Name: overlapping peptide library to map qa-1 epitopes in a protein
Uploaded: 2017-12-20T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Overlapping Peptide Library to Map Qa-1 Epitopes in a Protein at JoVE.com

我们感谢佩内洛普. 加西亚的技术援助和这份手稿的准备工作。这项工作得到了一项研究创新补助金 (钻机) 从医学院在 PP1685 琳达大学 (681205-2967) 和试点补助金从国家多发性硬化症协会 () XT。

所有的实验都是遵照德克萨斯大学埃尔帕索分校和玛琳达大学的动物保育和使用委员会批准的机构动物保育和使用协议进行的。
1. OLP 库的生成覆盖了整个蛋白质的长度
<ol>
	<li>设计一个 OLP 库, 其中所有的多肽是15的长度, 和相邻的多肽重叠的11种氨基酸。 注: 在 MOG OLP 研究中, MOG 前体 [小家鼠] 的序列是从 NCBI 蛋白质数据库中检索到的, 遵循以下链接: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p...

<ol>
	<li>Aldrich, C. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+a+Tap-dependent+leader+peptide+recognized+by+alloreactive+T+cells+specific+for+a+class+Ib+antigen.">Identification of a Tap-dependent leader peptide recognized by alloreactive T cells specific for a class Ib antigen.</a> Cell. 79 (4), 649-658 (1994).</li><li>Vance, R. E., Kraft, J. R., Altman, J. D., Jensen, P. E., Raulet, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+CD94/NKG2A+is+a+natural+killer+cell+receptor+for+the+nonclassical+major+histocompatibility+complex+(MHC)+class+I+molecule+Qa-1(b).">Mouse CD94/NKG2A is a natural killer cell receptor for the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecule Qa-1(b).</a> J Exp Med. 188 (10), 1841-1848 (1998).</li><li>Oliveira, C. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nonpolymorphic+MHC+Qa-1+mediates+CD8++T+cell+surveillance+of+antigen-processing+defects.">The nonpolymorphic MHC Qa-1 mediates CD8+ T cell surveillance of antigen-processing defects.</a> J Exp Med. 207 (1), 207-221 (2010).</li><li>Nagarajan, N. A., Gonzalez, F., Shastri, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonclassical+MHC+class+Ib-restricted+cytotoxic+T+cells+monitor+antigen+processing+in+the+endoplasmic+reticulum.">Nonclassical MHC class Ib-restricted cytotoxic T cells monitor antigen processing in the endoplasmic reticulum.</a> Nat Immunol. 13 (6), 579-586 (2012).</li><li>Hu, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+regulatory+CD8+T+cells+in+Qa-1-deficient+mice.">Analysis of regulatory CD8 T cells in Qa-1-deficient mice.</a> Nat Immunol. 5 (5), 516-523 (2004).</li><li>Tang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+immunity+by+a+novel+population+of+Qa-1-restricted+CD8alphaalpha+TCRalphabeta++T+cells.">Regulation of immunity by a novel population of Qa-1-restricted CD8alphaalpha+TCRalphabeta+ T cells.</a> J Immunol. 177 (11), 7645-7655 (2006).</li><li>Leavenworth, J. W., Tang, X., Kim, H. J., Wang, X., Cantor, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amelioration+of+arthritis+through+mobilization+of+peptide-specific+CD8++regulatory+T+cells.">Amelioration of arthritis through mobilization of peptide-specific CD8+ regulatory T cells.</a> J Clin Invest. 123 (3), 1382-1389 (2013).</li><li>Wu, Y., Zheng, Z., Jiang, Y., Chess, L., Jiang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+specificity+of+T+cell+regulation+that+enables+self-nonself+discrimination+in+the+periphery.">The specificity of T cell regulation that enables self-nonself discrimination in the periphery.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106 (2), 534-539 (2009).</li><li>Panoutsakopoulou, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+autoimmune+disease+after+vaccination+with+autoreactive+T+cells+that+express+Qa-1+peptide+complexes.">Suppression of autoimmune disease after vaccination with autoreactive T cells that express Qa-1 peptide complexes.</a> J Clin Invest. 113 (8), 1218-1224 (2004).</li><li>Tang, X., Maricic, I., Kumar, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-TCR+antibody+treatment+activates+a+novel+population+of+nonintestinal+CD8+alpha+alpha++TCR+alpha+beta++regulatory+T+cells+and+prevents+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Anti-TCR antibody treatment activates a novel population of nonintestinal CD8 alpha alpha+ TCR alpha beta+ regulatory T cells and prevents experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> J Immunol. 178 (10), 6043-6050 (2007).</li><li>Holderried, T. A., Lang, P. A., Kim, H. J., Cantor, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+disruption+of+CD8++Treg+activity+enhances+the+immune+response+to+viral+infection.">Genetic disruption of CD8+ Treg activity enhances the immune response to viral infection.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 110 (52), 21089-21094 (2013).</li><li>Wang, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+Non-classical+Myelin+Epitopes+to+Treat+Experimental+Autoimmune+Encephalomyelitis.">Targeting Non-classical Myelin Epitopes to Treat Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 36064 (2016).</li><li>Lo, W. F., Dunn, C. D., Ong, H., Metcalf, E. S., Soloski, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+and+host+factors+involved+in+the+major+histocompatibility+complex+class+Ib-restricted+presentation+of+Salmonella+Hsp+60:+novel+pathway.">Bacterial and host factors involved in the major histocompatibility complex class Ib-restricted presentation of Salmonella Hsp 60: novel pathway.</a> Infect Immun. 72 (5), 2843-2849 (2004).</li><li>Xu, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nucleocapsid+protein+of+Rift+Valley+fever+virus+is+a+potent+human+CD8++T+cell+antigen+and+elicits+memory+responses.">The nucleocapsid protein of Rift Valley fever virus is a potent human CD8+ T cell antigen and elicits memory responses.</a> PLoS One. 8 (3), e59210 (2013).</li><li>Schumacher, T. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptide+selection+by+MHC+class+I+molecules.">Peptide selection by MHC class I molecules.</a> Nature. 350 (6320), 703-706 (1991).</li><li>Zhang, X., Goncalves, R., Mosser, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+isolation+and+characterization+of+murine+macrophages.">The isolation and characterization of murine macrophages.</a> Curr Protoc Immunol. , (2008).</li><li>Guo, H. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+length+peptides+bind+to+HLA-Aw68+similarly+at+their+ends+but+bulge+out+in+the+middle.">Different length peptides bind to HLA-Aw68 similarly at their ends but bulge out in the middle.</a> Nature. 360 (6402), 364-366 (1992).</li><li>Soloski, M. J., Metcalf, E. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+involvement+of+class+Ib+molecules+in+the+host+response+to+infection+with+Salmonella+and+its+relevance+to+autoimmunity.">The involvement of class Ib molecules in the host response to infection with Salmonella and its relevance to autoimmunity.</a> Microbes Infect. 3 (14-15), 1249-1259 (2001).</li><li>Smith, T. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dendritic+cells+use+endocytic+pathway+for+cross-priming+class+Ib+MHC-restricted+CD8alphaalpha+TCRalphabeta++T+cells+with+regulatory+properties.">Dendritic cells use endocytic pathway for cross-priming class Ib MHC-restricted CD8alphaalpha+TCRalphabeta+ T cells with regulatory properties.</a> J Immunol. 182 (11), 6959-6968 (2009).</li><li>Kalra, A., Mukherjee, P., Chauhan, V. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+fine+specificity+of+the+immune+response+to+a+Plasmodium+falciparum+rhoptry+neck+protein,+PfAARP.">Characterization of fine specificity of the immune response to a Plasmodium falciparum rhoptry neck protein, PfAARP.</a> Malar J. 15, 457 (2016).</li><li>Kambayashi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nonclassical+MHC+class+I+molecule+Qa-1+forms+unstable+peptide+complexes.">The nonclassical MHC class I molecule Qa-1 forms unstable peptide complexes.</a> J Immunol. 172 (3), 1661-1669 (2004).</li></ol>

在这里, 我们描述了一个用于分析蛋白质中 Qa-1 表位的协议。关于该议定书, 以前还报告了其他一些战略。首先, 异基因 CD8+ T 单元格线和克隆用于标识 Qdm1。其次, 一个假定的 Qa-1-binding 主题从分析 Qdm 用于识别 HSP60p216-224 和 TCRBV8.1 表位9,18。第三, 从蛋白质中单独重叠的肽被用于免疫动物。随后, 从免疫动物中分离出来的 CD8+<...

Qa-1 属于一组经典主要组织相容性复合体 1b (MHC-Ib) 分子的小鼠。它的人类同源是 HLA E。以前的证据表明 Qa-1 分子具有重要的生物学功能。首先, Qa-1 分子在测量细胞结构和功能完整性方面起着重要作用。在这方面, Qa-1 分子已经进化了一些策略来监测细胞的正常功能。一个这样的策略使 Qa-1 分子能够形成与加工的领导肽 (表位),即Qa-1 行列式修饰 (Qdm), 从经典的 MHC Ia 分子在内质网1处理的复合物。这些 Qa-1/Qdm 配合物随后在细胞表面显示, 并结合 nk 细胞抑制性 NKG2A 受体, 抑制 nk 杀伤活性2。如果 MHC-Ia 分子的表达丢失, 细胞 (如恶性细胞) 就会对 NK 的杀伤2敏感。另一种策略使 Qa-1 分子能够在细胞表面形成新的 Qa-1/epitope 配合物 (与抗原处理相关的运输载体)3和/或 ERAAP (内质网肽相关抗原处理)4 (这两种缺陷经常发生在恶性细胞中)。表达这些新的 Qa-1/epitope 复合体的细胞可以通过表位特异的 Qa-1-restricted CD8+ T 细胞识别和消除。其次, Qa-1 分子诱导免疫调节5。在这方面, Qa-1/epitope 配合物已被证明刺激 CD8+调节 T (t) 细胞, 这是重要的预防免疫介导的损害 self-tissues67,8 ,9,10。第三, Qa-1-restricted CD8+ t 细胞已被证明可以限制免疫应答病毒感染11。
因此, 具体增加表位特定的 Qa-1-restrictred CD8+ T 细胞是一个潜在的可行的策略, 以消除异常细胞, 增强免疫调节, 并为控制的大小病毒诱导的免疫应答。虽然尚未确定是否增加表位特定的 Qa-1-restricted CD8+ T 细胞可以增强免疫监测和限制病毒诱导的免疫应答, 但我们的实验室和其他人已经清楚地表明免疫 Qa-1 表位可增强 Qa-1-restricted CD8 t 细胞特异性自身免疫 CD4 + t 细胞的功能, 从而有效控制 CD4+ t 细胞介导的自身免疫性疾病实验性反应性脑脊髓炎动物模型的多样性 ( 人多发性硬化动物模型 )6,10, 胶原诱导关节炎 ( 人类类风湿关节炎动物模型 )7, 以及肥胖糖尿病 (人类1型糖尿病动物模型)8。此外, 我们发现, 免疫与组织特定的 Qa-1 表位导致特定的控制免疫介导的炎症, 在该组织通过增强 CD8+ t 细胞12。上述临床前研究的成功表明, 需要对 Qa-1 表位免疫进行全面评估, 以治疗组织特异性免疫介导的疾病, 并有可能治疗与自来水缺乏症相关的其他疾病, 并ERAAP
因此, 有一个技术的需求, 可以可靠和快速地分析 Qa-1 表位的蛋白质。在这方面, 描述了数量有限的生物重要的 Qa-1 表位。大多数这些 Qa-1 表位被确定偶然在研究 CD8+ T 细胞对细菌的反应13, 细胞缺乏在 TAP3, 细胞缺陷在 ERAAP4, 和细胞, 导致 EAE6, 9。因此, 一个高吞吐量的技术是可取的, 以确定生物重要的 Qa-1 表位在一个定义的蛋白质。在下面, 我们描述一个重叠的肽 (OLP) 图书馆策略, 映射功能的 Qa-1 表位在一个蛋白质使用 Qa-1-resrticted CD8+ T 细胞系特定的 OLP 池 (OLP_pool) 的蛋白质。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>The protein to be analyzed</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Sequence of the protein can be obtained from NCBI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat#: D2650 SIGMA</td>
			<td>DMSO should be sterile and cell culture tested.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kb-/-Db-/- mice</td>
			<td>The Lackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>Stock#: 019995</td>
			<td>We used Taconic H2-KbH2-Db doube knockout mice (Cat#: 4215-F and 4215-M) which however are not available anymore.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AIM V Serum Free Medium</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#: 12055091</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#: 21985023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#: 11360070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonessential Amino Acids</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#: 11140076</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynabeads CD8 Positive Isolation Kit</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#: 11333D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio-Gel P-100</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>Cat#: 150-4171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phoshate Balanced Solution (PBS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#: 20012027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trasfer pipette</td>
			<td>Globe Scientific</td>
			<td>Mfg#: 137238</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Murine M-CSF</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>Cat#: 315-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>48-well tissue culture plates</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat#: CC7682-7548</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Costar TC-treated Multiple well Plates, 96-well, V-shaped bottom</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat#: Z372129 Sigma</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1ml deep 06-well PP plate, sterile</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>Item#: 1896-1110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant murine IL-2</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>Cat#: 212-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant murine IL-7</td>
			<td>PeproTech</td>
			<td>Cat#L: 217-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capture anti-IFN-&#947; antibody</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>Cat#: 551881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ELISPOT plate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat#: S2EM004M99</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C1R</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>Cat#: ATCC CRL-1993</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C1R.Qa-1b</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made (GenBank access#: NM_010398.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qa-1 lentiviral vector</td>
			<td>GeneCopoeia</td>
			<td>Product#: Mm02955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Detection anti-IFN-&#947; antibody</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>Cat#: 551881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Cat#: P9416</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin-HRP</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>Cat#: BD557630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AEC substrate</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>Cat#: 551951</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ImmunoSpot Analyzer</td>
			<td>ImmunoSpot</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any immunoSpot analyer should work for this purpose.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

overlapping peptide library to map qa-1 epitopes in a protein

Qa-1 (HLA E 在人) 属于一组经典主要组织相容性复合体 1b (MHC-Ib) 分子。最近的数据表明, Qa-1 分子在测量细胞的结构和功能完整性, 诱导免疫调节, 并限制免疫应答病毒感染的重要作用。此外, 通过表位免疫功能增强 Qa-1-restricted CD8 的+ T 细胞, 在几种自身免疫性疾病动物模型中显示了治疗效果,例如: 实验过敏脑脊髓炎,胶原诱导的关节炎, 肥胖糖尿病。因此, 迫切需要一种方法, 可以有效和快速地确定功能 Qa-1 表位的蛋白质。在这里, 我们描述一个协议, 利用 Qa-1-restricted CD8+ T 细胞系特定的重叠肽 (OLP) 库, 以确定 Qa-1 表位的蛋白质。这个 OLP 库包含15的重叠多肽, 覆盖了整个蛋白质的长度, 相邻的多肽与11种氨基酸重叠。使用该协议, 我们最近确定了一个 9 Qa-1 表位的髓鞘胶质糖蛋白 (MOG)。这一新映射的 MOG Qa-1 表位被证明是为了诱导特定的抗原, Qa-1-restricted CD8+ T 细胞增强髓鞘特异的免疫调节。因此, 该协议对于将来研究 Qa-1-restricted CD8+ T 单元格的新目标和功能是有用的。

一种覆盖整个蛋白质长度的 OLP 库的设计
从蛋白质的 N 末端开始, 每个肽是15氨基酸 (15)。因此, 第一肽跨越位置1到位置15。第二肽的 N 末端与第一个肽的 C 末端重叠由11氨基酸。因此, 第二肽跨越位置5到位置19。将其余的肽设计到蛋白质的 C 端末端 (图 1)。我们选择了 15-滨海图书馆, 因为我们和其他人已经表?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Overlapping Peptide Library to Map Qa-1 Epitopes in a Protein at JoVE.com

Overlapping Peptide Library to Map Qa-1 Epitopes in a Protein

重叠肽库在蛋白质 Qa-1 表位中的映射

Qa-1 (HLA) 属于一组经典主要组织相容性复杂的1b 分子。免疫 Qa-1-binding 表位已表明, 以加强组织特异性免疫调节和改善一些自身免疫性疾病。在此, 我们描述一个重叠的肽库策略, 以确定 Qa-1 表位的蛋白质。

Qa-1 (HLA-E in human) belongs to a group of non-classical major histocompatibility complex 1b (MHC-Ib) molecules. Recent data suggest that Qa-1 molecules ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Use of Interferon-&gamma; Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

Use of Interferon-ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â³ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay to Characterize Novel T-cell Epitopes of Human Papillomavirus

使用γ-干扰素酶酶联免疫检测的特点人类乳头状瘤病毒的新型T-细胞表位

A protocol has been developed to overcome the difficulties of isolating and characterizing rare T cells specific for pathogens, such as human ...

科研

免疫与感染

Use of Artificial Sputum Medium to Test Antibiotic Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions More Relevant to the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Use of Artificial Sputum Medium to Test Antibiotic Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions More Relevant to the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

使用人工痰介质测试抗生素药效试验<em&gt;绿脓杆菌</em&gt;更多相关的肺囊肿性纤维化的条件

There  is growing concern about the relevance of in vitro antimicrobial  susceptibility tests when applied to isolates of P. aeruginosa from  cystic ...

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

比较方法来表征景观的宿主 - 病原体蛋白 - 蛋白相互作用

Significant efforts were gathered to generate  large-scale comprehensive protein-protein interaction network maps. This is  instrumental to understand the ...

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

Total Protein Extraction and 2-D Gel Electrophoresis Methods for Burkholderia Species

总蛋白提取和二维凝胶电泳方法<em&gt;鼻疽</em&gt;物种

The investigation of  the intracellular protein levels of bacterial species is of importance to  understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of diseases ...

A RAPID Method for Blood Processing to Increase the Yield of Plasma Peptide Levels in Human Blood

对于血液处理快速的方法，以提高血浆肽水平的人血产量

Research in the field of food intake regulation is gaining importance. This often includes the measurement of peptides regulating food intake. For the ...

Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in Rhesus Macaques by Peptide-MHC-I Tetramer Staining

Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in Rhesus Macaques by Peptide-MHC-I Tetramer Staining

猴免疫缺陷病毒特异性CD8分析<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; T细胞猕猴由肽MHC-I四聚体染色

Peptide-major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHC-I) tetramers have been an invaluable tool to study CD8+ T-cell responses. Because these reagents ...

Peptide Scanning-assisted Identification of a Monoclonal Antibody-recognized Linear B-cell Epitope

肽扫描辅助一个单克隆抗体识别的线性B细胞表位的鉴定

The identification of an antigenic epitope by the immune system allows for the understanding of the protective mechanism of neutralizing antibodies that ...

Creation of a Dense Transposon Insertion Library Using Bacterial Conjugation in Enterobacterial Strains Such As Escherichia Coli or Shigella flexneri

Creation of a Dense Transposon Insertion Library Using Bacterial Conjugation in Enterobacterial Strains Such As Escherichia Coli or Shigella flexneri

Transposon mutagenesis is a method that allows gene disruption via the random genomic insertion of a piece of DNA called a transposon. The protocol below ...

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

Overexpression and Purification of Human Cis-prenyltransferase in Escherichia coli

人类的过表达和纯化<em&gt;顺</emβ-肾上腺素转移酶<em&gt;大肠杆菌</em

Prenyltransferases (PT) are a group of enzymes that catalyze chain elongation of allylic diphosphate using isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) via multiple ...

A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro

A Novel Feeder-free System for Mass Production of Murine Natural Killer Cells In Vitro

一种新型大鼠自然杀伤细胞无饲养系统的研究体外

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to the innate immune system and are a first-line anti-cancer immune defense; however, they are suppressed in the tumor ...