Name: differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into cortical interneuron precursors
Uploaded: 2017-12-03T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors at JoVE.com

Vi er takknemlige for Qing Xu for å utvikle Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6:GFP dobbelt reporter mESC linjen som Jennifer Tyson, Asif Maroof, og Tim Petros for deres tidlig arbeid med å utvikle denne protokollen. Vi takker også CHOP flyt cytometri kjernen for teknisk assistanse. Dette arbeidet ble støttet av en NIH R01 MH066912 (SA) og F30 MH105045-02 (DT).

Merk: Dobbelt reporter mESC linjen beskrevet i denne protokollen er tilgjengelig på forespørsel (sande@mail.med.upenn.edu).
1. Media forberedelse
Merk: Varm alle medier 37 ° c før bruk i cellekultur.
<ol><li>
Mus embryonale Fibroblast (MEF) media (for utarbeidelse 500 mL)
	<ol>
<li>Legge til 50 mL fosterets bovin serum (FBS) 449 mL av Dulbeccos endret Eagle's Medium (DMEM), og filtrere gjennom en 500 mL 0.22 µm pore filter enhet.</li>
		<li>L...

<ol>
	<li>Jones, E. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origins+of+cortical+interneurons:+mouse+versus+monkey+and+human.">The origins of cortical interneurons: mouse versus monkey and human.</a> Cereb Cortex. 19, 1953-1956 (2009).</li><li>Wonders, C. P., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origin+and+specification+of+cortical+interneurons.">The origin and specification of cortical interneurons.</a> Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 7 (6), 687-696 (2006).</li><li>Ascoli, G. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Petilla+terminology:+nomenclature+of+features+of+GABAergic+interneurons+of+the+cerebral+cortex.">Petilla terminology: nomenclature of features of GABAergic interneurons of the cerebral cortex.</a> Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 9, 557-568 (2008).</li><li>DeFelipe, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+insights+into+the+classification+and+nomenclature+of+cortical+GABAergic+interneurons.">New insights into the classification and nomenclature of cortical GABAergic interneurons.</a> Nature reviews. Neuroscience. 14, 202-216 (2013).</li><li>Xu, X., Roby, K. D., Callaway, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunochemical+characterization+of+inhibitory+mouse+cortical+neurons:+three+chemically+distinct+classes+of+inhibitory+cells.">Immunochemical characterization of inhibitory mouse cortical neurons: three chemically distinct classes of inhibitory cells.</a> J Comp Neurol. 518, 389-404 (2010).</li><li>Inan, M., Petros, T. J., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Losing+your+inhibition:+Linking+cortical+GABAergic+interneurons+to+schizophrenia.">Losing your inhibition: Linking cortical GABAergic interneurons to schizophrenia.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 53, 36-48 (2013).</li><li>Benes, F. M., Berretta, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABAergic+interneurons:+implications+for+understanding+schizophrenia+and+bipolar+disorder.">GABAergic interneurons: implications for understanding schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.</a> Neuropsychopharmacology. 25, 1-27 (2001).</li><li>Tyson, J. A., Goldberg, E. M., Maroof, A. M., Petros, T. P., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duration+of+culture+and+Sonic+Hedgehog+signaling+differentially+specify+PV+versus+SST+cortical+interneuron+fates+from+embryonic+stem+cells.">Duration of culture and Sonic Hedgehog signaling differentially specify PV versus SST cortical interneuron fates from embryonic stem cells.</a> Development. 142, 1267-1278 (2015).</li><li>Au, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+modular+gain-of-function+approach+to+generate+cortical+interneuron+subtypes+from+ES+cells.">A modular gain-of-function approach to generate cortical interneuron subtypes from ES cells.</a> Neuron. 80, 1145-1158 (2013).</li><li>Petros, T. J., Maurer, C. W., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+derivation+of+mouse+ESC-derived+cortical+interneurons+by+expression+of+Nkx2.1.">Enhanced derivation of mouse ESC-derived cortical interneurons by expression of Nkx2.1.</a> Stem Cell Res. 11, 647-656 (2013).</li><li>Cambray, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activin+induces+cortical+interneuron+identity+and+differentiation+in+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+telencephalic+neural+precursors.">Activin induces cortical interneuron identity and differentiation in embryonic stem cell-derived telencephalic neural precursors.</a> Nat Commun. 3, 841 (2012).</li><li>Chen, Y. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+"MGE+Enhancers"+for+Labeling+and+Selection+of+Embryonic+Stem+Cell-Derived+Medial+Ganglionic+Eminence+(MGE)+Progenitors+and+Neurons.">Use of "MGE Enhancers" for Labeling and Selection of Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Medial Ganglionic Eminence (MGE) Progenitors and Neurons.</a> PloS one. 8, e61956 (2013).</li><li>Danjo, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subregional+specification+of+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+ventral+telencephalic+tissues+by+timed+and+combinatory+treatment+with+extrinsic+signals.">Subregional specification of embryonic stem cell-derived ventral telencephalic tissues by timed and combinatory treatment with extrinsic signals.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 31, 1919-1933 (2011).</li><li>Watanabe, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+differentiation+of+telencephalic+precursors+from+embryonic+stem+cells.">Directed differentiation of telencephalic precursors from embryonic stem cells.</a> Nat Neurosci. 8, 288-296 (2005).</li><li>Tyson, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Duration+of+culture+and+sonic+hedgehog+signaling+differentially+specify+PV+versus+SST+cortical+interneuron+fates+from+embryonic+stem+cells.">Duration of culture and sonic hedgehog signaling differentially specify PV versus SST cortical interneuron fates from embryonic stem cells.</a> Development. 142, 1267-1278 (2015).</li><li>Maroof, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+differentiation+and+functional+maturation+of+cortical+interneurons+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells.">Directed differentiation and functional maturation of cortical interneurons from human embryonic stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 12, 559-572 (2013).</li><li>Tischfield, D. J., Kim, J., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atypical+PKC+and+Notch+Inhibition+Differentially+Modulate+Cortical+Interneuron+Subclass+Fate+from+Embryonic+Stem+Cells.">Atypical PKC and Notch Inhibition Differentially Modulate Cortical Interneuron Subclass Fate from Embryonic Stem Cells.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 8, 1135-1143 (2017).</li><li>Liodis, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lhx6+activity+is+required+for+the+normal+migration+and+specification+of+cortical+interneuron+subtypes.">Lhx6 activity is required for the normal migration and specification of cortical interneuron subtypes.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 27, 3078-3089 (2007).</li><li>Du, T., Xu, Q., Ocbina, P. J., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NKX2.1+specifies+cortical+interneuron+fate+by+activating+Lhx6.">NKX2.1 specifies cortical interneuron fate by activating Lhx6.</a> Development. 135, 1559-1567 (2008).</li><li>Marin, O., Anderson, S. A., Rubenstein, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origin+and+molecular+specification+of+striatal+interneurons.">Origin and molecular specification of striatal interneurons.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 20, 6063-6076 (2000).</li><li>Xu, Q., Wonders, C. P., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sonic+hedgehog+maintains+the+identity+of+cortical+interneuron+progenitors+in+the+ventral+telencephalon.">Sonic hedgehog maintains the identity of cortical interneuron progenitors in the ventral telencephalon.</a> Development. 132, 4987-4998 (2005).</li><li>Glickstein, S. B., Alexander, S., Ross, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+cyclin+D2+and+D1+protein+expression+distinguish+forebrain+progenitor+subsets.">Differences in cyclin D2 and D1 protein expression distinguish forebrain progenitor subsets.</a> Cereb Cortex. 17, 632-642 (2007).</li><li>Petros, T. J., Bultje, R. S., Ross, M. E., Fishell, G., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Apical+versus+Basal+Neurogenesis+Directs+Cortical+Interneuron+Subclass+Fate.">Apical versus Basal Neurogenesis Directs Cortical Interneuron Subclass Fate.</a> Cell Rep. 13, 1090-1095 (2015).</li><li>Xu, Q., Tam, M., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fate+mapping+Nkx2.1-lineage+cells+in+the+mouse+telencephalon.">Fate mapping Nkx2.1-lineage cells in the mouse telencephalon.</a> J Comp Neurol. 506, 16-29 (2008).</li><li>Wonders, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+spatial+bias+for+the+origins+of+interneuron+subgroups+within+the+medial+ganglionic+eminence.">A spatial bias for the origins of interneuron subgroups within the medial ganglionic eminence.</a> Dev Biol. 314, 127-136 (2008).</li><li>Inan, M., Welagen, J., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+and+temporal+bias+in+the+mitotic+origins+of+somatostatin-+and+parvalbumin-expressing+interneuron+subgroups+and+the+chandelier+subtype+in+the+medial+ganglionic+eminence.">Spatial and temporal bias in the mitotic origins of somatostatin- and parvalbumin-expressing interneuron subgroups and the chandelier subtype in the medial ganglionic eminence.</a> Cereb Cortex. 22, 820-827 (2012).</li><li>Flames, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delineation+of+multiple+subpallial+progenitor+domains+by+the+combinatorial+expression+of+transcriptional+codes.">Delineation of multiple subpallial progenitor domains by the combinatorial expression of transcriptional codes.</a> The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 27, 9682-9695 (2007).</li><li>Fogarty, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+genetic+patterning+of+the+embryonic+neuroepithelium+generates+GABAergic+interneuron+diversity+in+the+adult+cortex.">Spatial genetic patterning of the embryonic neuroepithelium generates GABAergic interneuron diversity in the adult cortex.</a> The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 27, 10935-10946 (2007).</li><li>Eiraku, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-organized+formation+of+polarized+cortical+tissues+from+ESCs+and+its+active+manipulation+by+extrinsic+signals.">Self-organized formation of polarized cortical tissues from ESCs and its active manipulation by extrinsic signals.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 3, 519-532 (2008).</li><li>Colasante, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Conversion+of+Fibroblasts+into+Functional+Forebrain+GABAergic+Interneurons+by+Direct+Genetic+Reprogramming.">Rapid Conversion of Fibroblasts into Functional Forebrain GABAergic Interneurons by Direct Genetic Reprogramming.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 17, 719-734 (2015).</li><li>Xu, Q., Cobos, I., De La Cruz, E., Rubenstein, J. L., Anderson, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origins+of+cortical+interneuron+subtypes.">Origins of cortical interneuron subtypes.</a> The Journal of neuroscience: the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 24, 2612-2622 (2004).</li><li>Southwell, D. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interneurons+from+embryonic+development+to+cell-based+therapy.">Interneurons from embryonic development to cell-based therapy.</a> Science. 344, 1240622 (2014).</li><li>Tyson, J. A., Anderson, S. 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Denne metoden er svært effektiv på mønstre J1-avledet mESCs (SCRC-1010), har vi opplevd variabel suksess med andre mESC og klonal isolater. For eksempel, Foxg1::venus mESCs (EB3-avledet; Danjo et al. 13) svare dårlig til denne protokollen og Foxg1 induksjon av DD12 er vanligvis på 1-2%. Grunner som vi ikke forstår helt, produserer en annen Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP dobbelt reporter klone (kalt JQ59) som ble isolert samtidig som linje beskrevet i denne protokollen (kalt JQ27), mindre...

Både mus og mennesker, omtrent halvparten av alle kortikale hemmende interneurons (CIns) kommer fra en forbigående subkortikal struktur kalt mediale ganglionic eminense (MGE), hvor de neuroepithelial progenitors av CIns og andre neuronal og glial undergrupper uttrykke transkripsjon faktor Nkx2.11,2. CIn undergrupper eller subtyper defineres av kryssende morfologiske, nevrokjemiske, elektrofysiologiske og tilkobling egenskaper3,4. MGE-avledet CIns kan grupperes i hovedsakelig ikke-overlappende undergrupper basert på deres gjengivelsen av PV eller SST, uttrykk for som korrelerer med bestemte elektrofysiologiske og tilkobling tendenser5. Dysfunksjon av interneurons, særlig de i PV undergruppen, har vært innblandet i flere nevropsykiatriske lidelser og sykdommer6,7. Det overordnede målet med denne metoden er å produsere Stamcelle-avledet mitotisk progenitors og vandrende forløpere beriket for PV eller SST CIn skjebne studere kortikale interneuron biologi og bruk i cellen-basert behandling.
Vi har utviklet en skalerbar og svært effektiv metode for avledning av Nkx2.1-uttrykke interneuron progenitors og deres avkom fra mESCs. Bruker en Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP dobbel reporter mESC linje8, Nkx2.1 progenitors eller deres Lhx6-uttrykke post mitotisk avkom kan isolert via FACS og senere brukt i en rekke nedstrøms programmer. Ved å manipulere en rekke signalveier, varighet av kultur og modus for neurogenesis, kan vi få millioner av fluorescently merket interneuron forløpere egnet for en rekke nedstrøms programmer.
Selv om flere andre metoder eksisterer for å generere MGE-lignende progenitors fra mESCs9,10,11,12,13,14, våre metoden, som bruker Wnt antagonist XAV-939, er spesielt effektiv til å generere Foxg1/Nkx2.1 co uttrykke telencephalic progenitors. I tillegg forbedrer muligheten til å velge for interneuron progenitors eller deres post mitotisk Lhx6-uttrykke avkom via to reporter systemet, evnen til å generere forskjellige progenitors og deres avkom.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottle-top vacuum filter system</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CLS430769</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Test Tube with Cell Strainer Snap Cap</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>Corning 352235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (CF-1 MEF IRR 7M)</td>
			<td>MTI-Globalstem</td>
			<td>GSC-6101G</td>
			<td>1 vial of 7M MEFs is sufficient for four 10-cm TC plates. References: 29,35</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FBS</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>S11150H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Primocin</td>
			<td>Invivogen</td>
			<td>Ant-pm-2</td>
			<td>Also known as antimicrobial agent. Do not filter with base media -- add after filtration. References: 9,11,36,37</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2 supplement-B</td>
			<td>Stemcell Technologies</td>
			<td>7156</td>
			<td>Do not filter with base media -- add after filtration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutamax (100x)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>Also known as L-alanine-L-glutamine. References: 9,11,38,39</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut Serum Replacement (KSR)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td>Also known as serum-free medium supplement. References: 9,11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine (100x)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM-NEAA (100x)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut DMEM</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>10829018</td>
			<td>Also known as non-glutamine containing DMEM. References: 9,11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hyclone FBS</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82013-578</td>
			<td>Also known as stem cell grade FBS. References: 9,11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue culture treated dish (10cm)</td>
			<td>BD Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-adherent sterile petri dish (10cm)</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>25384-342</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leukemia inhibitory factor (mLIF)</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>ESG1107</td>
			<td>Do not freeze, store at 4&#39;C. References: 9,11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F12</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>11330032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1% Gelatin Solution</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC PCS-999-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P6282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>25300054</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Accutase</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A1110501</td>
			<td>Also known as non-trypsin containing cell dissociation reagent. References: 9,11</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RQ1 RNase-Free DNase</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>M610A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LDN-193189</td>
			<td>Stemgent</td>
			<td>04-0074</td>
			<td>Resuspend in DMSO and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XAV939</td>
			<td>Stemgent</td>
			<td>04-0046</td>
			<td>Resuspend in DMSO and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rhFGF-2</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>233-FB</td>
			<td>Resuspend in PBS with 0.1% BSA and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rhIGF-2</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>291-G1</td>
			<td>Resuspend in PBS with 0.1% BSA and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ROCK inhibitor (Y-27632)</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1254</td>
			<td>Resuspend in DMSO and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smoothened agonist (SAG)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>566660-1MG</td>
			<td>Resuspend in H20 and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>rm Sonic Hedgehog/SHH</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>464-SH-025</td>
			<td>Resuspend in PBS with 0.1% BSA and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PKC&#950; Pseudosubstrate Inhibitor, Myristoylated</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>539624</td>
			<td>Resuspend in H20 and store at -80&#39;C in single use aliquots</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into cortical interneuron precursors

GABAergic kortikale interneurons er en heterogen befolkning som spiller viktige roller i regulerer produksjonen av eksitatoriske pyramidale nevroner, samt synkronisere resultatene av pyramideformet Nevron ensembler. Underskudd i interneuron funksjon har vært innblandet i en rekke nevropsykiatriske lidelser, inkludert schizofreni, autisme og epilepsi. Avledning av kortikale interneurons fra embryonale stamceller ikke bare tillater for studier av deres utvikling og funksjon, men gir innsikt i molekylær mekanismene bak patogenesen av kortikale interneuron-relaterte lidelser. Interneurons har også bemerkelsesverdig evne til å overleve, overføre og integrere vert kortikale krets etter transplantasjon, gjør dem velegnet for bruk i cellen-basert behandling. Her presenterer vi en skalerbar, svært effektiv, endret embryoid kroppen-å-monolayer metode for avledning av Nkx2.1-uttrykke interneuron progenitors og deres avkom fra mus embryonale stamceller (mESCs). Bruker en Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP dobbel reporter mESC linje, Nkx2.1 progenitors eller deres Lhx6-uttrykke post mitotisk avkom kan være isolert via fluorescens-aktivert celle sortering (FACS) og senere brukt i en rekke nedstrøms programmer. Vi tilbyr også metoder for å berike parvalbumin (PV) eller somatostatin (SST) interneuron undergruppene, som kan være nyttig for å studere aspekter av skjebnen bestemmelse eller til bruk i terapeutiske programmer som ville ha nytte interneuron undergruppe-beriket transplantasjoner.

Protokollen beskrevet i denne hvitboken er en modifisert versjon av våre publiserte protokoller15,16,17 og er optimalisert for bruk med vår Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP dual-reporter mESC linje. Ved å legge den Wnt inhibitor XAV-939 fra DD0-5, kombinert med nytt plating på DD8, oppnå vi robust Nkx2.1 induksjon, der opp 50% av alle DAPI + kjerner i kultur også Nkx2.1 uttrykker (<strong class="x...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors at JoVE.com

Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors

Denne protokollen beskriver en metode for å generere kortikale interneuron progenitors og post mitotisk interneuron forløpere fra mus embryonale stamceller med en modifisert embryoid kroppen-å-monolayer-metode. Disse progenitors/forløpere kan være brukt i vitro fluorescently sortert og transplantert inn i neonatale neocortex for å studere skjebne bestemmelse eller brukes i terapeutiske programmer.

Differensiering av mus embryonale stamceller i kortikale Interneuron forløpere

GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

Ultrasound-Guided Microinjection into the Mouse Forebrain In Utero at E9.5

In utero survival surgery in mice permits the molecular manipulation of gene expression during development.  However, because the uterine wall is opaque ...

Growth and Differentiation of Adult Hippocampal Arctic Ground Squirrel Neural Stem Cells

Arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii, AGS) are unique in their ability to hibernate with a core body temperature near or below freezing 1. These ...

Nucleofection and Primary Culture of Embryonic Mouse Hippocampal and Cortical Neurons

Hippocampal and cortical neurons have been used extensively to study central nervous system (CNS) neuronal polarization, axon/dendrite outgrowth, and ...

Establishing Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cell Culture Using the Neurosphere Assay

In mammalians, stem cells acts as a source of undifferentiated cells to maintain cell genesis and renewal in different tissues and organs during the life ...

Generation of Neural Stem Cells from Discarded Human Fetal Cortical Tissue

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside along the ventricular zone neuroepithelium during the development of the cortical plate. These early progenitors ...

Surgical Transplantation of Mouse Neural Stem Cells into the Spinal Cords of Mice Infected with Neurotropic Mouse Hepatitis Virus

Mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) develop pathological and clinical outcomes similar to patients with the ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

Isolering og kultur neural crest Celler fra Embryonic murin Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes

Isolasjon og kultur av mus Kortikale Astrocytes

Astrocytes  are an abundant cell type in the mammalian brain, yet much remains to be  learned about their molecular and functional characteristics. In ...

Directed Dopaminergic Neuron Differentiation from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

Regissert dopaminerge Neuron Differensiering fra Menneskelig Pluripotent stamceller

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta  (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in ...

Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Homochronic transplantasjon av Interneuron forløpere til tidlig Postnatal musen hjerner

Neuronal fate determination and maturation requires an intricate interplay between genetic programs and environmental signals. However, disentangling the ...