的冲击严重性或头盔适合。
在我们的工作中, 一种新的方法来监测头部和头盔之间的撞击期间的相对运动已经发展。监视头盔是否在头部移动的能力可以让你有价值的洞察力, 头盔的稳定性和未受保护的头部暴露在撞击期间的伤害。在研究头盔适合, 头盔的稳定性和头部暴露是特别宝贵的评估头盔的表现。与相关的工作相比, 不同的影响和适合的方案强调各种头盔的定位也将被测试。
目前, 正确的头盔适合是主观和 nonspecifically 的定义。一般来说, 良好的头盔适合的特点是稳定和位置。头盔应抗运动, 一旦在头部的安全, 并应定位, 使眉毛不覆盖和额头是不过分暴露。此外, 大约一指宽的空间应该适合下巴和带3。定量头盔的测量方法不普遍;除了力, 方法可以比较头盔适合的基础上比较头部和头盔的几何形状。其中一种方法是 Ellena et al.提出的头盔拟合指数10. 我们提出的量化头盔拟合的方法, 适合力传感器, 创造了一个客观的手段比较不同的头盔适合方案的形式, 平均和标准的力量在头部施加的偏差。这些契合力值代表头盔的松紧度, 以及头部的松紧度变化。这些传感器提供了一个量化的比较, 可以在不同的适合方案之间进行的力量。一个安全贴身头盔将显示更高的力量, 而松散的头盔将显示较低的力量。这种适合力测量的方法与 Jadischke5提出的平均拟合指数相似。然而, Jadischke 的方法利用压敏膜。我们提供的光学传感器允许不显眼地测量头部或头盔周围的合适力。
为盔甲的证明, 盔甲在被装备的 headform 被巩固, 然后被上升到某一高度将被放弃。在记录线性加速度的同时, 头部和头盔会受到一个自由下落落到铁砧上。虽然通常不使用头盔行业标准, 混合 III 头 (headform) 和颈部组装在这项工作中使用, 与一个引导下降塔模拟影响。与通常使用线性运动学的标准不同, headform 加速度计阵列还允许确定旋转运动学, 这是预测弥漫性脑损伤可能性的关键参数, 包括脑震荡11.通过对直线加速度和旋转加速度和速度的测量, 通过比较运动学和文献中提出的几种运动学损伤评估方法, 可以对严重的局灶性和弥漫性颅脑损伤进行估计。12,13. 尽管 headform 最初是为汽车碰撞测试开发的, 但它在头盔评估和盔撞击头部损伤风险估计中的应用是有记录的214。撞击模拟装置还包括一个上颈部负荷单元, 允许测量与颈部损伤相关的力和力矩。颈损伤风险可以通过比较颈部动力学和损伤评估数据来估计, 从汽车伤害数据12,13。
本文还提出了一种在高速视频冲击作用下, 相对于头部的头盔运动跟踪方法。目前, 没有定量的方法来评估头盔在撞击时的稳定性。消费者产品安全委员会 (cpi)15自行车头盔标准要求进行位置稳定性测试, 但不代表影响。此外, 是否头盔脱落的 headform 是唯一的结果测量测试。无论头部是否受到损伤, 只要在测试过程中保持 headform, 头盔仍然可以通过。所提出的跟踪头盔运动的方法类似于头盔位置指数 (HPI)15 , 并测量头盔和前额的边缘之间的距离。在撞击过程中, 使用高速视频片段跟踪头部头盔的位移, 以获得头盔稳定性和撞击时头部暴露的表现。使用直接线性变换 (DLT)16和单值分解 (SVD)17方法, 从两个摄像机中跟踪标记在三维空间中确定点位置, 然后在头盔和头部之间进行相对位移。
研究了几种冲击严重性和拟合参数。撞击场景包括两个撞击速度, 两个撞击铁砧表面, 和躯干第一和头部第一撞击。除了一个典型的扁平砧面外, 还模拟了一个倾斜的砧撞击, 以引起切线力分量。躯干-第一影响, 而不是头部第一影响, 是包括模拟一个场景, 其中骑手的肩膀撞击地面之前的头部, 同样执行在以前的工作18。最后, 这四头盔适合方案的调查: 定期适合, 超大的适合, 向前适合, 和向后适合。与以前的工作不同, 头盔定位在头部是一个调查参数, 以及头盔适合和头盔的大小。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybrid III Headform</td>
			<td>Humanetics/Jasti-Utama</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>50th Percentile ATD, for impact simulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybrid III Neck</td>
			<td>Humanetics/Jasti-Utama</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>50th Percentile ATD, for impact simulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linear Accelerometers</td>
			<td>Measurement Specialties</td>
			<td>64C-2000-360</td>
			<td>for head acceleration measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Upper Neck Load Cell</td>
			<td>mg Sensor</td>
			<td>N6ALB11A</td>
			<td>for neck load measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Speed Camera</td>
			<td>Vision Research</td>
			<td>v611</td>
			<td>for motion capture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera Lens</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>50 mm f1/.4, for motion capture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera Lens</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>100 mm f/2.0, for motion capture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bicycle Helmet</td>
			<td>Bell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Traverse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Acquisition System</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>PXI 6251</td>
			<td>for Hybrid III signal acquisition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Head Impact Drop Tower</td>
			<td>University of Alberta</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-designed, for impact simulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical Interrogator</td>
			<td>Smart Fibres Ltd.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>SmartScan, for optical sensor force measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fit Force Sensor</td>
			<td>University of Alberta</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Custom-designed, for measuring helmet fit forces</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a test bed to examine helmet fit and retention and biomechanical measures of head and neck injury in simulated impact

传统的智慧和国际头盔测试和认证标准中的语言表明, 在撞击中适当的头盔合适和保留是保护头盔佩戴者免受撞击伤害的重要因素。本手稿旨在通过分析模拟盔撞击与人体测量仪 (扶贫), 一组 headform 加速度传感器和颈部力量/基于布拉格光栅的光纤中的力矩传感器、双高速摄像系统和头盔拟合力传感器的研制。为了模拟撞击, 仪器 headform 和挠性颈部沿着直线导轨落在铁砧上。该试验台允许模拟头部撞击速度高达8.3 米/秒, 在平坦和角度的冲击表面上。headform 是适合与一个崩溃头盔和几个适合的方案可以模拟通过对头盔位置指数和/或头盔大小的具体调整。为了量化头盔的保留, 头盔在头部的运动是量化使用事后图像分析。为了量化头颈部的损伤潜能, 测量了基于 headform 加速度和颈力/力矩的生物力学措施。这些生物力学措施, 通过与既定的人类耐受曲线的比较, 可以估计严重威胁生命和/或轻度弥漫性脑损伤和 osteoligamentous 颈部损伤的风险。根据我们的知识, 所提出的试验台是第一个专门评估的生物力学影响头部和颈部的伤害相对头盔的适合和保留。

配合力测量 对于每个合适的方案, 都在每个传感器位置 (图 12) 执行了 "适合力" 测量, 并进行了 t 检验 (假设不相等方差) 以确定重要性 (p 和 #60; 0.05)。所有测量的平均标准偏差为± 0.14 n, 更高的拟合力表示更紧密的配合。
头部运动学和颈部动力学数据 所产生的头部直线加速?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact at JoVE.com

A Test Bed to Examine Helmet Fit and Retention and Biomechanical Measures of Head and Neck Injury in Simulated Impact

测试床, 检查头盔的拟合和保留, 以及在模拟撞击时头颈部损伤的生物力学措施

使用人体测量头和颈部, 光学纤维适合力传感器, 一组头部加速度和颈部力/力矩传感器, 和双高速摄像系统, 我们提出了一个试验台研究头盔的保留和对生物力学的影响头部和颈部损伤的措施, 头部撞击。

Conventional wisdom and the language in international helmet testing and certification standards suggest that appropriate helmet fit and retention during ...

Research

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蛋白质和细胞坐月子创建二维图案衬底

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Directed Cellular Self-Assembly to Fabricate Cell-Derived Tissue Rings for Biomechanical Analysis and Tissue Engineering

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Each year, hundreds of thousands of patients undergo coronary artery bypass surgery in the United States.1 Approximately one third of these patients do ...

Ferromagnetic Bare Metal Stent for Endothelial Cell Capture and Retention

铁磁金属裸支架对血管内皮细胞捕获和保留

Rapid endothelialization of cardiovascular stents is needed to reduce stent thrombosis and to avoid anti-platelet therapy which can reduce bleeding risk. ...

Training Persons with Spinal Cord Injury to Ambulate Using a Powered Exoskeleton

训练脊髓损伤者走动使用动力服

Powered exoskeletons have become available for overground ambulation in persons with paralyses due to spinal cord injury (SCI) who have intact upper ...

Biomechanical Characterization of Human Soft Tissues Using Indentation and Tensile Testing

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Regenerative medicine aims to engineer materials to replace or restore damaged or diseased organs. The mechanical properties of such materials should ...

An Experimental and Finite Element Protocol to Investigate the Transport of Neutral and Charged Solutes across Articular Cartilage

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