Name: techniques for investigating the anatomy of the ant visual system
Uploaded: 2017-11-27T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Techniques for Investigating the Anatomy of the Ant Visual System at JoVE.com

我们感谢 Jochen Zeil, 保罗库珀和比尔吉德格雷纳分享他们的昆虫解剖学知识, 并展示了我们在这里描述的几种技术。我们感谢在雁努高级显微镜中心的有才华和支持性的工作人员和 MQU 的显微镜组。这项工作获得了澳大利亚研究理事会 (DE120100019、FT140100221、DP150101172) 的研究生奖学金和助学金的支持。

1. 试样制备
注意: 有必要首先了解复眼的相对位置和单眼, 并在头部。这可以通过获取头部背景色的图像来实现。为此, 我们建议处理样品的显微或使用 SEM 技术。下面是这两个过程所涉及的步骤。
<ol><li>
标本采集
	<ol>
<li>将标本直接收集到70% 乙醇中。尽可能收集不同的种姓。</li>
		<li>标记带有时间、日期和地点的标本以及任何其他相关观察 (例如, 在觅食...

<ol>
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Insect Sci. 18, 60-68 (2016).</li><li>Streinzer, M., Brockmann, A., Nagaraja, N., Spaethe, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex+and+caste-specific+variation+in+compound+eye+morphology+of+five+honeybee+species.">Sex and caste-specific variation in compound eye morphology of five honeybee species.</a> PLoS ONE. 8, e57702 (2013).</li><li>Somanathan, H., Warrant, E. J., Borges, R. M., Wall&#233;n, R., Kelber, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolution+and+sensitivity+of+the+eyes+of+the+Asian+honeybees+Apis+florea,+Apis+cerana+and+Apis+dorsata.">Resolution and sensitivity of the eyes of the Asian honeybees Apis florea, Apis cerana and Apis dorsata.</a> J. Exp. Biol. 212, 2448-2453 (2009).</li></ol>

上面概述的一系列方法允许对蚂蚁和其他昆虫的光学系统进行有效的调查。这些技术告诉我们的理解采样分辨率, 光学灵敏度, 和潜在的偏振敏感性的眼睛正在研究。这些知识为他们的视觉能力的生理和行为调查提供了重要的基础。此外, 虽然这里详述的方法侧重于蚂蚁视觉系统, 但这些技术可以用于其他昆虫, 尽管在协议中稍加修改 (例如, 增加了固定的持续时间和在较厚的组织中渗透).稍加...

对于大多数动物来说, 视觉是一种重要的感官形态。在定位目标、建立和遵守路线以及获取罗盘信息1、2的背景下, 视觉尤为重要。昆虫检测视觉信息使用一对复眼, 在某些情况下, 一个到三背放置简单的眼睛称为单眼3,4,5。
蚂蚁的眼睛特别感兴趣, 因为蚂蚁的多样性非常多样, 它们在物种中保存了一些关键的特性。尽管解剖、大小和生态学有巨大的变化, 但绝大多数物种都是群居的, 生活在殖民地;因此, 不同物种在中心位置和资源之间来回导航方面面临着类似的视觉挑战。在蚂蚁之间, 同样的基本眼睛 bauplan 可以观察到的动物范围从 0.5-26 毫米的体长, 从完全白天到严格夜间物种, 从缓慢的步行地下到跳跃的视觉捕食者6,7, 8、9、10。所有这些在生态学和行为上的惊人的差异引起了相同的基本眼睛结构的无数置换, 以适应不同的环境、生活方式和身体尺寸1112。因此, 研究蚂蚁的视觉生态学为确定的调查者提供了一个真正的宝库的可能性。
理解昆虫的视觉系统对于了解它们的行为能力是至关重要的。这是显而易见的综合研究, 很好地结合了解剖学与生态学和行为的成功在几个昆虫组 (例如, 参考13,14,15,16,17). 虽然蚂蚁导航和蚂蚁行为在一般的领域已经相当成功, 但很少有人把重点放在一些选定物种之外的蚂蚁视觉上。在这里, 我们将详细阐述调查蚂蚁眼设计的技术。当我们将重点放在蚂蚁, 这些技术可以应用, 稍加修改, 其他昆虫, 太。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ant</td>
			<td>Myrmecia midas</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Leica M205 FA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sputter coater</td>
			<td>Pro Sci Tech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>ProSciTech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica MZ6</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insect Pin</td>
			<td>ProSciTech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Colourless nail polish</td>
			<td>Non branded: from any cosmetic store</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slide</td>
			<td>ProSciTech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor blade</td>
			<td>ProSciTech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foreceps</td>
			<td>ProSciTech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover slip</td>
			<td>ProSciTech</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compound microscope</td>
			<td>Leica DM5000 B</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformalydehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride (KCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>di-Sodium Hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium di-Hydrogen Phosphate (KH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osmium tetroxide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Araldite Epoxy Resin</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipette</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluidie Blue</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hotplate</td>
			<td>Riechert HK120</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

techniques for investigating the anatomy of the ant visual system

本文概述了一套光学显微镜技术 (LM) 和电子显微镜 (EM), 可用于研究昆虫的内外眼解剖。这包括传统的组织学技术优化的工作在蚂蚁的眼睛, 并适应工作与其他技术, 如透射电子显微镜 (TEM) 和扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)。这些技术虽然非常有用, 但对于新手技术人员来说是很困难的, 因此本文将重点放在对不同标本的故障排除和优化上。我们提供了整个标本 (照片显微镜和 SEM) 成像技术的信息, 并讨论了它们的优缺点。我们强调了用于确定整个眼睛的透镜直径的技术, 并讨论了改进的新方法。最后, 我们讨论了制备样品的 LM 和 TEM, 切片, 染色和成像这些样品的技术。我们讨论在准备样本时可能遇到的障碍, 以及如何在它们周围进行最佳导航。

这里描述的方法能够详细研究蚂蚁的简单和复眼。使用 Z 堆栈显微技术, 可以对头部的背景色进行成像, 从而获得视觉系统布局的概览 (图 1)。这是很好的准备解剖和确定所需的剖切角度。这项技术对于测量头部宽度、眼睛长度和 ocellar 透镜直径也很有用。SEM 成像也提供了详细的概述图像, 但另外允许获得高放大率和高分辨率的图像。对眼睛感兴趣的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Techniques for Investigating the Anatomy of the Ant Visual System at JoVE.com

Techniques for Investigating the Anatomy of the Ant Visual System

本文概述了一套光和电子显微镜技术, 研究昆虫的内外眼解剖。这些技术包括针对 ant 眼睛的工作而优化的几种传统方法, 详细的疑难解答, 以及针对不同样本和感兴趣区域的优化建议。

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环境科学

Optimized Negative Staining: a High-throughput Protocol for Examining Small and Asymmetric Protein Structure by Electron Microscopy

优化负染：通过电子显微镜检查小和不对称蛋白结构的高通量协议

Structural determination of proteins is rather challenging for proteins with molecular masses between 40 - 200 kDa. Considering that more than half of ...

Empirical, Metagenomic, and Computational Techniques Illuminate the Mechanisms by which Fungicides Compromise Bee Health

经验、基因和计算技术阐明了杀菌剂危害蜜蜂健康的机制

Growers often use fungicide sprays during bloom to protect crops against disease, which exposes bees to fungicide residues. Although considered ...

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

Automated, High-resolution Mobile Collection System for the Nitrogen Isotopic Analysis of NOx

自动化，高清晰度移动采集系统对NO的氮同位素分析<sub系列&gt; X</sub

Nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) are a family of atmospheric trace gases that have great impact on the environment. NOx concentrations directly influence ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

从塑料颗粒中提取有机氯农药和塑料类型分析

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

Methodology for Developing Life Tables for Sessile Insects in the Field Using the Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, in Cotton As a Model System

用虱、烟粉虱在棉花中开发无梗昆虫生命表的方法作为模型系统

Life tables provide a means of measuring the schedules of birth and death from populations over time. They also can be used to quantify the sources and ...

Procedures of Laboratory Fumigation for Pest Control with Nitric Oxide Gas

一氧化氮气体防治害虫实验室熏蒸程序

Nitric oxide (NO) is a newly discovered fumigant for postharvest pest control. This paper provides detailed protocols for conducting NO fumigation on ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

利用水下立体视频工具量化鱼类密度的新方法研究进展

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

Harvesting Venom Toxins from Assassin Bugs and Other Heteropteran Insects

从刺客臭虫和其他 Heteropteran 昆虫身上采集毒液毒素

Heteropteran insects such as assassin bugs (Reduviidae) and giant water bugs (Belostomatidae) descended from a common predaceous and venomous ancestor, ...