Name: dendrimer-based uneven nanopatterns to locally control surface adhesiveness: a method to direct chondrogenic differentiation
Uploaded: 2018-01-20T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dendrimer-based Uneven Nanopatterns to Locally Control Surface Adhesiveness: A Method to Direct Chondrogenic Differentiation at JoVE.com

Forfatterne bekrefter Oriol Font-Bach og Albert G. Castaño for deres hjelp i dmin kvantifisering. De erkjenner også avansert Digital mikroskopi enheten ved Institutt for forskning innen biomedisin (IRB Barcelona) la forfatterne ta opp video i lokalet. Dette arbeidet ble støttet av den nettverk Biomedical Research Center (CIBER), Spania. CIBER er et initiativ finansiert av VI National R & D & jeg Plan 2008-2011 Iniciativa Ingenio 2010, consolidar Program, CIBER handlinger og i Instituto de Salud Carlos III, med støtte fra den europeiske Regional Development Fund. Dette arbeidet har vært støttet av Kommisjonen for universiteter og forskning av Institutt for innovasjon, universiteter og Enterprise av Generalitat de Catalunya (2014 SGR 1442). Det var også finansiert av prosjektene OLIGOCODES (nr. MAT2012-38573-C02) og CTQ2013-41339-P, tildelt av det spanske departementet for økonomi og konkurranseevne, i tillegg til INTERREG V-A Spania-Portugal 2014-2020 POCTEP (0245_IBEROS_1_E). C.R.P. erkjenner økonomisk støtte fra det spanske departementet for økonomi og konkurranseevne grant (nr. IFI15/00151).

1. substratet
<ol><li>
Avspenning 1.4 x 1.1 cm Au(111) på glimmer underlag.
	<ol>
<li>Plasser Au(111) underlaget på glass-keramisk kokeplate og anneal det med en butan flamme for 3 min. Tillat underlaget og kjølig under en argon atmosfære. Gjenta dette trinnet for hver Au(111) substrat. Merk: Au(111) underlag bør brukes umiddelbart etter avspenning.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
Utarbeidelse av Poly (L-Lactic Acid) (PLLA)-belagt Glass underlag.
	<ol>
<li>Kuttet og vask glass lysbilde...

<ol>
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Under utviklingen av beskrevet protokollen, bør en rekke viktige tiltak vurderes. Først refererer til nanopattern karakterisering skanning sonde mikroskopi teknikker. For å visualisere nanopatterns, overflaten hvor mønstre er produsert må ha en grovhet verdi under mener diameteren på dendrimers, som er rundt 4 – 5 nm målt ved STM (figur 1B). Det bør også tas i betraktning at høy oppløsning STM imaging er begrenset til ledende underlag, i dette tilfellet Au(111). Noen løfte av polymer fra hj...

Her beskriver vi en enkel og allsidig dendrimer-baserte nanopatterning prosedyren for å få celle kultur overflater at kontroll av lokale feste på nanoskala. Nanoskala detaljer om ECM organisasjonen har blitt rapportert,1,2,3 og nanopatterning celle vedheft flater har gitt dyp innsikt i mobilnettet kravene knyttet til vedheft4, 5. Eksperimenter med micellar litografi-baserte nanopatterns avslørte en terskelverdi rundt 70 nm for RGD peptid nanospacing, celleadhesjon blir betydelig forsinket over denne verdien6,7,8 ,9. Disse studiene fremhevet også større påvirkning av lokale enn globale ligand tetthet på celle vedheft9,10,11.
Under morphogenesis utløse celle interaksjon med omgivelsene første differensiering hendelsene, og Fortsett til siste komplekse vev strukturer har blitt dannet. Innen denne rammen har nanopatterned flater blitt brukt til å takle påvirkning av de første celle-overflate samhandlingene på morphogenesis. Litografi-baserte RGD nanopatterns med en lateral avstand på 68 nm i β-type Ti-40Nb legeringer bidra til å opprettholde udifferensierte fenotypen ikke forpliktet stamceller12, mens RGD nanospacings av mellom 95 og 150 nm styrke differensiering av stamceller (MSCs) mot adipogenic/osteogenic13,14,15 og chondrogenic skjebne16. Selv montasje makromolekyler endret signalnettverk komponenter har også vist seg å direkte celleadhesjon og differensiering gir nanoskala arkitektoniske regulering av de signalnettverk stikkord17. I denne forbindelse er at Cospatric av dendrimers med celle-samspill moieties i deres ytre sfære18,19,20 på overflater brukt til å studere celle vedheft21,22, morfologi23,24og migrasjon hendelser25,26. Likevel, mangel på overflaten karakteristikk i disse studiene gjør det vanskelig å etablere noen sammenheng mellom dendrimer overflaten konfigurasjon og celle respons.
Dendrimer nanopatterns med væske-lignende orden og definerte avstand kan oppnås når dendrimers adsorberes lav-ladet overflater fra løsninger med lav ioniske styrke. 27 på grunnlag av denne egenskapen, her presenterer vi en metode for å få store ujevn nanopatterns av RGD-functionalized dendrimers på lav-ladet overflater som tillater nanoskala kontrollen av lokale RGD overflate. Vann kontakt vinkel (CA), røntgen photoelectron spektroskopi (XPS) og skanning sonde mikroskopi teknikker (STM og AFM nanopatterns) viser at lokale ligand tettheter kan justeres å endre den opprinnelige dendrimer konsentrasjonen i løsningen. Lokale RGD overflaten tetthet er kvantifisert fra AFM bilder av sannsynlighet konturkart med minimum interparticle avstander og deretter korrelert med cellen eksperimenter. Sammenlignet med andre nanopatterning teknikker4, dendrimer-baserte nanopatterning er enkelt og kan enkelt skaleres til store flater, dermed er fullt kompatibel med celle kultur programmer. Nanopatterns brukes som bioaktive underlag evaluere effekten av lokale RGD overflaten tetthet på celle vedheft28 og chondrogenic induksjon av voksen menneskelige MSCs29. Våre resultater viser at RGD dendrimer-baserte nanopatterns opprettholde cellevekst og at celleadhesjon forsterkes av høy lokal RGD overflaten tettheter. Differensiering-eksperimenter mellomliggende feste celleområdet til substrater foretrukket MSC kondens og tidlig chondrogenic differensiering. På grunn av brukervennlighet med hvilke dendrimer eksterne grupper kan endres, kan metoden beskrevet her fremme utbygget til andre ECM ligander at konsentrasjon-avhengige effekter på celler.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Gold (111) on mica. 1.4x1.1 cm&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Spi Supplies</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">466PS-AB</td>
			<td style="width:405px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Glass micro slides, plain</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">2947-75x25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Deionized water</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
			<td>18M&#937; cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Ethanol 96%</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">PanReac</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">131085.1212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:504px;">L-Lactide/DL-Lactide copolymer</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Corbion</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
			<td>95/05 molar ratio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:504px;">1,4 - dioxane</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">296309-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:504px;">Silicone oil, high temperature</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Acros Organics</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">174665000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:504px;">Spinner</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Laurell</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">WS-650MZ-23NPP/Lite</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:504px;">Tissue culture laminar flow hood</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Telstar</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Bio II Advance</td>
			<td>Class II biological safety cabinet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Filter unit</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Millex-GP</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">SLGP033RB</td>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Syringe 10 mL</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Discardit</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">309110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Atomic Force microscope</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Veeco Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Dimension 3000 AFM instrument</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="19">
			<td height="19" style="height:19px;width:504px;">Silicon AFM probes</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Budget Sensors</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Tap300AI-G</td>
			<td>Resonant Freq. 300 kHz, k = 40 N/m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:504px;">Scanning tunneling microscope</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Molecular Imaging</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">PicoSPM microscope</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:504px;">Pt0.8:Ir0.2 wire</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Advent</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">PT671012</td>
			<td>Diameter 0.25 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:504px;">WSxM 4.0 software</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Nanotec electronica</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Optical contact angle (CA) system</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Dataphysics</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">SCA20 software</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Dataphysics</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:504px;">X-ray photoelectron spectrometer</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Physical Electronics</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Perkin-Elmer PHI 5500 Multitechnique System</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Fibronectin from bovine plasma</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">F1141-1MG</td>
			<td>1.0 mL solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffer Saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">21600-10</td>
			<td>Powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Mouse embryo fibroblasts</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">ATCC CRL-1658</td>
			<td>NIH/3T3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:504px;">Dulbecco&#39;s modified eagle medium (DMEM) liquid high glucose</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">11960044</td>
			<td>liquid high glucose, no glutamine, 500 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">16000044</td>
			<td>500 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">25030</td>
			<td>200 mM (100X)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:504px;">Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">15140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:504px;">Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">11360039</td>
			<td>100 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">T75 culture flasks</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Nunclon</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">156499</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:504px;">Trypsin</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">25200072</td>
			<td>0,25% EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Hermle Labortechnik</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Z 206 A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:504px;">Non-tissue culture treated plate, 12 well</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">351143</td>
			<td>Non-adherent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Adipose-derived hMSCs</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">ATCC PCS-500-011</td>
			<td>Cell vial 1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">MSC basal medium</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">ATCC PCS-500-030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">MSC growth kit</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">ATCC PCS-500-040</td>
			<td>Low serum</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Chondrocyte differentiation tool</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">ATCC PCS-500-051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Formalin solution</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">HT5011-15ML</td>
			<td>neutral buffered, 10%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:504px;">Ammonium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">A9434-500G</td>
			<td>for molecular biology, suitable for cell culture, &#8805;99.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Saponin</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">47036-50G-F</td>
			<td>for molecular biology, used as non-ionic surfactant, adjuvant</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:504px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">A3059-50G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:504px;">Rabbit monoclonal [Y113] anti-paxillin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">ab32084</td>
			<td>Diluted 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Mouse monoclonal [1F5] anti-collagen alpha-1 XX chain&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Acris Antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">AM00212PU-N</td>
			<td>Diluted: 1:400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:504px;">Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L) secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">A10667</td>
			<td>2 mg/mL. Diluted 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Alexa Fluor 568-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">A11036</td>
			<td>2 mg/mL. Diluted 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:504px;">Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">H3570 10ML</td>
			<td>10 mg/mL. Diluted 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">Cover glass 24x24 mm</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Deltalab</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">D102424</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:504px;">Fluoromount</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">F4680-25ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:504px;">Epifluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Eclipse E1000 upright microscope</td>
			<td>with a CCD camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:504px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
			<td>Leica SPE Upright Confocal Microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">ImageJ 1.50g freeware</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">http://imgej.nih.gov/ij</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">MATLAB software</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">The MATHWORKS, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:504px;">OriginPro 8.5 software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:169px;">OriginLab Coorporation</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dendrimer-based uneven nanopatterns to locally control surface adhesiveness: a method to direct chondrogenic differentiation

Mobilnettet vedheft og differensiering er betinget av nanoskala disponeringen av komponentene i ekstracellulær matrix (EFM), med lokale konsentrasjoner har en stor effekt. Her presenterer vi en metode for å få store ujevn nanopatterns arginine-glycine-aspartic syre (RGD)-functionalized dendrimers som tillater nanoskala kontroll av lokale RGD overflaten tetthet. Nanopatterns er dannet ved overflaten adsorpsjon av dendrimers fra løsninger på ulike første konsentrasjoner og er preget av vann kontakt vinkel (CA), røntgen photoelectron spektroskopi (XPS), og skanning sonde mikroskopi teknikker som skanning tunnelering mikroskopi (STM) og atomic force mikroskopi (AFM). Lokale overflaten tettheten av RGD måles ved hjelp av AFM bilder ved hjelp av sannsynlighet konturkart med minimum interparticle avstander og deretter korrelert med celle vedheft respons og differensiering. Metoden nanopatterning presenteres her er en enkel prosedyre som kan skaleres på en enkel måte å store flater. Det er dermed kompatible med celle kultur protokoller og kan brukes på andre ligander at konsentrasjon-avhengige effekter på celler.

Vi presenterer en nanopatterning metode som gir overflaten feste håndteres på nanoskala (figur 1). Den kjemiske strukturen til RGD-Cys-D1 vises i figur 1A. Dendrimers ble mønstret på elektrisk ledende Au(111) overflater for høy oppløsning STM karakterisering. Lav dendrimer konsentrasjoner i løsning (opptil 10-5% w/w) gjengitt isolert dendrimers av 4-5 nm i diameter (figur 1B</strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dendrimer-based Uneven Nanopatterns to Locally Control Surface Adhesiveness: A Method to Direct Chondrogenic Differentiation at JoVE.com

Dendrimer-based Uneven Nanopatterns to Locally Control Surface Adhesiveness: A Method to Direct Chondrogenic Differentiation

En metode for å få dendrimer-baserte ujevn nanopatterns som tillater nanoskala kontroll av lokale arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) overflate tetthet er beskrevet og for studier av celle vedheft og chondrogenic differensiering.

Dendrimer-baserte ujevn Nanopatterns til lokalt kontroll overflaten feste: en metode for å direkte Chondrogenic differensiering

Cellular adhesion and differentiation is conditioned by the nanoscale disposition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) components, with local concentrations ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Measurement of Aggregate Cohesion by Tissue Surface Tensiometry

Rigorous measurement of intercellular binding energy can only be made using methods grounded in thermodynamic principles in systems at equilibrium.  We ...

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

Design of a Cyclic Pressure Bioreactor for the Ex Vivo Study of Aortic Heart Valves

The aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and the aorta, allows for unidirectional blood flow, preventing backflow into the ventricle. Aortic ...

Engineering a Bilayered Hydrogel to Control ASC Differentiation

Engineering A Bilayered Hydrogel å kontrollere ASC differensiering

Natural polymers over the years have gained more importance because of their host biocompatibility and ability to interact with cells in vitro and in ...

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments

En Toolkit å aktivere hydrokarbonomdanning i vandige miljøer

This work puts forward a toolkit that enables the conversion of alkanes by Escherichia coli and presents a proof of principle of its applicability. The ...

A Novel Method for Localizing Reporter Fluorescent Beads Near the Cell Culture Surface for Traction Force Microscopy

En ny metode for lokalisering Reporter fluoriserende perler Nær Cell Culture Surface for trekkraft Mikros

PA gels have long been used as a platform to study cell traction forces due to ease of fabrication and the ability to tune their elastic properties. When ...

Adapting the Electrospinning Process to Provide Three Unique Environments for a Tri-layered In Vitro Model of the Airway Wall

Adapting the Electrospinning Process to Provide Three Unique Environments for a Tri-layered In Vitro Model of the Airway Wall

Tilpasning av electro prosess for å gi tre unike miljøer for en Tri-lag<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Modell av Airway Wall

Electrospinning is a highly adaptable method producing porous 3D fibrous scaffolds that can be exploited in in vitro cell culture. Alterations to ...

An Automated Method to Perform The In Vitro Micronucleus Assay using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

En automatisert metode for å utføre in vitro Mikronukleus analysen bruker multispectral Imaging Flow flowcytometri

The in vitro micronucleus (MN) assay is often used to evaluate cytotoxicity and genotoxicity but scoring the assay via manual microscopy is laborious and ...

Experimental Methods to Study Human Postural Control

Eksperimentelle metoder for å studere Human postural Control

Many components of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems act in concert to achieve the stable, upright human posture. Controlled experiments accompanied ...

Simultaneous Quantification of Selected Kynurenines Analyzed by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Medium Collected from Cancer Cell Cultures

Samtidig kvantifisering av utvalgte kynureniner analysert av flytende kromatografi-massespektrometri i medium samlet fra kreftcellekulturer

The kynurenine pathway and the tryptophan catabolites called kynurenines have received increased attention for their involvement in immune regulation and ...

Single-Cell Optical Action Potential Measurement in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes

Enkeltcellet optisk virkningspotensial måling i humane induserte pluripotente stamcelleavledede kardiomyocytter

Conventional intracellular microelectrode techniques to quantify cardiomyocyte electrophysiology are extremely complex, labor intensive, and typically ...