Name: conditional knockdown of gene expression in cancer cell lines to study the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the tumor microenvironment
Uploaded: 2017-11-23T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression in Cancer Cell Lines to Study the Recruitment of Monocytes/Macrophages to the Tumor Microenvironment at JoVE.com

作者想承认杰奎琳·罗森博格校对手稿。这项工作得到了美国卫生和人类服务部/国家卫生研究院的支持, 授予雅 DeClerck (grant 5R01 129377) 和 TJ 马爹利基金会。MH Kubala 是洛杉矶儿童医院塞班研究所的研究职业发展奖学金获得者。

使用从健康志愿者获得的人单核细胞的议定书部分遵循儿童医院洛杉矶人类研究伦理委员会的指导方针, 并已得到机构审查委员会在人体材料下的批准协议编号: 08-00208。
1. 用四环素调控的 shRNA 表达肿瘤细胞系的制备
<ol><li>shRNA PAI-1 到 pLKO 普洛向量的克隆8,9<ol>
<li>设计 shRNA 的低聚物, 包含年龄I 和EcoRI 在5?...

<ol>
	<li>Ryding, A. D., Sharp, M. G., Mullins, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditional+transgenic+technologies.">Conditional transgenic technologies.</a> J Endocrinol. 171 (1), 1-14 (2001).</li><li>Mantovani, A., Marchesi, F., Malesci, A., Laghi, L., Allavena, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumour-associated+macrophages+as+treatment+targets+in+oncology.">Tumour-associated macrophages as treatment targets in oncology.</a> Nat Rev Clin Oncol. , (2017).</li><li>Franklin, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cellular+and+molecular+origin+of+tumor-associated+macrophages.">The cellular and molecular origin of tumor-associated macrophages.</a> Science. 344 (6186), 921-925 (2014).</li><li>Ruffell, B., Coussens, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophages+and+therapeutic+resistance+in+cancer.">Macrophages and therapeutic resistance in cancer.</a> Cancer Cell. 27 (4), 462-472 (2015).</li><li>Sharma, P., Allison, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+future+of+immune+checkpoint+therapy.">The future of immune checkpoint therapy.</a> Science. 348 (6230), 56-61 (2015).</li><li>Mizuguchi, H., Hayakawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characteristics+of+adenovirus-mediated+tetracycline-controllable+expression+system.">Characteristics of adenovirus-mediated tetracycline-controllable expression system.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1568 (1), 21-29 (2001).</li><li>Meyer-Ficca, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+analysis+of+inducible+expression+systems+in+transient+transfection+studies.">Comparative analysis of inducible expression systems in transient transfection studies.</a> Anal Biochem. 334 (1), 9-19 (2004).</li><li>Wiederschain, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-vector+inducible+lentiviral+RNAi+system+for+oncology+target+validation.">Single-vector inducible lentiviral RNAi system for oncology target validation.</a> Cell Cycle. 8 (3), 498-504 (2009).</li><li>Wee, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PTEN-deficient+cancers+depend+on+PIK3CB.">PTEN-deficient cancers depend on PIK3CB.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 105 (35), 13057-13062 (2008).</li><li>Chen, Y., Stamatoyannopoulos, G., Song, C. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Down-regulation+of+CXCR4+by+inducible+small+interfering+RNA+inhibits+breast+cancer+cell+invasion+in+vitro.">Down-regulation of CXCR4 by inducible small interfering RNA inhibits breast cancer cell invasion in vitro.</a> Cancer Res. 63 (16), 4801-4804 (2003).</li><li>Wiznerowicz, M., Trono, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditional+suppression+of+cellular+genes:+lentivirus+vector-mediated+drug-inducible+RNA+interference.">Conditional suppression of cellular genes: lentivirus vector-mediated drug-inducible RNA interference.</a> J Virol. 77 (16), 8957-8961 (2003).</li><li>Solari, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MYCN-dependent+expression+of+sulfatase-2+regulates+neuroblastoma+cell+survival.">MYCN-dependent expression of sulfatase-2 regulates neuroblastoma cell survival.</a> Cancer Res. 74 (21), 5999-6009 (2014).</li><li>Liao, Y., Tang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inducible+RNAi+system+and+its+application+in+novel+therapeutics.">Inducible RNAi system and its application in novel therapeutics.</a> Crit Rev Biotechnol. 36 (4), 630-638 (2016).</li><li>Chen, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Boyden+chamber+assay.">Boyden chamber assay.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 294, 15-22 (2005).</li><li>Jungi, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assay+of+chemotaxis+by+a+reversible+Boyden+chamber+eliminating+cell+detachment.">Assay of chemotaxis by a reversible Boyden chamber eliminating cell detachment.</a> Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 48 (3), 341-352 (1975).</li><li>Jung, H. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies+against+autocrine+motility+factor+suppress+gastric+cancer.">Monoclonal antibodies against autocrine motility factor suppress gastric cancer.</a> Oncol Lett. 13 (6), 4925-4932 (2017).</li><li>Park, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Sorbus+commixta+on+the+invasion+and+migration+of+human+hepatocellular+carcinoma+Hep3B+cells.">Effect of Sorbus commixta on the invasion and migration of human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B cells.</a> Int J Mol Med. , (2017).</li><li>Schildberger, A., Rossmanith, E., Eichhorn, T., Strassl, K., Weber, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monocytes,+peripheral+blood+mononuclear+cells,+and+THP-1+cells+exhibit+different+cytokine+expression+patterns+following+stimulation+with+lipopolysaccharide.">Monocytes, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and THP-1 cells exhibit different cytokine expression patterns following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide.</a> Mediators Inflamm. 2013, 697972 (2013).</li><li>Heil, T. L., Volkmann, K. R., Wataha, J. C., Lockwood, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+peripheral+blood+monocytes+versus+THP-1+monocytes+for+in+vitro+biocompatibility+testing+of+dental+material+components.">Human peripheral blood monocytes versus THP-1 monocytes for in vitro biocompatibility testing of dental material components.</a> J Oral Rehabil. 29 (5), 401-407 (2002).</li><li>Tsuchiya, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+and+characterization+of+a+human+acute+monocytic+leukemia+cell+line+(THP-1).">Establishment and characterization of a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1).</a> Int J Cancer. 26 (2), 171-176 (1980).</li><li>de Almeida, M. C., Silva, A. C., Barral, A., Barral Netto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+method+for+human+peripheral+blood+monocyte+isolation.">A simple method for human peripheral blood monocyte isolation.</a> Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 95 (2), 221-223 (2000).</li><li>Flo, R. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negative+selection+of+human+monocytes+using+magnetic+particles+covered+by+anti-lymphocyte+antibodies.">Negative selection of human monocytes using magnetic particles covered by anti-lymphocyte antibodies.</a> J Immunol Methods. 137 (1), 89-94 (1991).</li><li>Grondahl-Hansen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasminogen+activator+inhibitor+type+1+in+cytosolic+tumor+extracts+predicts+prognosis+in+low-risk+breast+cancer+patients.">Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in cytosolic tumor extracts predicts prognosis in low-risk breast cancer patients.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 3 (2), 233-239 (1997).</li><li>Borgfeldt, C., Hansson, S. R., Gustavsson, B., Masback, A., Casslen, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dedifferentiation+of+serous+ovarian+cancer+from+cystic+to+solid+tumors+is+associated+with+increased+expression+of+mRNA+for+urokinase+plasminogen+activator+(uPA),+its+receptor+(uPAR)+and+its+inhibitor+(PAI-1).">Dedifferentiation of serous ovarian cancer from cystic to solid tumors is associated with increased expression of mRNA for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), its receptor (uPAR) and its inhibitor (PAI-1).</a> Int J Cancer. 92 (4), 497-502 (2001).</li><li>Devy, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pro-+or+antiangiogenic+effect+of+plasminogen+activator+inhibitor+1+is+dose+dependent.">The pro- or antiangiogenic effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 is dose dependent.</a> FASEB J. 16 (2), 147-154 (2002).</li><li>Bajou, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasminogen+activator+inhibitor-1+protects+endothelial+cells+from+FasL-mediated+apoptosis.">Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 protects endothelial cells from FasL-mediated apoptosis.</a> Cancer Cell. 14 (4), 324-334 (2008).</li><li>Xu, X., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Xiao, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasminogen+activator+inhibitor-1+promotes+inflammatory+process+induced+by+cigarette+smoke+extraction+or+lipopolysaccharides+in+alveolar+epithelial+cells.">Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promotes inflammatory process induced by cigarette smoke extraction or lipopolysaccharides in alveolar epithelial cells.</a> Exp Lung Res. 35 (9), 795-805 (2009).</li><li>Ji, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacological+Targeting+of+Plasminogen+Activator+Inhibitor-1+Decreases+Vascular+Smooth+Muscle+Cell+Migration+and+Neointima+Formation.">Pharmacological Targeting of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Decreases Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Migration and Neointima Formation.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 36 (11), 2167-2175 (2016).</li><li>Carmeliet, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+role+of+plasminogen+activator+inhibitor-1+in+arterial+wound+healing+and+neointima+formation:+a+gene+targeting+and+gene+transfer+study+in+mice.">Inhibitory role of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in arterial wound healing and neointima formation: a gene targeting and gene transfer study in mice.</a> Circulation. 96 (9), 3180-3191 (1997).</li><li>Cao, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endocytic+receptor+LRP+together+with+tPA+and+PAI-1+coordinates+Mac-1-dependent+macrophage+migration.">Endocytic receptor LRP together with tPA and PAI-1 coordinates Mac-1-dependent macrophage migration.</a> EMBO J. 25 (9), 1860-1870 (2006).</li><li>Thapa, B., Koo, B. H., Kim, Y. H., Kwon, H. J., Kim, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasminogen+activator+inhibitor-1+regulates+infiltration+of+macrophages+into+melanoma+via+phosphorylation+of+FAK-Tyr(9)(2)(5).">Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 regulates infiltration of macrophages into melanoma via phosphorylation of FAK-Tyr(9)(2)(5).</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 450 (4), 1696-1701 (2014).</li><li>Kortlever, R. M., Higgins, P. J., Bernards, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasminogen+activator+inhibitor-1+is+a+critical+downstream+target+of+p53+in+the+induction+of+replicative+senescence.">Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 is a critical downstream target of p53 in the induction of replicative senescence.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 8 (8), 877-884 (2006).</li><li>Fang, H., Placencio, V. R., DeClerck, Y. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protumorigenic+activity+of+plasminogen+activator+inhibitor-1+through+an+antiapoptotic+function.">Protumorigenic activity of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 through an antiapoptotic function.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 104 (19), 1470-1484 (2012).</li><li>Bennett, S., Breit, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variables+in+the+isolation+and+culture+of+human+monocytes+that+are+of+particular+relevance+to+studies+of+HIV.">Variables in the isolation and culture of human monocytes that are of particular relevance to studies of HIV.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 56 (3), 236-240 (1994).</li><li>Geissmann, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+monocytes,+macrophages,+and+dendritic+cells.">Development of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.</a> Science. 327 (5966), 656-661 (2010).</li><li>Bauer, M., Goldstein, M., Heylmann, D., Kaina, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+monocytes+undergo+excessive+apoptosis+following+temozolomide+activating+the+ATM/ATR+pathway+while+dendritic+cells+and+macrophages+are+resistant.">Human monocytes undergo excessive apoptosis following temozolomide activating the ATM/ATR pathway while dendritic cells and macrophages are resistant.</a> PLoS One. 7 (6), e39956 (2012).</li></ol>

由多种细胞类型组成, 对癌症的发展至关重要。为了确定最佳生长条件, 癌细胞通过分泌趋因子来吸引单核细胞。在这里, 我们提出了一个协议, 以研究的机制, 单核细胞招募的癌细胞体外。为此, 采用诱导基因表达系统, 纯化初级人类单核细胞, 并作为一个例子的迁移试验, 博伊登室测定, 使用。
所提出的协议的第一个关键步骤是将 shRNA 序列的正确克隆确认为 "春节-对" 向...

肿瘤相关巨噬细胞 (tam) 促进肿瘤生长, 转移, 并调节免疫应答2。癌细胞会吸收具有炎症的单核细胞, 浸润肿瘤并分化为 pro-tumorigenic tam3。肿瘤浸润与 tam 相关性不佳的临床结果, 并已与免疫抑制作用的巨噬细胞4,5。然而, 对肿瘤的巨噬细胞的招募机制没有很好的探索和更好地了解有关的途径是至关重要的进一步发展的领域和有前途的治疗方法。研究肿瘤细胞与正常细胞在肿瘤微环境中的相互作用的一个挑战是所涉及的机制和细胞的复杂性, 需要体外方法, 允许对串扰进行解剖。在这里, 我们提出了一个多用途的方法, 可用于研究的分泌效应的癌细胞衍生的, 分泌蛋白的迁移其他细胞类型如巨噬细胞,体外。使用的系统, shRNA 的表达与癌细胞来源的蛋白质参与招募的单核细胞是在控制的四环素诱导启动子, 分泌的作用, 分泌的蛋白质单核定量。在这个协议中, shRNA 序列的克隆在四环素调控的传染媒介然后被提出稳定的癌细胞线的世代。此外, 对原人单核细胞和博伊登室的纯化进行了研究, 以分析癌细胞衍生蛋白对分泌的迁移作用。
蛋白质编码基因的下调通常应用于 siRNA 和 shRNA 技术, 尽管在其使用中并非没有限制。基因的长期击倒 (KD) 可能引起细胞的次级自适应反应, 干扰实验结果。缺乏对基因表达的时间控制, 使得研究蛋白质在时间上的动态作用或蛋白质对细胞生存至关重要的作用具有挑战性。这个问题在体内的设置中尤为重要, 在这种情况下, 蛋白质在肿瘤的发展和进展中的作用可能需要在肿瘤建立后下调表达感兴趣的蛋白。有条件 kd 的优点是防止 kd 对细胞的过早致死作用, 并能够分析蛋白质在肿瘤生长的不同阶段的作用, 而无条件的 kd 可能导致缺乏肿瘤的发展。
为了解决稳定 kd 的局限性, 开发了一些有条件的 kd 系统。有条件基因表达系统包括蜕皮诱导的过氧化系统、细胞色素 P-450 诱导系统1和四环素调控的基因表达系统。四环素调控的基因表达系统允许在添加抗生素四环素 (或其更稳定的模拟-强力霉素) 时控制 shRNA 的表达。在系统中, shRNA 的表达在四环素/强力霉素的存在中诱发了一个基因表达, 而在 shRNA 的系统中, 在四环素的存在下抑制了四环素的表达, 从而导致基因表达。四环素诱导系统的一个缺点是以前报告 shRNA 的表达水平低, 在没有强力霉素-so-called 泄漏6,7。在这里描述的春节系统中, 在四环素的管理下, 组成表达的四环素阻遏 (TetR) 蛋白与 shRNA 感兴趣的 H1 启动子区内的春节反应性元素 (的) 序列的结合是抑制.这导致 shRNA 的表达和对感兴趣的蛋白质的翻译的抑制以四环素依赖方式8,9。
其他可用的系统包括同时基因的 TetO 序列之间的塔塔盒和近端序列元素 (PSE), 并之间的塔塔盒和转录开始网站开发的 Chan等。10这个系统需要少于毒性剂量的四环素来调节 shRNA 表达, 但是, 在 non-induced 状态下, 低浓度的 shRNA 表示。基于 Krüppel 的关联框 (硬壳) 的系统11包括硬壳, 一个锌指蛋白, 它将基因定位在 3 kb 范围内的硬壳结合位点的转录抑制。嵌合蛋白 tTRKRAB 可以结合到 TetO, 由于 DNA 可控容量大, TetO 不需要限制在转录起始点和启动子之间, 对启动子的活动有很低的影响。在 non-induced 状态下, 这种可控 RNA 干扰系统被报告为显示 shRNA11,12的泄漏表达式的较低级别;然而, 它需要一个顺序的, 双矢量的克隆方法。与以前开发的条件 KD 系统, 如蜕皮诱导过度表达系统或细胞色素 P-450 诱导系统相比, 四环素调节系统具有鲁棒性和可逆性的优点, 因此最常规使用的系统13。本协议中使用的系统优于双 TetO 基因系统和硬壳的系统, 因为它需要直接的单矢量克隆, 允许快速生成多个克隆, 并且它在无强力霉素。
对癌症的发展至关重要。为了促进肿瘤生长, 癌细胞通过分泌趋蛋白来吸收炎症单核细胞。招募单核细胞浸润肿瘤, 分化成 pro-tumorigenic tam, 促进肿瘤生长和转移。体外免疫细胞招募的研究利用迁移测定, 用博伊登室分析法广泛使用14、15、16、17。在这个实验中, 细胞趋化蛋白的来源, 例如, 癌细胞, 或纯化蛋白, 被放置在底部的房间。免疫细胞被放置在上部室与多孔膜分离从底部车厢。细胞向趋化因子的渐增梯度迁移, 在膜的下部发现的, 在显微镜下染色和计数。在这里, 我们测试了纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂 1 (PAI-1) 对单核细胞的趋化作用, 产生稳定的, 诱导的癌细胞线, PAI-1 的表达是由强力霉素加入调控。我们在博伊登室迁移试验中使用人原核细胞, 以评估 PAI-1 在单核移植中的作用。人类原发性单核细胞与广泛使用的细胞 THP1 的差异已经报告, 并包括不同的细胞因子表达模式18;例如, 5-10 倍增加的 TNF-α表达水平的 THP1 细胞相比, 人单核19。THP1 细胞来源于人类白血病细胞细胞, 易于维持, 并增殖, 平均加倍时间为 19-50 h20。相反, 人单核细胞的特点是在没有生长因子的情况下寿命短。由于单核细胞是从献血者的血液中纯化出来的, 在个体中发生了相当数量的变异, 并取决于纯化方法, 可能会发生其他类型的污染。然而, 主要单核细胞是相关的, 它已经被推荐使用或确认的结果, 在生物研究中使用的原单核细胞干细胞线,19。在这里, 我们描述了一个从外周血纯化人类原发性单核细胞的协议。单核细胞纯化的替代方法包括密度梯度和粘附协议和两个步骤的单一梯度聚-Hypaque 后跟一个 Percoll 梯度21。这些方法获得的单核细胞的纯度范围在 70-90% 之间。这里描述的方法使用的密度梯度, 其次是阴性免疫选择22 , 使人单核细胞的纯化与抗体没有直接接触, 从而避免其意外激活, 并导致了 >95% 单核细胞的纯种群。
本文所提出的协议用于建立人类癌细胞系基因表达的功能性的 PAI-1 系统, 以研究肿瘤衍生的分泌蛋白对单核细胞的趋化作用。PAI-1 是表达的各种肿瘤和它的表达似是而非地关联与不良临床结局23,24。PAI-1 的 pro-tumorigenic 角色是其 pro-angiogenic 和亡函数的结果25,26。PAI-1 已被证明有助于炎症, 促进招募巨噬细胞到炎症部位27。PAI-1 显示, 以促进平滑肌 cellmigration28,29和参与 Mac-1 依赖性巨噬细胞迁移30。PAI-1 过度表达也显示, 以显著提高招募原始264.7 巨噬细胞为 B16F10 黑色素瘤肿瘤31。然而, PAI-1 在 TAM 迁移中的作用没有得到详细的研究。我们使用所描述的协议来回答是否 PAI-1 吸引单核细胞到癌细胞的问题。这种方法可以通过抑制癌细胞的分泌蛋白, 分析肿瘤细胞之间的串扰, 并对其成分进行解剖。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="868">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Tet-pLKO-puro lentiviral vector</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21915</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">FBS (Tetracycline-free)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Omega Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FB-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Histopaque</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>10771-500ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EasySep Human Monocyte Enrichment Kit</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">StemCell</td>
			<td>19059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EasySep Magnet</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">StemCell</td>
			<td>18002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EcoRI HF</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R3101S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">AgeI HF</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R3552S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cut Smart buffer</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">NEB</td>
			<td>B7200S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EndoFree Plasmid Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>12362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PROMEGA Wizard SV Gel and PCR Cleanup System</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">PROMEGA</td>
			<td>A9281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">psPAX vector</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12260</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMD2.G vector</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="28">
			<td height="28" style="height:28px;width:405px;">One Shot Stbl3 Chemically Competent&#160;E. coli</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C737303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hema 3 stain set for Wright-Giemsa stain</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Protocol</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">123-869</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEK293 cells</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CRL-1573</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XhoI restriction enzyme</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">NEB</td>
			<td>R0146S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ligase</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">NEB</td>
			<td>M0202S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ligase buffer</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">NEB</td>
			<td>M0202S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;">EDTA 0.5 M solution</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R1021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td>Lipofectamine 2000</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td>11668019</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">The Big Easy&#34; EasySep Magnet</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Stem Cell</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">0.1% Poly-L-Lysine solution</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P8920</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Acetate</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S7670</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium butyrate</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B5887</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">0.45 &#956;M syringe filters</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">VWR International</td>
			<td>28145-479</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S5881-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15504-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Chloride(NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S7653-5 kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M8266-100g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">dithioerythritol (DTE)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B8255-5g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ethanol (EtOH)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">792780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">tryptone</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Amresco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">J859-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Fluka</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">70161-500g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto agar</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">214010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ampicillin</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A9393-5g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-013-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">21-031-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">puromycin</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P9620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Doxycycline hyclate</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D9891-25g</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI)</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10-040-CV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">0.5 M EDTA pH 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R1021</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:405px;">Falcon Permeable Support for 24 Well Plate with 8.0&#956;m Transparent PET Membrane</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">353097</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Cotton-Tipped Applicator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Medline</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MDS202000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Protocol Hema 3 STAT pack&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Fisher Scientific Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">123-869</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Resolve Immersion Oil, High Viscosity</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Richard Allan Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M4004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:405px;">Penicillin Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

conditional knockdown of gene expression in cancer cell lines to study the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages to the tumor microenvironment

siRNA 和 shRNA 介导的敲掉 (KD) 调控基因表达的方法是了解基因和蛋白质功能的宝贵工具。但是, 在有兴趣的蛋白质的 kd 对细胞有致命影响或 kd 的预期效应是时间依赖性的情况下, 无条件 kd 方法是不适当的。条件系统更适合在这些情况下, 并已成为一个很大的兴趣的主题。这些包括蜕皮诱导的过度表达系统, 细胞色素 P-450 诱导系统1, 和四环素调控的基因表现系统。
四环素调控基因表达系统能够通过诱导 shRNA 表达在四环素的存在下对蛋白质表达进行可逆控制。在本协议中, 我们提出了一个实验设计, 利用功能性的, 在人类癌症细胞系的基因表达的条件调节。然后, 我们证明了该系统在肿瘤细胞-单核相互作用的研究中的应用。

三 shRNA 序列被测试为最有效的 KD PAI-1。为此, 根据上述协议, 将 shRNA 序列与 PAI-1 和被打乱的 (表 1) 复制到 pLKO 普洛表达式向量中。HT-1080 纤维细胞系稳定地转染了生成的结构, 细胞被强力霉素治疗3天。用印迹(图 2A) 对 PAI-1 的表达进行了验证, 并通过密度测量分析了与 PAI-1 和蛋白相对应的波段强度。使用最有效的 KD 序列 (shRNA...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression in Cancer Cell Lines to Study the Recruitment of Monocytes/Macrophages to the Tumor Microenvironment at JoVE.com

Conditional Knockdown of Gene Expression in Cancer Cell Lines to Study the Recruitment of Monocytes/Macrophages to the Tumor Microenvironment

本议定书作为一个计划, 建立一个功能性的癌症细胞系的系统, 并随后使用, 特别是研究肿瘤细胞源性蛋白质在招募单核/巨噬细胞到肿瘤微环境的作用。

肿瘤细胞系基因表达的条件性击倒研究单核/巨噬细胞在微环境中的招募

siRNA and shRNA-mediated knock down (KD) methods of regulating gene expression are invaluable tools for understanding gene and protein function. However, ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay

肺肿瘤细胞招募分析

To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing tumor metastasis, various assays using the mouse as a model animal have been proposed. Here, we ...

科研

癌症研究

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

The Drosophila Imaginal Disc Tumor Model: Visualization and Quantification of Gene Expression and Tumor Invasiveness Using Genetic Mosaics

该<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;成虫盘瘤模型：基因的表达与肿瘤侵袭性的可视化和定量遗传马赛克

Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as a powerful experimental system for functional and mechanistic studies of tumor development and progression in the ...

Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro

Detection of Mitochondria Membrane Potential to Study CLIC4 Knockdown-induced HN4 Cell Apoptosis In Vitro

线粒体膜电位检测 CLIC4 击倒诱导 HN4 细胞凋亡的实验研究

Depletion of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, &#916;&#936;m) is considered the earliest event in the apoptotic cascade. It even occurs ahead of ...

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

In Vivo EPR Assessment of pH, pO2, Redox Status, and Concentrations of Phosphate and Glutathione in the Tumor Microenvironment

体内在肿瘤微环境中 pH 值、 pO2、氧化还原状态、磷酸盐和谷胱甘肽浓度的 EPR 评价

This protocol demonstrates the capability of low-field electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based techniques in combination with functional paramagnetic ...

Virus Delivery of CRISPR Guides to the Murine Prostate for Gene Alteration

CRISPR 指南对小鼠前列腺病毒传递的基因改变

With an increasing incidence of prostate cancer, identification of new tumor drivers or modulators is crucial. Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) ...

Live-Cell Imaging Assays to Study Glioblastoma Brain Tumor Stem Cell Migration and Invasion

活体细胞成像技术研究胶质瘤脑干细胞的迁移和侵袭

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor that is poorly controlled with the currently available treatment options. Key features of GBMs include ...

Establishing Cell Lines Overexpressing DR3 to Assess the Apoptotic Response to Anti-mitotic Therapeutics

建立过度表达 dr3 的细胞系, 评估抗有丝分裂治疗的凋亡反应

Studying the function of a gene of interest can be achieved by manipulating its level of expression, such as decreasing its expression with knockdown cell ...

Analyzing Tumor Gene Expression Factors with the CorExplorer Web Portal

分析肿瘤基因表达因子与CorExplorer门户网站

Differential gene expression analysis is an important technique for understanding disease states. The machine learning algorithm CorEx has shown utility ...

Analysis of Side Population in Solid Tumor Cell Lines

固体肿瘤细胞系侧面人口分析

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are an important cause of tumor growth, metastasis, and recurrence. Isolation and identification of CSCs are of great ...

Combined Conditional Knockdown and Adapted Sphere Formation Assay to Study a Stemness-Associated Gene of Patient-derived Gastric Cancer Stem Cells

结合条件敲击和适应球形成测定研究患者衍生胃癌干细胞的干细胞相关基因

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are implicated in tumor initiation, development and recurrence after treatment, and have become the center of attention of many ...