Name: quantification of monocyte transmigration and foam cell formation from individuals with chronic inflammatory conditions
Uploaded: 2017-10-17T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Monocyte Transmigration and Foam Cell Formation from Individuals with Chronic Inflammatory Conditions at JoVE.com

Forfatterne parlamentsarbejdet Prof. William Muller og Dr. Clare Westhorpe arbejde for deres centrale rolle i udviklingen af tidligere gentagelser af denne model. Forfatterne vil også gerne takke AMREP Flow flowcytometri kerne for sortering af monocyt delmængder og Alfred Hospital smitsomme sygdom enhed klinisk forskning sygeplejersker til ansættelse af HIV + personer for nogle undersøgelser. Forfatterne parlamentsarbejdet bidrag til dette arbejde i den Victoria operationelle infrastruktur Support Program modtaget af Burnet Institute. TAA er understøttet af en RMIT University Vice-kansler postdoc stipendium. Dette arbejde blev støttet af NHMRC project grant 1108792 tildeles AJ og AH. TK er støttet af NIH tilskud NIH K08AI08272, NIH/NCATS Grant # UL1TR000124.

Bemærk: alle eksperimenter ved hjælp af menneskelige biologiske prøver blev udført med etik godkendelse fra den Alfred Hospital menneskelige etiske komité, Melbourne. Alle eksperimenter blev udført i klasse II biosikkerhed kabinetter, medmindre angivet. &#34; Prewarmed &#34; refererer til reagenser opvarmet til 37 ° C i et vandbad.
 1. forberedelse af Type I fibrøst kollagen geler: dag 1 <ol><li>Forbered polymeriserede kollagen geler af sekventielt tilføjelse og blande 35,7 mM NaOH...

<ol>
	<li>Napoli, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+streak+formation+occurs+in+human+fetal+aortas+and+is+greatly+enhanced+by+maternal+hypercholesterolemia.+Intimal+accumulation+of+low+density+lipoprotein+and+its+oxidation+precede+monocyte+recruitment+into+early+atherosclerotic+lesions.">Fatty streak formation occurs in human fetal aortas and is greatly enhanced by maternal hypercholesterolemia. Intimal accumulation of low density lipoprotein and its oxidation precede monocyte recruitment into early atherosclerotic lesions.</a> J Clin Invest. 100 (11), 2680-2690 (1997).</li><li>Woollard, K. J., Geissmann, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocytes+in+atherosclerosis:+subsets+and+functions.">Monocytes in atherosclerosis: subsets and functions.</a> Nat Rev Cardiol. 7 (2), 77-86 (2010).</li><li>Xu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Foamy+Monocytes+Form+Early+and+Contribute+to+Nascent+Atherosclerosis+in+Mice+With+Hypercholesterolemia.">Foamy Monocytes Form Early and Contribute to Nascent Atherosclerosis in Mice With Hypercholesterolemia.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 35 (8), 1787-1797 (2015).</li><li>Jackson, W. D., Weinrich, T. W., Woollard, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Very-low+and+low-density+lipoproteins+induce+neutral+lipid+accumulation+and+impair+migration+in+monocyte+subsets.">Very-low and low-density lipoproteins induce neutral lipid accumulation and impair migration in monocyte subsets.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 20038 (2016).</li><li>Angelovich, T. A., Hearps, A. C., Jaworowski, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammation-induced+foam+cell+formation+in+chronic+inflammatory+disease.">Inflammation-induced foam cell formation in chronic inflammatory disease.</a> Immunol. Cell. Biol. 93 (8), 683-693 (2015).</li><li>Llodr&#225;, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Emigration+of+monocyte-derived+cells+from+atherosclerotic+lesions+characterizes+regressive,+but+not+progressive,+plaques.">Emigration of monocyte-derived cells from atherosclerotic lesions characterizes regressive, but not progressive, plaques.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 101 (32), 11779-11784 (2004).</li><li>Getz, G. S., Reardon, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+Models+of+Atherosclerosis.">Animal Models of Atherosclerosis.</a> Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 32 (5), 1104-1115 (2012).</li><li>Meir, K. S., Leitersdorf, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atherosclerosis+in+the+Apolipoprotein+E-Deficient+Mouse.+A+Decade+of+Progress.">Atherosclerosis in the Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mouse. A Decade of Progress.</a> Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 24 (6), 1006-1014 (2004).</li><li>Hilgendorf, I., Swirski, F. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+a+difference:+Monocyte+Heterogeneity+in+Cardiovascular+Disease.">Making a difference: Monocyte Heterogeneity in Cardiovascular Disease.</a> Curr. Atheroscler. Rep. 14 (5), 450-459 (2012).</li><li>Rogacev, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lower+Apo+A-I+and+Lower+HDL-C+Levels+Are+Associated+With+Higher+Intermediate+CD14++CD16++Monocyte+Counts+That+Predict+Cardiovascular+Events+in+Chronic+Kidney+Disease.">Lower Apo A-I and Lower HDL-C Levels Are Associated With Higher Intermediate CD14++CD16+ Monocyte Counts That Predict Cardiovascular Events in Chronic Kidney Disease.</a> Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 34 (9), 2120-2127 (2014).</li><li>Rogacev, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD14++CD16++Monocytes+Independently+Predict+Cardiovascular+Events:+A+Cohort+Study+of+951+Patients+Referred+for+Elective+Coronary+Angiography.">CD14++CD16+ Monocytes Independently Predict Cardiovascular Events: A Cohort Study of 951 Patients Referred for Elective Coronary Angiography.</a> J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 60 (16), 1512-1520 (2012).</li><li>Justus, C. R., Leffler, N., Ruiz-Echevarria, M., Yang, L. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+Cell+Migration+and+Invasion+Assays.">In vitro Cell Migration and Invasion Assays.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (88), e51046 (2014).</li><li>Boyden, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Chemotactic+Effect+Of+Mixtures+Of+Antibody+And+Antigen+On+Polymorphonuclear+Leucocytes.">The Chemotactic Effect Of Mixtures Of Antibody And Antigen On Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes.</a> J. Exp. Med. 115 (3), 453-466 (1962).</li><li>Westhorpe, C. L. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+cell+activation+promotes+foam+cell+formation+by+monocytes+following+transendothelial+migration+in+an+in+vitro+model.">Endothelial cell activation promotes foam cell formation by monocytes following transendothelial migration in an in vitro model.</a> Exp. Mol. Pathol. 93, 220-226 (2012).</li><li>Quinn, M. T., Parthasarathy, S., Fong, L. G., Steinberg, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidatively+modified+low+density+lipoproteins:+a+potential+role+in+recruitment+and+retention+of+monocyte/macrophages+during+atherogenesis.">Oxidatively modified low density lipoproteins: a potential role in recruitment and retention of monocyte/macrophages during atherogenesis.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84 (9), 2995-2998 (1987).</li><li>Henriksen, T., Mahoney, E. M., Steinberg, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+macrophage+degradation+of+biologically+modified+low+density+lipoprotein.">Enhanced macrophage degradation of biologically modified low density lipoprotein.</a> Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 3 (2), 149-159 (1983).</li><li>Parthasarathy, S., Raghavamenon, A., Garelnabi, M. O., Santanam, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidized+Low-Density+Lipoprotein.">Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 610, 403-417 (2010).</li><li>Muller, W. A., Weigl, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocyte-selective+transendothelial+migration:+dissection+of+the+binding+and+transmigration+phases+by+an+in+vitro+assay.">Monocyte-selective transendothelial migration: dissection of the binding and transmigration phases by an in vitro assay.</a> J. Exp. Med. 176 (3), 819-828 (1992).</li><li>Maisa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocytes+from+HIV-infected+individuals+show+impaired+cholesterol+efflux+and+increased+foam+cell+formation+after+transendothelial+migration.">Monocytes from HIV-infected individuals show impaired cholesterol efflux and increased foam cell formation after transendothelial migration.</a> AIDS. 29 (12), 1445-1457 (2015).</li><li>Angelovich, T. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+foam+cell+formation+is+enhanced+in+monocytes+from+older+individuals+by+both+extrinsic+and+intrinsic+mechanisms.">Ex vivo foam cell formation is enhanced in monocytes from older individuals by both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms.</a> Exp. Gerontol. 80, 17-26 (2016).</li><li>Westhorpe, C. L. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+HIV-1+infection+in+vitro+on+transendothelial+migration+by+monocytes+and+monocyte-derived+macrophages.">Effects of HIV-1 infection in vitro on transendothelial migration by monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages.</a> J. Leukoc. Biol. 85 (6), 1027-1035 (2009).</li><li>Furie, M. B., Cramer, E. B., Naprstek, B. L., Silverstein, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultured+endothelial+cell+monolayers+that+restrict+the+transendothelial+passage+of+macromolecules+and+electrical+current.">Cultured endothelial cell monolayers that restrict the transendothelial passage of macromolecules and electrical current.</a> J. Cell Biol. 98 (3), 1033-1041 (1984).</li><li>M&#252;ller, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+the+Endothelial+Markers+PECAM-1,+vWf,+and+CD34+in+Vivo+and+in+Vitro.">Expression of the Endothelial Markers PECAM-1, vWf, and CD34 in Vivo and in Vitro.</a> Exp. Mol. Pathol. 72 (3), 221-229 (2002).</li><li>Kelesidis, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predictors+of+impaired+HDL+function+in+HIV-1+infected+compared+to+uninfected+individuals.">Predictors of impaired HDL function in HIV-1 infected compared to uninfected individuals.</a> J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. , (2017).</li><li>Rogacev, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocyte+heterogeneity+in+obesity+and+subclinical+atherosclerosis.">Monocyte heterogeneity in obesity and subclinical atherosclerosis.</a> European Heart Journal. 31 (3), 369-376 (2010).</li><li>Gacka, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proinflammatory+and+atherogenic+activity+of+monocytes+in+Type+2+diabetes.">Proinflammatory and atherogenic activity of monocytes in Type 2 diabetes.</a> J. Diabetes Complications. 24 (1), 1-8 (2010).</li><li>Rogacev, K. 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Protokollen beskrevet her tilbyder en alsidig og fysiologisk relevante metode for vurdering af atherogenicity af monocytter fra humane kliniske kohorter, ved at kombinere både monocyt transmigration og skum celle dannelse. Denne model tilbyder fordele i forhold til alternative metoder til skum celle dannelse som det tager højde for effekten af monocyt transmigration på skum celle dannelse og giver mulighed for måling af reverse transmigration6 ud over de iboende monocytter tilbøjelighed til a...

Monocyt transmigration er et afgørende skridt i udviklingen af aterosklerotiske plak, der kan føre til blodpropper, slagtilfælde og myokardieinfarkt. Aterosklerotiske plaques udvikle fra fede striber, generelt findes på lokaliteter af lav oscillerende blodgennemstrømningen i medium til store arterier, hvor deponerede lipid bidrager til endotel aktivering og lokaliseret betændelse1. Monocytter rekrutteres i endothelial celler i fede striber via monocyt kemotaktisk proteiner (f.eks CCL2) og transmigrate i intima2. Efter transmigration, kan monocytter danne atherogene, lipid-laden makrofager kaldet skum celler som følge af lipid optagelse, lipid syntese, ned-regulering af cholesterol efflux eller en kombination af de ovennævnte faktorer. Monocytter kan også ophobes lipider i omløb og har en 'skummende' fænotype, eventuelt disponerende celler for skum celle dannelse3,4. Skum celler er den definerende funktion af fede striber og tidlige aterosklerotiske plaques og deres dannelse er påvirket af både lipid og inflammatoriske mediatorer5. Alternativt, monocytter har evnen til at vende transmigrate fra arterie i blodbanen6, derved fjerne lipid fra intima og handler for at bevare sundheden af arterie.
Bestemmelse af tilbøjelighed af monocytter til transmigrate på tværs af arteriel endothelium og danne skum celler i intima, eller at vende transmigrate og bære lipid ud af plak, er en afgørende forudsætning for forståelse af monocyt aktivering i stigende rolle aterosklerotisk risiko. Musemodeller af CADs som åreforkalkning er vigtige i belyse real-time i vivo oplysninger på fede streak/aterosklerotisk plaque udvikling. Disse modeller kræver imidlertid en genetisk ændring af naturlige kolesterol forarbejdning evner af disse dyr, som regel kombineret med drastiske ændringer i kost (såsom ApoE-/-Western-type diæt model)7,8, dermed, inducerende ikke-fysiologisk ophobning af cirkulerende lipid niveauer som drev plaque udvikling. Disse modeller kan have begrænset relevans for kroniske inflammatoriske menneskelige lidelser såsom HIV-infektion som ikke er forbundet med øget cirkulerer kolesterol eller low-density lipoprotein (LDL) niveauer. Desuden forskelle i monocyt biologi mellem mennesker og mus gør testning af immunologiske spørgsmål om relevansen af delpopulationer af monocytter (såsom mellemliggende monocytter (CD14++CD16+))9 vanskeligt. Dette er vigtigt, når man studerer de mekanismer, der er drivkraften bag hjerte-kar-sygdom som mellemliggende monocyt tæller forudsige uafhængigt kardiovaskulære hændelser10,11. Mens assays eksisterer for at sekventielt måle enten monocyt transmigration eller skum celle dannelse i isolation, er ingen i vitro assay blevet valideret for kvantificering af begge aspekter af tidlig atherogenesis ved hjælp af de samme celler fra kliniske kohorter. Transwell modeller udnytte en modificeret Boyden to-kammer system, hvorved cellerne er indlæst i det øverste kammer og transmigrate på tværs af en porøs plastbarriere eller celle éncellelag til et andetkammer, der typisk indeholder medier med chemoattractant12 , 13. mens almindeligt anvendt til at analysere leukocyt transmigration, disse modeller ikke generelt optage et lag, der repræsenterer intima, hvilket resulterer i transmigrated celler migrerer til løsning, og tillader ikke for måling af skum celle dannelse eller omvendt transmigration af de samme celler. Omvendt, modeller af skum celle dannelse ikke højde for eventuelle transmigratory-induceret ændringer monocytter eller effekter i endothelial aktivering, som er kendt for at bidrage til at skum celle dannelse14. Desuden, disse systemer fremkalde skum celle dannelse af makrofager levet op til celle kultur plader ved tilsætning af mætte koncentrationer af eksogene oxideret low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL)15,16, en nøgle inducer af skum celle dannelse. LDL anvendes i disse modeller er ofte oxideres af ikke-fysiologisk-relevante processer såsom CuSO4 behandling17, derfor sætter spørgsmålstegn ved den fysiologiske betydning af studier ved hjælp af disse modeller.
Her beskriver vi en analyse, der kvantificerer monocyt transmigration og skum celle dannelse af de samme celler som ingen kræver tilføjelsen af eksogene oxLDL, dermed bedre modellering af monocytter i skum celle formation rolle. Denne model blev oprindeligt udviklet af Professor William Muller (Northwestern University, Chicago)18, og har været yderligere raffineres i vores laboratorium for at vurdere ex vivo atherogenicity af monocytter isoleret under ikke-aktivering forhold fra enkeltpersoner med underliggende betændelsestilstande ledsagende sygdomme såsom HIV infektion19 samt aldring20, der er forbundet med en øget risiko for åreforkalkning. Denne model giver også en platform for at besvare grundlæggende biologiske spørgsmål vedrørende tilbøjelighed af forskellige monocyt delmængder form skum celler20, indflydelse i endothelial aktivering af cytokiner såsom TNF på skum celle dannelse14 , og de vandrende egenskaber af monocytter som dybden og hastighed af transmigration i geler19. Derudover monocyt transmigration og skum celle dannelse kan kvantificeres ved hjælp af standard mikroskopi, live celle imaging, flow flowcytometri og imaging flowcytometri, derfor giver en alsidig metode til at vurdere rollen af monocytter i atherogenesis.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1187">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:355px;">Gel preparation reagents</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>221465-500G</td>
			<td>0.1 M NaOH diluted in H20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:355px;">10X M199</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M0650</td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">AcCOOH</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>695092-100ML</td>
			<td>20 mM Acetic acid diluted in H20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cultrex Bovine Collagen I</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>3442-050-01</td>
			<td>Type I Fibrous Collagen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:355px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cell culture</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">M199</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11150-059</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">M199 media containing Earle&#39;s salts, L-glutamine and 2.2 g/L Sodium Bicarbonate. 
			Media supplemented with 100 &#181;g/mL L-glutamine&#160; and 100 U/mL penicillin/streptomycin&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">M20</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Supplemented M199 containing 20% heat-inactivated pooled or donor serum. 
			Individual lipid species such as LDL can be added to M199.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;">HUVEC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Primary human umbilical cord endothelial cells (HUVEC) can be isolated from umbilical cords donated with informed consent and ethics approval. Isolated HUVEC may also be purchased commercially.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Human coronary artery endothelial cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Primary human coronary artery endothelial cells can be isolated from arteries donated with informed consent and ethics approval. Isolated cells may also be purchased commercially.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EDTA</td>
			<td>BDH Merck</td>
			<td>10093.5V</td>
			<td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) - 0.5 M, pH 8.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E3889-500G</td>
			<td>Ethylene glycol-bis(&#946;-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) - 1 mM, pH 8.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.05% trypsin EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25300-054</td>
			<td>0.05% trypsin/0.53 EDTA (1X)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25030-081</td>
			<td>L-glutamine (200 mM)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Penicillin/streptomycin&#160;</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin (10,000 units/mL Penicillin and 10,000 &#181;g/mL Streptomycin)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:355px;">New born calf serum</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">16010-142</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">New born calf serum: New Zealand origin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>F1056-1MG</td>
			<td>Fibronectin - 50 &#181;g/mL aliquots prepared and stored</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">PBS (1X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14200-075</td>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (10X): Dilute to 1X with sterile H20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.1% TNF</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>PHC3015</td>
			<td>Recombinant human TNF - Reconstituted in H20 and stored in 10 &#181;g/mL aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Low-density lipoprotein</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>LP2-2MG</td>
			<td>Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:355px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:355px;">Microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">1 or 2% formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>4018</td>
			<td>1 or 2% formaldehyde diluted with sterile H20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">50% and 78% methanol</td>
			<td>Ajax Finechem</td>
			<td>318-2.5L GL</td>
			<td>50% or 78% v/v methanol, diluted with H20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Oil Red O stain</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>O0625-25G</td>
			<td>Dilute to 2 mg/mL in 22% 1M NaOH and 78% (v/v) methanol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td>Mikro-Glass</td>
			<td>S41104AMK</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Twin frosted 45 degree ground edge microscope slides (25 X 76 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cover slips</td>
			<td>Menzel-Gl&#228;ser</td>
			<td>MENCS224015GP</td>
			<td>22 x 40 mm #1.5 size glass cover slips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Double-sided tape</td>
			<td>3M Scotch</td>
			<td>4011</td>
			<td>Super strength exterior mounting tape (25.4 mm x 1.51 m)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Giemsa stain</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore</td>
			<td>1.09204.0500</td>
			<td>Giemsa&#39;s azur eosin methylene blue solution (dilute stock 1:10 in H20)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:355px;">Hole punch</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Hand-held single hole punch (6.35 mm punch)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:355px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:355px;">Flow cytometry</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Collagenase D</td>
			<td>Roche Diagnostics</td>
			<td>11088858001</td>
			<td>Collagenase D diluted in M199 media to 1 mg/mL&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">35 &#181;m nylon mesh capped polystyrene FACS tubes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td>35 &#181;m nylon mesh capped polystyrene FACS tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Live/Dead Fixable Yellow Dead Cell stain</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>L34959</td>
			<td>Live/Dead Fixable Yellow Dead Cell stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;">FACS wash</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Prepare by mixing 1 X PBS-, 2 mM EDTA and 1% New born calf serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:355px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:595px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:355px;">Plasticware</td>
			<td style="width:128px;"></td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:595px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">96 well plate</td>
			<td>Nunclon</td>
			<td>167008</td>
			<td>Delta surface flat-bottomed 96 well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10 cm Petri Dish</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>93100</td>
			<td>Sterile 10 cm Petri dish</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">1.5 mL Eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>0030 125.150</td>
			<td>Eppendorf tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Transfer pipette</td>
			<td>Samco Scientific</td>
			<td>222-20S</td>
			<td>Sterile transfer pipette (1 mL, large bulb)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantification of monocyte transmigration and foam cell formation from individuals with chronic inflammatory conditions

Koronararteriesygdom (CAD) er en førende årsag til sygelighed og dødelighed på verdensplan. Åreforkalkning, en førende årsag til CAD, er initieret af transmigration af medfødte immun monocytter til inflammatoriske websteder af deponerede lipid kaldet fede striber, som er til stede i arteriel vægge af medium til store arterier. Patogene hovedaksen i læsioner på dette tidlige stadium af åreforkalkning er en modning af monocytter, som vandrer ind i arterierne til at danne skum celler eller lipid-laden makrofager. Betydelige beviser støtter den hypotese, at risikoen for åreforkalkning er steget med kroniske betændelsestilstande ledsagende sygdomme som leddegigt og HIV, samt generel aldring, og at denne risiko er forudsagt af monocyt aktivering. Mens musen modeller giver en god platform for at undersøge rollen af monocytter i atherogenesis i vivo, de kræver genetisk ændring af naturlige kolesterol metabolisme og drastiske ændring af normal mus kost, og har begrænset anvendelsesegnethed undersøgelse af atherogene påvirkninger af menneskers komorbide sygdomme. Dette motiverede os til at udvikle en menneskelig in vitro- model for at måle den atherogene potentiale af monocytter isoleret fra personer med definerede sygdomstilstande. I øjeblikket begrænser menneskelige in vitro- modeller i at de vurdere monocyt transmigration og skum celle dannelse i isolation. Her beskriver vi en protokol som monocytter isoleret fra patientens blod transmigrate i endothelial celler ind i en type 1 kollagen matrix, og deres tilbøjelighed til at modnes i skum celler i tilstedeværelse eller fravær af eksogene lipid måles. Protokollen er blevet valideret for brugen af humane monocytter renset fra personer med HIV-infektion og ældre HIV inficerede individer. Denne model er alsidig og giver mulighed for monocyt transmigration og skum celle dannelse skal vurderes ved hjælp af enten mikroskopi eller flowcytometri samt giver mulighed for vurdering af atherogene faktorer til stede i serum eller plasma.

Kvantificere monocyt transmigration
Monocytter føjes til modellen som beskrevet i figur 1, og seks geler er forberedt for hver betingelse. Monocytter for 6 geler per donor (dvs., 5,0 x 104 monocytter pr. gel 6 geler = 3,0 x 105 monocytter per donor) er genopslemmes til en endelige mængden af 600 µL af M199 medier indeholdende de nødvendige serum/is...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantification of Monocyte Transmigration and Foam Cell Formation from Individuals with Chronic Inflammatory Conditions at JoVE.com

Quantification of Monocyte Transmigration and Foam Cell Formation from Individuals with Chronic Inflammatory Conditions

Vi beskriver en protokol for at måle transmigration af monocytter på tværs af menneskelige endotel monolag og deres efterfølgende modning i skum celler. Dette giver en alsidig metode at vurdere egenskaberne atherogene af monocytter isoleret fra folk med forskellige sygdomstilstande og evaluere faktorer i blodet, som kan forbedre denne tilbøjelighed.

Kvantificering af monocyt Transmigration og skum celle dannelse fra personer med kroniske betændelsestilstande

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Atherosclerosis, a leading cause of CAD, is initiated by the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Isolation of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and Their Use in the Study of Neutrophil Transmigration Under Flow Conditions

Isolering af Humane navlevene-endotelceller og deres anvendelse i undersøgelsen af ​​neutrofil transmigration Under strømningsforhold

Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell. They form an essential part of the innate immune system1. During acute inflammation, ...

Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae

Characterization of Inflammatory Responses During Intranasal Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae

Karakterisering af inflammatoriske reaktioner under intranasal kolonisering med Streptococcus pneumoniae

Nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae is a prerequisite to invasion to the lungs or bloodstream1. This organism is capable of colonizing ...

Real-time Imaging of Endothelial Cell-cell Junctions During Neutrophil Transmigration Under Physiological Flow

Real-time Imaging af endotelcellefremkaldt celle vejkryds Under Neutrofil Transmigration under fysiologiske Flow

During inflammation, leukocytes leave the circulation and cross the endothelium to fight invading pathogens in underlying tissues. This process is known ...

Isolation of Exosomes from the Plasma of HIV-1 Positive Individuals

Isolering af Exosomer fra plasma af HIV-1 Positive Personer

Exosomes are small vesicles ranging in size from 30 nm to 100 nm that are released both constitutively and upon stimulation from a variety of cell types. ...

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Generation of Human monocytafledte dendritiske celler fra fuldblod

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

Induction of an Inflammatory Response in Primary Hepatocyte Cultures from Mice

Induktion af et inflammatorisk respons i Primary hepatocytkulturer fra mus

The liver plays a decisive role in the regulation of systemic inflammation. In chronic kidney disease in particular, the liver reacts in response to the ...

An Efficient and Simple Method to Establish NK and T Cell Lines from Patients with Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus Infection

En effektiv og enkel metode til at etablere NK og T-cellelinier fra patienter med kronisk aktiv Epstein - Barr virusinfektion

A number of methods have been described to establish NK/T cell lines from patients with lymphoma or lymphoproliferative syndrome. These methods employed ...

Quantification of Monocyte Chemotactic Activity In Vivo and Characterization of Blood Monocyte Derived Macrophages

Kvantificering af Monoyte Chemotaktisk aktivitet in vivo og karakterisering af blod monocytter afledt makrofager

Tissue homeostasis and repair are critically dependent on the recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages. Both under- and over-recruitment of ...

Separation of Rat Epidermis and Dermis with Thermolysin to Detect Site-Specific Inflammatory mRNA and Protein

Adskillelse af Rotte Epidermis og Dermis med termolysin til at opdage site-specifikke inflammatoriske mRNA og protein

Easy-to-use and inexpensive techniques are needed to determine the site-specific production of inflammatory mediators and neurotrophins during skin ...

Real-Time Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species in Neutrophils Infected with Meningitic Escherichia Coli

Real-Time Quantification of Reactive Oxygen Species in Neutrophils Infected with Meningitic Escherichia Coli

Real-Time kvantificering af reaktive iltarter i neutrofiler inficeret med meningitiske Escherichia Coli

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is the most common Gram-negative bacteria causing neonatal meningitis. The occurrence of bacteremia and bacterial penetration ...