Name: purification of viral dna for the identification of associated viral and cellular proteins
Uploaded: 2017-08-31T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins at JoVE.com

Vi anerkender Hannah Fox for hjælp ved udarbejdelsen af dette manuskript. Dette arbejde blev støttet af NIH give R01AI030612.

1. cellekultur, virusinfektion og EdC mærkning ( figur 1) følgende protokol omfatter arbejde med virus. Der henvises til din institution &#39; s bio-sikkerhed protokoller vedrørende sikker håndtering af vira og andre biologiske agenser. Denne protokol blev godkendt af det institutionelle Review Board af University of Pittsburgh.
<ol><li>Trypsinize en sammenflydende 150 cm 2 vævskultur kolbe af MRC-5 celler og overføre cellerne til en 600 cm <s...

<ol>
	<li>Knipe, D. M., Howley, P. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fields virology. , (2013).</li><li>Engel, E. A., Song, R., Koyuncu, O. O., Enquist, L. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigating+the+biology+of+alpha+herpesviruses+with+MS-based+proteomics.">Investigating the biology of alpha herpesviruses with MS-based proteomics.</a> Proteomics. 15, 1943-1956 (2015).</li><li>Wagner, L. M., DeLuca, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+association+of+herpes+simplex+virus+ICP4+with+cellular+complexes+functioning+at+multiple+steps+in+PolII+transcription.">Temporal association of herpes simplex virus ICP4 with cellular complexes functioning at multiple steps in PolII transcription.</a> PloS One. 8, e78242 (2013).</li><li>Taylor, T. J., Knipe, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomics+of+herpes+simplex+virus+replication+compartments:+association+of+cellular+DNA+replication,+repair,+recombination,+and+chromatin+remodeling+proteins+with+ICP8.">Proteomics of herpes simplex virus replication compartments: association of cellular DNA replication, repair, recombination, and chromatin remodeling proteins with ICP8.</a> J Virol. 78, 5856-5866 (2004).</li><li>Fontaine-Rodriguez, E. C., Taylor, T. J., Olesky, M., Knipe, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomics+of+herpes+simplex+virus+infected+cell+protein+27:+association+with+translation+initiation+factors.">Proteomics of herpes simplex virus infected cell protein 27: association with translation initiation factors.</a> Virology. 330, 487-492 (2004).</li><li>Greco, T. M., Diner, B. A., Cristea, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Impact+of+Mass+Spectrometry-Based+Proteomics+on+Fundamental+Discoveries+in+Virology.">The Impact of Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics on Fundamental Discoveries in Virology.</a> Annu Rev Virol. 1, 581-604 (2014).</li><li>Conwell, S. E., White, A. E., Harper, J. W., Knipe, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+TRIM27+as+a+novel+degradation+target+of+herpes+simplex+virus+1+ICP0.">Identification of TRIM27 as a novel degradation target of herpes simplex virus 1 ICP0.</a> J Virol. 89, 220-229 (2015).</li><li>Suk, H., Knipe, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteomic+analysis+of+the+herpes+simplex+virus+1+virion+protein+16+transactivator+protein+in+infected+cells.">Proteomic analysis of the herpes simplex virus 1 virion protein 16 transactivator protein in infected cells.</a> Proteomics. 15, 1957-1967 (2015).</li><li>Balasubramanian, N., Bai, P., Buchek, G., Korza, G., Weller, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physical+interaction+between+the+herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+exonuclease,+UL12,+and+the+DNA+double-strand+break-sensing+MRN+complex.">Physical interaction between the herpes simplex virus type 1 exonuclease, UL12, and the DNA double-strand break-sensing MRN complex.</a> J Virol. 84, 12504-12514 (2010).</li><li>Sampath, P., Deluca, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Binding+of+ICP4,+TATA-binding+protein,+and+RNA+polymerase+II+to+herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+immediate-early,+early,+and+late+promoters+in+virus-infected+cells.">Binding of ICP4, TATA-binding protein, and RNA polymerase II to herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early, early, and late promoters in virus-infected cells.</a> J Virol. 82, 2339-2349 (2008).</li><li>Amelio, A. L., McAnany, P. K., Bloom, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chromatin+insulator-like+element+in+the+herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+latency-associated+transcript+region+binds+CCCTC-binding+factor+and+displays+enhancer-blocking+and+silencing+activities.">A chromatin insulator-like element in the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript region binds CCCTC-binding factor and displays enhancer-blocking and silencing activities.</a> J Virol. 80, 2358-2368 (2006).</li><li>Cliffe, A. R., Knipe, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Herpes+simplex+virus+ICP0+promotes+both+histone+removal+and+acetylation+on+viral+DNA+during+lytic+infection.">Herpes simplex virus ICP0 promotes both histone removal and acetylation on viral DNA during lytic infection.</a> J Virol. 82, 12030-12038 (2008).</li><li>Herrera, F. J., Triezenberg, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VP16-dependent+association+of+chromatin-modifying+coactivators+and+underrepresentation+of+histones+at+immediate-early+gene+promoters+during+herpes+simplex+virus+infection.">VP16-dependent association of chromatin-modifying coactivators and underrepresentation of histones at immediate-early gene promoters during herpes simplex virus infection.</a> J Virol. 78, 9689-9696 (2004).</li><li>Kent, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=During+lytic+infection+herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+is+associated+with+histones+bearing+modifications+that+correlate+with+active+transcription.">During lytic infection herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with histones bearing modifications that correlate with active transcription.</a> J Virol. 78, 10178-10186 (2004).</li><li>Oh, J., Fraser, N. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+association+of+the+herpes+simplex+virus+genome+with+histone+proteins+during+a+lytic+infection.">Temporal association of the herpes simplex virus genome with histone proteins during a lytic infection.</a> J Virol. 82, 3530-3537 (2008).</li><li>Catez, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HSV-1+genome+subnuclear+positioning+and+associations+with+host-cell+PML-NBs+and+centromeres+regulate+LAT+locus+transcription+during+latency+in+neurons.">HSV-1 genome subnuclear positioning and associations with host-cell PML-NBs and centromeres regulate LAT locus transcription during latency in neurons.</a> PLoS Pathog. 8, e1002852 (2012).</li><li>Everett, R. D., Murray, J., Orr, A., Preston, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+genomes+are+associated+with+ND10+nuclear+substructures+in+quiescently+infected+human+fibroblasts.">Herpes simplex virus type 1 genomes are associated with ND10 nuclear substructures in quiescently infected human fibroblasts.</a> J Virol. 81, 10991-11004 (2007).</li><li>Tang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+minimum+herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+components+necessary+to+localize+transcriptionally+active+DNA+to+ND10.">Determination of minimum herpes simplex virus type 1 components necessary to localize transcriptionally active DNA to ND10.</a> J Virol. 77, 5821-5828 (2003).</li><li>Ishov, A. M., Maul, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+periphery+of+nuclear+domain+10+(ND10)+as+site+of+DNA+virus+deposition.">The periphery of nuclear domain 10 (ND10) as site of DNA virus deposition.</a> J Cell Biol. 134, 815-826 (1996).</li><li>Maroui, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Latency+Entry+of+Herpes+Simplex+Virus+1+Is+Determined+by+the+Interaction+of+Its+Genome+with+the+Nuclear+Environment.">Latency Entry of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Is Determined by the Interaction of Its Genome with the Nuclear Environment.</a> PLoS Pathog. 12, e1005834 (2016).</li><li>Sirbu, B. M., Couch, F. B., Cortez, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+the+spatiotemporal+dynamics+of+proteins+at+replication+forks+and+in+assembled+chromatin+using+isolation+of+proteins+on+nascent+DNA.">Monitoring the spatiotemporal dynamics of proteins at replication forks and in assembled chromatin using isolation of proteins on nascent DNA.</a> Nat Protoc. 7, 594-605 (2012).</li><li>Leung, K. H., Abou El Hassan, M., Bremner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+and+efficient+method+to+purify+proteins+at+replication+forks+under+native+conditions.">A rapid and efficient method to purify proteins at replication forks under native conditions.</a> BioTechniques. 55, 204-206 (2013).</li><li>Hobbs, W. E., DeLuca, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perturbation+of+cell+cycle+progression+and+cellular+gene+expression+as+a+function+of+herpes+simplex+virus+ICP0.">Perturbation of cell cycle progression and cellular gene expression as a function of herpes simplex virus ICP0.</a> J Virol. 73, 8245-8255 (1999).</li><li>Lomonte, P., Everett, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+immediate-early+protein+Vmw110+inhibits+progression+of+cells+through+mitosis+and+from+G(1)+into+S+phase+of+the+cell+cycle.">Herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early protein Vmw110 inhibits progression of cells through mitosis and from G(1) into S phase of the cell cycle.</a> J Virol. 73, 9456-9467 (1999).</li><li>Dembowski, J. A., DeLuca, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+recruitment+of+nuclear+factors+to+productively+replicating+herpes+simplex+virus+genomes.">Selective recruitment of nuclear factors to productively replicating herpes simplex virus genomes.</a> PLoS Pathog. 11, e1004939 (2015).</li><li>Dembowski, J. A., Dremel, S. E., DeLuca, N. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replication-Coupled+Recruitment+of+Viral+and+Cellular+Factors+to+Herpes+Simplex+Virus+Type+1+Replication+Forks+for+the+Maintenance+and+Expression+of+Viral+Genomes.">Replication-Coupled Recruitment of Viral and Cellular Factors to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Replication Forks for the Maintenance and Expression of Viral Genomes.</a> PLoS Pathog. 13, e1006166 (2017).</li><li>Bjornberg, O., Nyman, P. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dUTPases+from+herpes+simplex+virus+type+1+and+mouse+mammary+tumour+virus+are+less+specific+than+the+Escherichia+coli+enzyme.">The dUTPases from herpes simplex virus type 1 and mouse mammary tumour virus are less specific than the Escherichia coli enzyme.</a> J Gen Virol. 77 (Pt 12), 3107-3111 (1996).</li><li>Chiou, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA-+and+protein-scission+activities+of+ascorbate+in+the+presence+of+copper+ion+and+a+copper-peptide+complex.">DNA- and protein-scission activities of ascorbate in the presence of copper ion and a copper-peptide complex.</a> J Biochem. 94, 1259-1267 (1983).</li><li>Kennedy, D. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+consequences+of+copper+complexes+used+to+catalyze+bioorthogonal+click+reactions.">Cellular consequences of copper complexes used to catalyze bioorthogonal click reactions.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 133, 17993-18001 (2011).</li><li>Snel, B., Lehmann, G., Bork, P., Huynen, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=STRING:+a+web-server+to+retrieve+and+display+the+repeatedly+occurring+neighbourhood+of+a+gene.">STRING: a web-server to retrieve and display the repeatedly occurring neighbourhood of a gene.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 28, 3442-3444 (2000).</li></ol>

Denne protokol omfatter flere trin, som, hvis ikke fulgt nøje, kan medføre betydeligt reduceret protein udbytte eller kontaminering med cellulære DNA. Det er afgørende at stationære celler anvendes til alle eksperimenter for at cellulære DNA ikke er mærket og renset. Dette kan bekræftes ved manglen på cellulære DNA polymeraser i eksemplet protein fordi HSV-1 ikke udnytte cellulære DNA polymerase for genom syntese. Under EdC mærkning og kerner høst trin, bør prøver fordeles til at sikre, at alle behandles l...

Virus har en begrænset kapacitet til at udføre væsentlige funktioner og derfor afhænge af host faktorer til at lette kritiske aspekter af infektioner herunder virale Gen-ekspression, replikering, reparation, rekombination og transport. Aktiviteterne i disse vært faktorer er ofte forstærket af viralt kodede proteiner. Derudover skal virus undgå afsløring og indblanding af cellulære svar til viral infektion. Derfor, virus værtssammenspil diktere resultatet af infektion. Altafgørende forståelse af hvordan virus ændrer den cellulære miljø for at tilpasse den cellulære maskiner for at lette viral processer. Af særlig interesse er at identificere hvilke faktorer og processer, handle på viral genomer i hele den smitsomme cyklus.
Herpes simplex virustype 1 (HSV-1) er en dobbelt strandede DNA-virus, der inficerer en betydelig del af den menneskelige befolkning. Inden for den første time af infektion træder det virale genom atomkernen, hvor en bestilt kaskade af viral genekspression ensues i koordination med viral DNA (vDNA) replikering1. I kernen, genomer er underlagt epigenetisk regulering, gennemgå reparation og rekombination, og er pakket ind i capsids, således at de første afkom virioner produceres i mindre end seks timer. Den omfattende evaluering af virale genom forbundet proteiner i løbet af infektion vil lægge fundamentet for at undersøge de molekylære detaljer af processer, der fungerer på viral genomer, og vil give indblik i hvilke viral og cellulær faktorer er involveret i forskellige stadier af infektion.
Tidligere metoder til undersøgelse af vært faktorer involveret i viral infektion omfatter affinitet rensning af virale proteiner til analyse af tilknyttede cellulære proteiner2,3,4,5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9. disse assays har været medvirkende til identifikation af cellulære faktorer involveret i vært antiviral svar samt viral kromatin modifikation, genekspression, og DNA reparation. Det er imidlertid vanskeligt at fastslå, om interaktioner afhænger af foreningen med vDNA, og proteomics kun giver indsigt i samspil, der opstår som en funktion af en specifik viral faktor. Kromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) er blevet brugt til at identificere, hvor specifikke viral og cellulær proteiner binder til viral genomer10,11,12,13,14 , 15 og fluorescerende in situ hybridisering (FISH) kombineret med immuncytokemi har aktiveret visualisering af cellulære faktorer, der colocalize med vDNA16,17,18, 19 , 20. disse assays mulighed for rumlige og tidsmæssige analyse. Dog omfatter begrænsninger behovet for meget specifikke antistoffer, begrænset følsomhed og behovet for tidligere indsigt i virus værtssammenspil. Vi har derfor udviklet en metode baseret på iPOND (isolation af proteiner på spirende DNA)21 og aniPOND (accelereret indfødte iPOND)22 til selektivt etiket og rense vDNA fra inficerede celler til objektiv identifikation af virale genom tilknyttede proteiner af massespektrometri. iPOND har været medvirkende til undersøgelse af cellulære replikation gaffel dynamics.
Til selektiv rensning af viral genomer fra inficerede celler er replikere vDNA mærket med ethynyl modificeret Nukleosider, 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxyuridine (EdU) eller 5-ethynyl-2´-deoxycytidine (EdC) (figur 1), efterfulgt af kovalent konjugation at biotin indeholder via Klik på kemi til at lette trinvist rensning af viral genomer og tilknyttede proteiner på streptavidin-belagte perler (figur 2B). Vigtigere, er infektioner udført i stationære celler, som ikke er involveret i cellulære DNA-replikation at aktivere særlige mærkning af vDNA. Derudover HSV-1 infektion forårsager celle cyklus anholdelse og hæmmer cellulære DNA replikation23,24. Virus kan prelabeled før infektionen til analyse af proteiner forbundet med indgående viral genomer (figur 1A) eller mærket under DNA replikation til analyse af proteiner forbundet med nyligt syntetiserede vDNA (figur 1B) 25. Desuden puls chase analyse kan bruges til at undersøge karakteren af proteiner forbundet med viral replikation gafler (figur 1 c)26. Derudover kan ethynyl-modificerede vDNA kovalent konjugeret med et fluorophore for fysisk undersøgelse af protein dynamics (figur 2A og figur 3). Imaging giver mulighed for direkte visualisering af vDNA og er en gratis tilgang til validering af vDNA-protein interaktioner, og kan tilpasses til at holde styr på viral genomer hele infektion. Vi forventer, at disse metoder kan ændres yderligere, at studere ethvert aspekt af herpesviral infektion, herunder ventetid og reaktivering, og til at studere andre DNA virus. Desuden kan mærkning med 5-ethynyl uridine (EU) tillade til analyse af RNA viral genomer.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1930">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">MRC-5 cells</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">CCL-171</td>
			<td style="width:1215px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">26140-179</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">12800-082</td>
			<td>substituted with 10% FBS, 2 mM L-glutamine, 12 mM&#160; (for growth in flasks) or 30 mM (for growth in dishes) sodium-bicarbinate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:419px;">600 cm2 tissue culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">166508</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Tris Buffered Saline (TBS), pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>137 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 491 mM MgCl, 680 mM CaCl, 25.1 mM Tricine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:419px;">HSV-1 stock</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>stocks with titers greater than 1x109 PFU/mL work best</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Sephadex G-25&#160; column (PD-10 Desalting Column)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">GE Healthcare</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">17085101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">D128-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">5&#180;-Ethynyl-2&#180;-deoxycytidine (EdC)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">T511307</td>
			<td>Dissolve in DMSO to prepare 40 mM stock, aliquot, and store at -20 &#176;C&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">2&#180;-deoxycytidine (deoxyC)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">D3897</td>
			<td>Dissolve in water to prepare 40 mM stock, aliquot, and store at -20 &#176;C&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:419px;">Nuclear Extraction Buffer (NEB)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>prepare fresh (20 mM Hepes pH 7.2, 50 mM NaCl, 3 mM MgCl2, 300 mM Sucrose, 0.5% Igepal)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Cell scraper</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Bellco glass</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">7731-22000</td>
			<td>Autoclave before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Trypan blue solution</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:419px;">PBS, pH 7.2 (10x)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>1.37 M NaCl, 27 mM KCl, 100 mM Na2HPO4, 18 mM KH2PO4 (dilute to 1x in sterile water before use)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate (CuSO4-5H2O)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">C489</td>
			<td>Prepare 100 mM stock and store at 4 &#176;C for up to 1 month</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">(+) Sodium L-ascorbate</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">A4034</td>
			<td>Freshly prepare 100 mM stock and store on ice until use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Biotin azide</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">B10184</td>
			<td>Prepare 10 mM stock in DMSO, aliquot, and store at -20 &#176;C for up to 1 year&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:419px;">Click Reaction Mix</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>prepare immediately before use by adding reagents in the indicated order (10 mL: 8.8 mL 1x PBS, 200 mL 100 mM CuSO4, 25mL 10 mM Biotin Azide, 1 mL 100 mM sodium ascorbate)&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">cOmplete Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Roche</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">11697498001</td>
			<td>Dissolve in 1 mL water to prepare 50x stock, can store at 4 &#176;C for up to 1 week, or directly add 1 pill to 50 mL buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">freezing buffer</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>prepare fresh (7 mL 100% glycerol, 3 mL NEB, 200 &#956;L 50x protease inhibitor)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Buffer B1</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>prepare fresh (25 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 1% Igepal, 1x protease inhibitor)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Buffer B2</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>prepare fresh (150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 0.5% Igepal, 1x protease inhibitor)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Buffer B3</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>prepare fresh (150 mM NaCl, 2 mM EDTA, 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8, 1x protease inhibitor)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vibra Cell Ultra Sonic Processer equipped with a 3 mm microtip probe</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sonics</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">VCX 130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Cell strainer</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Falcon</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Dynabeads MyOne Streptavidin T1</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">65601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">DynaMag-2 Magnet</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">12321D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Mini-Tube Rotator</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">260750F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">2X Laemmli sample buffer</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>Mix 400 mg of SDS, 2 mL 100% glycerol, 1.25 mL of 1 M Tris (pH 6.8), and 10 mg of bromophenol blue in 8 mL water. Store at 4&#160; &#176;C for up to 6 months. Before use add 1 M DTT to a final concentration of 200 mM.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">cap locks for 1.5 mL tube</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">NC9679153</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Standard western blotting reagents</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">NOVEX Colloidal Blue Staining Kit</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">LC6025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">12-well tissue culture dish</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Corning</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">3513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Coverslips</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">12-545-100</td>
			<td>Autoclave before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">12-552-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:419px;">16% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">15710</td>
			<td>dilute to 3.7% in 1x PBS before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">BP1605</td>
			<td>prepare 3% in 1x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Permeabilization buffer (0.5% Triton-X 100)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">T8787</td>
			<td>prepare 0.5% Triton-X 100 in 1x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:419px;">Click reaction cocktail - Click-iT EdU Alexa Fluor 488 Imaging Kit</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Molecular Probes</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">C10337</td>
			<td>prepare according to manufactorer&#39;s protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">H1399</td>
			<td>prepare 10 mg/mL in water, can store at 4 &#176;C for up to 1 year</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">mouse anti-ICP8 primary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">ab20194</td>
			<td>Use a 1:200 dilution in 1x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">mouse anti-UL42 primary antibody (2H4)</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">ab19311</td>
			<td>Use a 1:200 dilution in 1x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Goat anti-mouse 594-conjugated secondary antibody</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">a11005</td>
			<td>Use a 1:500 dilution in 1x PBS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Immu-mount</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">9990402</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">2x SDS-bicarb solution</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>2% SDS, 200 mM NaHCO3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>mix 25:24:1 at least 1 day before use, store at 4 &#176;C in the dark</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">chloroform:isoamyl alcohol</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>mix 24:1 at least 1 day before use, store at room temperature in the dark</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">10x Tris EDTA (TE), pH 8.0</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>100 mM Tris, 10 mM EDTA (dilute to 1x before use)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Qiaquick PCR purification kit</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:101px;">28104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">3 M sodium acetate pH 5.2</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Q32866</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Qubit dsDNA HS Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Q32851</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Qubit assay tubes</td>
			<td style="width:197px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:101px;">Q32856</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Fluorescence microscope equipped with imaging software</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Microcentrifuge for 1.5 mL tubes</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Tabletop centrifuge for 15 and 50 mL tubes</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Cell culture incubator</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Biosafety cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:419px;">Heat blocks</td>
			<td style="width:197px;"></td>
			<td style="width:101px;"></td>
			<td>65 &#176;C and 95 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

purification of viral dna for the identification of associated viral and cellular proteins

Målet med denne protokol er for at isolere herpes simplex virustype 1 (HSV-1) DNA fra inficerede celler til identifikation af forbundet viral og cellulær proteiner af masse massespektrometri. Selv om proteiner, der interagerer med viral genomer spiller vigtige roller i afgøre udfaldet af infektion, var en omfattende analyse af virale genom forbundet proteiner ikke tidligere muligt. Her viser vi en metode, der muliggør direkte rensning af HSV-1 genomer fra inficerede celler. Replikerende viral DNA er selektivt mærket med modificerede nukleotider, der indeholder en alkyn funktionelle gruppe. Mærket DNA er så specifikt og uigenkaldeligt markeret via den kovalente fastgørelse af biotin indeholder via en kobber (I)-katalyseret indeholder-alkyn cycloaddition eller klik reaktion. Biotin-mærkede DNA er renset på streptavidin-belagte perler og tilknyttede proteiner er elueret og identificeret ved massespektrometri. Denne metode gør det muligt for selektiv målretning og isolation af HSV-1 replikation gafler eller hele genomer fra komplekse biologiske miljøer. Derudover tilpasning af denne tilgang vil gøre det muligt for undersøgelse af forskellige aspekter af herpesviral infektion, samt undersøgelse af genomer af andre DNA virus.

Brugen af klik kemi til oprensning af DNA fra celler blev først udført af den iPOND metode21. Formålet med iPOND er at rense cellulære replikation gafler til identifikation af tilknyttede proteiner. Vi har tilpasset denne teknik til at studere specifikt vDNA protein interaktioner under infektion. Manipulation af tilgang til label viral genomer med EdC (figur 1), kombineret med synkroniserede infektioner, har tilladt til selektiv is...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins at JoVE.com

Purification of Viral DNA for the Identification of Associated Viral and Cellular Proteins

Målet med denne protokol er specifikt tag og selektivt isolere viral DNA fra inficerede celler til karakterisering af virale genom forbundet proteiner.

Rensning af Viral DNA til identifikation af tilknyttede Viral og cellulær proteiner

The goal of this protocol is to isolate herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA from infected cells for the identification of associated viral and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

RNA viruses use RNA dependent RNA polymerases to replicate their genomes. The intrinsically high error rate of these enzymes is a large contributor to the ...

Separation of Single-stranded DNA, Double-stranded DNA and RNA from an Environmental Viral Community Using Hydroxyapatite Chromatography

Viruses, particularly bacteriophages (phages), are the most numerous biological entities on Earth1,2.  Viruses modulate host cell abundance and diversity, ...

Preparation of Viral DNA from Nucleocapsids

Viruses are obligate cellular parasites, and thus the study of their DNA requires isolating viral material away from host cell contaminants and DNA. ...

Production and Titering of Recombinant Adeno-associated Viral Vectors

Produktion og Titering af rekombinant adeno-associeret virale vektorer

In recent years recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) have become increasingly valuable for in vivo studies in animals, and are also currently ...

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

En TIRF Mikroskopi Technique for i realtid, Samtidig Billeddannelse af TCR og dens associerede signalproteiner

Signaling is initiated through the T Cell Receptor (TCR) when it is engaged by antigenic peptide fragments bound by Major Histocompatibility Complex ...

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

Etablering af en Liquid-dækket kultur Polarized humane luftveje Epitelial Calu-3-celler til at studere Host celle respons på luftvejspatogener<em&gt; In vitro</em

The  apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate  directional responses to pathogen exposure in  vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro ...

Phage Phenomics: Physiological Approaches to Characterize Novel Viral Proteins

Fag Phenomics: Fysiologiske tilgange til Karakterisere Novel virale proteiner

Current investigations into phage-host interactions are dependent on extrapolating knowledge from (meta)genomes. Interestingly, 60 - 95% of all phage ...

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Tidlig Virale Adgangskrav Analyser for identifikation og evaluering af antivirale forbindelser

Cell-based systems are useful for discovering antiviral agents. Dissecting the viral life cycle, particularly the early entry stages, allows a mechanistic ...

The Development of Lyophilized Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Reagents for the Detection of Coxiella burnetii

The Development of Lyophilized Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Reagents for the Detection of Coxiella burnetii

Udviklingen af ​​Frysetørret Loop-medierede Isotermiske Amplification reagenser til påvisning af<em&gt; Coxiella burnetii</em

Coxiella burnetii, the agent causing Q fever, is an obligate intracellular bacterium. PCR based diagnostic assays have been developed for detecting C. ...

Measuring Influenza Neuraminidase Inhibition Antibody Titers by Enzyme-linked Lectin Assay

Måling Influenza neuraminidase Inhibering Antistoftitere af Enzyme-linked lectin Assay

Antibodies to neuraminidase (NA), the second most abundant surface protein on influenza virus, contribute toward protection against influenza. Traditional ...