Name: in vitro phagocytosis of myelin debris by bone marrow-derived macrophages
Uploaded: 2017-12-30T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Phagocytosis of Myelin Debris by Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages at JoVE.com

作者想感谢苏联医学院的媒体专家, 他在视频制作、编辑和配音方面的工作。
这项工作得到了国家卫生研究院 (R01GM100474 和 R01GM072611) 的支持。

在这里和2节中描述的方法已得到佛罗里达州立大学动物保育和使用委员会 (IACUC) 的批准, 并遵循《实验室动物护理和使用指南》中规定的指南, 8th版.在这个协议中使用的所有动物都是在一个专门的实验室动物设施的房子, 直到使用。没有在体内试验是在牺牲之前进行的。动物数量是根据实验需要使用平均细胞和髓鞘收集作为指导, 以尽量减少使用。
...

<ol>
	<li>Wynn, T. A., Chawla, A., Pollard, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+biology+in+development,+homeostasis+and+disease.">Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease.</a> Nature. 496 (7446), 445-455 (2013).</li><li>Unanue, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antigen-presenting+function+of+the+macrophage.">Antigen-presenting function of the macrophage.</a> Annu Rev Immunol. 2, 395-428 (1984).</li><li>Cavaillon, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytokines+and+macrophages.">Cytokines and macrophages.</a> Biomed Pharmacother. 48 (10), 445-453 (1994).</li><li>Ren, Y., Savill, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apoptosis:+the+importance+of+being+eaten.">Apoptosis: the importance of being eaten.</a> Cell Death Differ. 5 (7), 563-568 (1998).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+in+spinal+cord+injury:+phenotypic+and+functional+change+from+exposure+to+myelin+debris.">Macrophages in spinal cord injury: phenotypic and functional change from exposure to myelin debris.</a> Glia. 63 (4), 635-651 (2015).</li><li>Goodrum, J. F., Earnhardt, T., Goines, N., Bouldin, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+of+myelin+lipids+during+degeneration+and+regeneration+of+peripheral+nerve:+an+autoradiographic+study.">Fate of myelin lipids during degeneration and regeneration of peripheral nerve: an autoradiographic study.</a> J Neurosci. 14 (1), 357-367 (1994).</li><li>Greenhalgh, A. D., David, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+the+Phagocytic+Response+of+Microglia+and+Peripheral+Macrophages+after+Spinal+Cord+Injury+and+Its+Effects+on+Cell+Death.">Differences in the Phagocytic Response of Microglia and Peripheral Macrophages after Spinal Cord Injury and Its Effects on Cell Death.</a> J Neurosci. 34 (18), 6316 (2014).</li><li>Sun, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelin+activates+FAK/Akt/NF-kappaB+pathways+and+provokes+CR3-dependent+inflammatory+response+in+murine+system.">Myelin activates FAK/Akt/NF-kappaB pathways and provokes CR3-dependent inflammatory response in murine system.</a> PLoS One. 5 (2), e9380 (2010).</li><li>Gensel, J. C., Zhang, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+activation+and+its+role+in+repair+and+pathology+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Macrophage activation and its role in repair and pathology after spinal cord injury.</a> Brain Res. , 1-11 (2015).</li><li>Bourre, J. M., Pollet, S., Daudu, O., Le Saux, F., Baumann, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelin+consists+of+a+continuum+of+particles+of+different+density+with+varying+lipid+composition:+major+differences+are+found+between+normal+mice+and+quaking+mutants.">Myelin consists of a continuum of particles of different density with varying lipid composition: major differences are found between normal mice and quaking mutants.</a> Biochimie. 59 (10), 819-824 (1977).</li><li>Larocca, J. N., Norton, W. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Current Protocols in Cell Biology. , (2001).</li><li>Norton, W. T., Poduslo, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myelination+in+rat+brain:+method+of+myelin+isolation.">Myelination in rat brain: method of myelin isolation.</a> J Neurochem. 21 (4), 749-757 (1973).</li><li>Wang, X. Q., Duan, X. M., Liu, L. H., Fang, Y. Q., Tan, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carboxyfluorescein+diacetate+succinimidyl+ester+fluorescent+dye+for+cell+labeling.">Carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester fluorescent dye for cell labeling.</a> Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 37 (6), 379-385 (2005).</li><li>Parish, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent+dyes+for+lymphocyte+migration+and+proliferation+studies.">Fluorescent dyes for lymphocyte migration and proliferation studies.</a> Immunol Cell Biol. 77 (6), 499-508 (1999).</li><li>Deutsch, M. J., Schriever, S. C., Roscher, A. A., Ensenauer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digital+image+analysis+approach+for+lipid+droplet+size+quantitation+of+Oil+Red+O-stained+cultured+cells.">Digital image analysis approach for lipid droplet size quantitation of Oil Red O-stained cultured cells.</a> Anal Biochem. 445, 87-89 (2014).</li><li>Kroner, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TNF+and+increased+intracellular+iron+alter+macrophage+polarization+to+a+detrimental+M1+phenotype+in+the+injured+spinal+cord.">TNF and increased intracellular iron alter macrophage polarization to a detrimental M1 phenotype in the injured spinal cord.</a> Neuron. 83 (5), 1098-1116 (2014).</li><li>Trouplin, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Marrow-derived+Macrophage+Production.">Marrow-derived Macrophage Production.</a> J Vis Exp. (81), e50966 (2013).</li><li>Chen, S., So, E. C., Strome, S. E., Zhang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+Detachment+Methods+on+M2+Macrophage+Phenotype+and+Function.">Impact of Detachment Methods on M2 Macrophage Phenotype and Function.</a> J Immunol Methods. 426, 56-61 (2015).</li><li>Guo, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescuing+macrophage+normal+function+in+spinal+cord+injury+with+embryonic+stem+cell+conditioned+media.">Rescuing macrophage normal function in spinal cord injury with embryonic stem cell conditioned media.</a> Mol Brain. 9 (1), 48 (2016).</li><li>Bosco, D. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+synthetic+matrix+metalloproteinase+inhibitor+reduces+human+mesenchymal+stem+cell+adipogenesis.">A new synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor reduces human mesenchymal stem cell adipogenesis.</a> PLOS ONE. 12 (2), e0172925 (2017).</li><li>Ram&#237;rez-Zacar&#237;as, J. L., Castro-Mu&#241;ozledo, F., Kuri-Harcuch, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+adipose+conversion+and+triglycerides+by+staining+intracytoplasmic+lipids+with+oil+red+O.">Quantitation of adipose conversion and triglycerides by staining intracytoplasmic lipids with oil red O.</a> Histochem. 97 (6), 493-497 (1992).</li><li>Koopman, R., Schaart, G., Hesselink, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimisation+of+oil+red+staining+permits+combination+with+immunofluorescence+and+automated+quantification+of+lipids.">Optimisation of oil red staining permits combination with immunofluorescence and automated quantification of lipids.</a> Histochem Cell Biol. 116 (1), 63-68 (2001).</li><li>Fang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipopolysaccharide-Induced+Macrophage+Inflammatory+Response+Is+Regulated+by+SHIP.">Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Macrophage Inflammatory Response Is Regulated by SHIP.</a> J Immunol. 173 (1), (2004).</li><li>Martinez, F. O., Sica, A., Mantovani, A., Locati, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+activation+and+polarization.">Macrophage activation and polarization.</a> Front Biosci. 13, (2008).</li><li>Mosser, D. M., Edwards, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+the+full+spectrum+of+macrophage+activation.">Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 8 (12), 958-969 (2008).</li></ol>

这里描述的程序利用了新分离的原始的中枢神经系统髓鞘碎片和原发骨髓巨噬细胞。为了减少动物的开支, 我们建议在牺牲时从每只老鼠身上采集大脑和骨髓细胞。两位研究人员一起工作可以同时准备两种材料。另外, 在-80 ° c 的 PBS 中, 大脑可以在髓鞘碎片隔离之前用抗生素补充。我们的经验是, 大脑可以在这些条件下维持1月, 而不会有明显的髓鞘碎片生成潜能的损失。
CFSE ?...

骨髓源性巨噬细胞 (BMDMs) 是先天和适应性免疫系统之间的重要联系。作为抗原呈递细胞 (apc), 他们可以通过抗原呈递和细胞因子释放1,2,3与淋巴细胞进行通信。然而, 作为专业吞噬, 他们的主要功能是清除病原体, 衰老细胞和细胞碎片1,4。继脊髓损伤 (SCI), 大量髓鞘碎片是由死亡的突, 细胞类型负责中枢神经系统轴突鞘5。我们和其他人已经表明, 清除髓鞘碎片主要是渗透 BMDMs 的责任5,6,7。然而, 在脊髓损伤部位吞没髓鞘碎片被建议将这些正常的抗炎细胞转变为炎状态5,8,9。BMDMs 是脊髓损伤中神经炎症的重要介质, 是临床的主要靶点。
为了帮助研究 BMDMs 在损伤脊髓中的影响, 我们开发了一个体外模型, 直接探讨 BMDMs 对髓鞘碎片的反应。为了提高生物学相关性, 在这些调查中使用了小鼠 BMDMs 和新近分离的髓鞘碎片。因此, 这里介绍的方法也详述了原小鼠 BMDMs 的分离和培养, 以及用于分离鼠中枢神经系统衍生髓鞘碎片的改良蔗糖梯度技术10,11,12。髓鞘碎片可以很容易地标记为荧光染料, 羧基琥珀酰亚胺酯 (CFSE), 以跟踪其内部化的 BMDMs. CFSE 是非常适合这个应用, 因为它是 non-cytotoxic, 其狭窄的荧光光谱允许多路传输与其他荧光探针13,14。继吞噬后, 髓鞘碎片脂通过溶酶体转运, 并以中性脂质包装成细胞内脂滴5。为了量化这种细胞内脂质的积累, 我们提出了一个油红 O (破产) 染色方法优化定量图像分析。这个简单的染色方法产生可靠的重现性结果和量化的15。这些方法有助于研究的髓鞘碎片吞噬和脂质保留与有限的专用设备。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="669">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:42px;width:180px;">DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">GE Healthcare Life Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">SH30243.01</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">High glucose with L-glutamine, sodium pyruvate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:63px;width:180px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">30-002-CI</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">100X Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:42px;width:180px;">New Born Calf Serum (NCS)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Rocky Mountain Biologics</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">NBS-BBT-5XM</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">United States Origin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="83">
			<td height="83" style="height:83px;width:180px;">NCTC clone 929 [L cell, L-929, derivative of Strain L]&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">CCL-1</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">L929 Cell Line of Conditioned Media Preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:42px;width:180px;">24-well Cell Culture Plates</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">10062-896&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:180px;">Cell Culture Dish</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">639960</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Polystyrine, 145/20mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:42px;width:180px;">CFSE Cell Proliferation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">C34570</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">DMSO for Reconsitution Provided</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:42px;width:180px;">Fluoro-gel with Tris Buffer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">17985-11</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:180px;">Oil Red O</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">O0625</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:180px;">Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Materials</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:42px;width:180px;">Ultracentrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">326823</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">Thinwall, Polypropylene, 38.5 mL, 25 x 89 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="62">
			<td height="62" style="height:63px;width:180px;">SW 32 Ti Ultracentrifuge Rotor</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">369650</td>
			<td style="width:225px;">SW 32 Ti Rotor, Swinging Bucket, Titanium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:42px;width:180px;">Hand Held Rotary Homogenizer</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Fisher Science</td>
			<td style="width:115px;">08-451-71</td>
			<td style="width:225px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vitro phagocytosis of myelin debris by bone marrow-derived macrophages

骨髓源性巨噬细胞 (BMDMs) 是成熟的白细胞, 具有重要的生理作用, 作为专业吞噬能够清除各种微粒。正常情况下, BMDMs 受中枢神经系统 (CNS) 的限制, 但在受伤后, 他们可以很容易地渗入。一旦在受损的中枢神经组织内, BMDMs 是主要的细胞类型, 负责清除损伤衍生的细胞碎片, 包括大量的富含脂质的髓鞘碎片。中枢神经系统内 BMDM 浸润和髓鞘碎片吞噬的病理影响是复杂的, 不太清楚。这里描述的协议, 允许直接的体外研究 BMDMs 在中枢神经系统损伤的情况下。我们覆盖小鼠 BMDM 分离和培养, 髓鞘碎片制备, 并测定 BMDM 髓鞘碎片吞噬功能。这些技术在不需要重要的专用设备或材料的情况下产生可靠的可量化结果, 但可以很容易地定制以满足研究人员的需要。

BMDMs 的 CFSE 标记髓鞘碎片的治疗应产生清晰的内部化 (图 2)。虽然3小时的互动时间是足够的 BMDMs, 以吞噬足够的补充髓鞘碎片, 为强健的下游检测, 细胞内积累可以观察到, 只需1小时的互动。然而, 一些髓鞘碎片可能仍然存在于细胞表面洗涤后。这可能是由于洗涤不足, 或在吞噬的早期阶段没有完全内化的微粒。
虽然 BMDMs 可以迅速地将髓鞘碎片化, 但在破?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Phagocytosis of Myelin Debris by Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages at JoVE.com

In Vitro Phagocytosis of Myelin Debris by Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

本文采用荧光标记髓鞘碎片和胞内脂滴染色的方法, 对小鼠骨髓源性巨噬细胞的吞噬能力进行评估。

体外骨髓源性巨噬细胞对髓鞘碎片的吞噬

Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) are mature leukocytes that serve a critical physiological role as professional phagocytes capable of clearing a ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

In Vitro Phagocytosis of Myelin Debris by Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

小鼠视网膜神经节细胞的转染在体内电穿孔

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

科研

神经科学

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

诱导星形胶质细胞受体的可塑性由神经元的放电频率操作

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be ...

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

Simultaneous ex vivo Functional Testing of Two Retinas by in vivo Electroretinogram System

同时<em&gt;体外</em两个由视网膜&gt;功能测试<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;电图系统

An In vivo electroretinogram (ERG) signal is composed of several overlapping components originating from different retinal cell types, as well as noise ...

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

A Novel In Vitro Live-imaging Assay of Astrocyte-mediated Phagocytosis Using pH Indicator-conjugated Synaptosomes

一种新的体外活体成像法测定星形胶质细胞的吞噬作用 pH 指标-共轭突

Astrocytes are the major cell type in the brain and directly contact synapses and blood vessels. Although microglial cells have been considered the major ...

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

体外刺激对龟脑神经的运动测量

After animals are euthanized, their tissues begin to die. Turtles offer an advantage because of a longer survival time of their tissues, especially when ...

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

Identification of Dopamine D1-Alpha Receptor Within Rodent Nucleus Accumbens by an Innovative RNA In Situ Detection Technology

创新 RNA原位检测技术在 D1-Alpha 鼠伏隔核中多巴胺受体的鉴定

In the central nervous system, the D1-alpha subtype receptor (Drd1&#945;) is the most abundant dopamine (DA) receptor, which plays a vital role in ...

Modeling Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease In Vitro by Transfecting Mouse Primary Motoneurons

Modeling Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease In Vitro by Transfecting Mouse Primary Motoneurons

小鼠原代多元体的体外模拟？

Neurodegeneration of spinal motoneurons (MNs) is implicated in a large spectrum of neurological disorders including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, ...

Disruption of Frontal Lobe Neural Synchrony During Cognitive Control by Alcohol Intoxication

酒精中毒在认知控制过程中对前小管神经同步的破坏

Decision making relies on dynamic interactions of distributed, primarily frontal brain regions. Extensive evidence from functional magnetic resonance ...

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase

气相臭受体活化的实时体外监测

Olfactory perception begins with the interaction of odorants with odorant receptors (OR) expressed by olfactory sensory neurons (OSN). Odor recognition ...

Rapid Isolation of Dorsal Root Ganglion Macrophages

多尾根结鱼巨噬细胞的快速隔离

There are growing interests to study the molecular and cellular interactions among immune cells and sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia after ...