Name: resonance fluorescence of an ingaas quantum dot in a planar cavity using orthogonal excitation and detection
Uploaded: 2017-10-13T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection at JoVE.com

作者想承认所罗门提供样品。这项工作得到了国家科学基金会 (DMR-1452840) 的支持。

警告: 请注意对齐时激光散射的可能危险。佩戴适当的安全护目镜保护。为了便于对齐过程, 需要红外查看器 (IR 查看器)。IR 敏感的荧光卡也有帮助, 但没有必要. 
 1. 样品制备 <ol> <li> 使用菱形抄写员在样品的顶部表面边缘进行微小的划痕。用两对平端镊子将样品放在划痕两侧。应用一个外旋转扭矩与镊子和样品将劈. 
	注意: 长划痕是不必要的促进裂解, 它可能会削减通?...

<ol>
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该协议的关键步骤是: 模式匹配和对波导模式的激励光束对准;和正确的对准和集中的收集光学。这些步骤中最困难的部分是初始对准;优化已对齐的设置的耦合是相对简单的。重叠的集合和励磁区域是一个步骤, 是简单的能力, 图像的样品在相机上, 但是非常困难的, 没有这种能力。为了有高质量的成像, 正确的科勒照明是至关重要的。科勒照明的主题超出了本协议的范围, 但在显微镜下是一个众所周...

单量子发射器与荧光检测相结合的共振激励是一种长期的实验性挑战, 主要是由于无法光谱强激发散射的弱荧光判别。然而, 这一困难在过去十年中成功地克服了两种不同的方法: 基于偏振判别的暗场共焦激发1,2,3,4 ,5, 基于空间模式判别的正交励磁检测6,7,8,9,10,11, 12、13、14。这两种方法都表现出强烈的抑制激光散射的能力, 因此在各种实验中被广泛采用, 例如, 自旋光子纠缠的观测5,15, 16 ,演示的着装状态2,7,12,17,18,1920,22,23,24,25,26, 并对受限旋转的操作进行了3,27,28,29,30。这两种方法都不能普遍适用于各种情况;每个都限于某些特定的条件。暗场技术利用光子自由偏振度来抑制激光散射。这项技术有几个优点。例如, 没有对定义良好的波导模式的要求, 这将启用共聚焦的实现。共焦实现允许圆极化励磁和可能更紧的焦点的励磁束在量子发射器, 导致更高的激发强度。然而, 这种极化选择法限制了检测极化与励磁极化的正交性, 从而防止了荧光极化特性的完全表征。与之相比, 空间模式判别法利用励磁传播模式与检测光束之间的正交性, 来抑制激光散射4, 从而保持了检测极化的完全自由。这一技术的约束是在样品中的波导结构的必要性, 提供了一个与探测模式正交的励磁模式, 并限制励磁极化与光束的传播方向垂直.
在这里, 我们演示了一个协议, 建立一个 free-space-based 正交励磁检测设置的共振荧光实验。与在空间模式判别方面的开创性工作相比, 当光纤被用来将光耦合到空腔6时, 该协议在可用空间中提供了一个解决方案, 并且不需要动态组件来装载示例或纤维在低温。对励磁光束方向和检测路径的精细控制由低温外部的光学操纵, 而非球面单线态透镜则作为低温冷区内的聚焦目标。我们提供有代表性的图像的关键对准步骤的过程中实现共振激发和检测的荧光从一个单一的量子点。
本演示所用的样品是通过分子束外延 (外延) 生长的。铟量子点 (量子) 嵌入在由两个分布式布拉格反射器 (DBRs) 限定的 GaAs 间隔中, 如图 1中示例的放大视图所示。在 DBRs 之间的 GaAs 间隔作为波导, 其中的励磁束被限制在全内反射。DBRs 也充当 wavevectors 的 high-reflectivity 镜, 对样品平面来说几乎是正常的。这形成一个法布里-珀罗模式, 量子夫妇发出荧光。法布里-珀罗模式必须与量子的发射波长λ共振, 这要求 gaas 间隔是一个整数倍数的λ/n, 其中 n 是 gaas 折射指数。在这个演示中, GaAs 间隔的厚度被选择为 4λ/n, 大约是1µm, 以便在入射激发光束的衍射有限光斑尺寸附近。更窄的间隔将导致励磁光束的耦合效率降低到波导管模式。
实验设置如图 1所示。为了最大限度地提高耦合效率, 选择一个非球面单目标 Eobj , 数值孔径 NA = 0.5, 焦距为 8 mm, 将励磁光束聚焦在试样的劈裂面上。Keplerian 望远镜 (由透镜对 E1 和 E2 组成) 在励磁路径中的作用是两倍的: (1) 填充励磁目标 Eobj的孔径, 因此励磁光束被紧紧地聚焦在波导的更好模式匹配 (这种实现的准直光束直径是2.5 毫米), 和 (2) 提供三自由度, 以机动的焦点的励磁梁在切割面的样品。镜头 E1 安装在 X Y 平移安装上, 提供了两自由度, 可以自由地在切割试样面的平面上移动励磁点。镜头 E2 安装在旋转变焦外壳上, 提供了选择样品中焦点深度的自由。这三自由度允许我们在不需要样本本身运动的情况下, 优化单个量子数的共振激励。
在荧光收集路径, 类似的镜头配置 (Lobj, L1, 和 L2) 是用来允许检测的荧光从不同部分的样本。从样品的光线集中在两个管透镜之一的红外敏感相机 (l凸轮) 或入口狭缝光谱仪 (l规范)。L1 沿 z-axis 的运动调整图像的焦点, L2 的横向平移使图像在样品的平面上扫描。L1 和 L2 的焦距是相等的, 所以它们的放大倍数是统一的。这样做是为了最大限度的范围 L2 可以翻译之前, 晕发生。
为了便于对量子点的对准和定位, 基于科勒照明的国产照明灯被纳入到安装中, 如图 1所示。科勒照明的目的是为样品提供均匀的光照, 并确保我光照光源的法师在样本图像中不可见。照明灯和采集路径的镜头配置是精心设计的, 以分离样品和光源的共轭图像平面。集合路径中的每个镜头都是通过其焦距的总和与相邻的透镜隔开的。这可以确保无论在何处的样品图像是在焦点-例如在相机的传感器-光源图像是完全焦。同样, 在光源图像聚焦的地方--例如目标的后焦平面--样本图像是完全焦的。光源是一个商业发光二极管 (LED) 发射在 940 nm。光圈膜片使照明强度的调整, 和场膜片确定的视野要照亮。实现均匀光照的关键是将透镜 K4 和 L2 之间的距离设置为两个透镜焦距的总和, 并确保 Lobj的光圈不被光照所充填。在此协议中, 光照还用于优化 Lobj和示例之间的距离。
目标 Lobj和任一管透镜在相机或光谱仪上提供20x 的放大倍数。在 lobj和 l规范之间的透镜对 L3 和 L4 形成另一 Keplerian 望远镜, 它为光谱仪的电荷耦合器件 (CCD) 上的图像提供额外的4x 放大倍数。增加镜头 L3 和 L4 的结果, 总放大率为 80x, 这是必要的空间区分荧光从附近的量子. L3 和 L4 安装在翻转支架上, 以方便放大倍数的切换, 因为20x 放大倍数在示例上提供更大的视图字段。
为了使采集路径的视场与励磁光束通过波导的路径重叠, 量子点润湿层连续的发射是有帮助的。通过测量上述带隙激励下试样的发射光谱, 可以确定润湿层的发射波长。对于我们的样品, 润湿层放射发生在大约880毫微米在 4.2 K。通过将一个cw激光束在 880 nm 连接到样品的波导中, 你可以观察 PL 从润湿层形成的条纹图案, 在伴随的视频中显示。条纹揭示了被耦合到波导中的激发光的传播路径。这种条纹的存在结合了图像表面的能力, 使对齐直接。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Tunable external cavity diode laser</td>
			<td>Toptica Photonics</td>
			<td>DL-Pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Closed-cycle cryostat</td>
			<td>Montana Instruments</td>
			<td>Cryostation</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrometer, 750 mm focal length</td>
			<td>Princeton Instruments</td>
			<td>SpectraPro 2750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermoelectrically cooled charge-coupled device</td>
			<td>Princeton Instruments</td>
			<td>Pixis 100BR-eXcelon</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeNe laser</td>
			<td>JDSU</td>
			<td>1125P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infrared sensitive camera</td>
			<td>Sony</td>
			<td>NEX-5TL</td>
			<td>IR blocking filter removed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power meter and detector</td>
			<td>Newport</td>
			<td>1918-C, 918D-IR-OD3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adjustable aspheric fiber collimator</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CFC-8X-A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Air-Spaced Doublet Collimator</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>F810APC-842</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protected Silver Mirrors x 5</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PF10-03-P01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flip mounts x 2</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>FM90</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspheric condenser lens, f = 20 mm; K1</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>ACL2520-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Best form spherical lens, f = 50 mm; E2, L1, L2, K2</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LBF254-050-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Best form spherical lens, f = 100 mm; E1, L4, K3, K4</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LBF254-100-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Best form spherical lens, f = 200 mm; Lspec, Lcam</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LBF254-200-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plano-convex lens, f = 400 mm; L3</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LA1172-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molded glass aspheric lens, f = 8 mm; Eobj</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>C240TME-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision asphere, f = 10 mm; Lobj</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>AL1210-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Longpass Filters, 800 nm, x2</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>FEL0800</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-polarizing beam splitter cube (NPBS)</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>BS029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pellicle beam splitter</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>BP108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polarizer</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LPNIRE100-B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light emitting diode, 940 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>M940D2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

resonance fluorescence of an ingaas quantum dot in a planar cavity using orthogonal excitation and detection

同时进行共振激发和荧光检测的能力对于量子点 (量子) 的量子光学测量是非常重要的。没有荧光检测的共振激励-例如差分传输测量-可以确定发射系统的某些特性, 但不允许基于发射的光子的应用或测量。例如, 光子相关性的测量、Mollow 三重的观察以及单光子源的实现都需要收集荧光。非相干激发与荧光检测-例如, 上面带隙励磁-可以被用来创造单一的光子源, 但由于激发环境的干扰, 减少了光子的不可。基于量子的单光子源将不得不共振激发, 以具有高光子不可, 同时收集光子将是必要的, 以利用它们。我们演示了一种方法, 共振激发一个单一的量子, 嵌入在一个平面腔通过耦合励磁梁从样品的切割面, 而收集的荧光沿样品的表面法线方向。通过将励磁光束与腔体的波导模式进行仔细匹配, 激发光可以耦合到腔内, 并与量子点相互作用。散射光子可以耦合到腔的法布里-珀罗模式, 并在表面正常方向上逃逸。该方法在检测极化时允许完全自由, 但励磁极化受励磁光束传播方向的限制。从润湿层的荧光提供了一个指南, 使收集路径对齐的励磁梁。激发和探测模式的正交性使得单个量子数的共振激励具有可忽略的激光散射背景。

图 1显示了完成单个量子点共振激发所需设备的一个特定实现。其他认识是可能的, 但关键的组分是: 励磁路对耦合波导;引导荧光探测器的采集路径;沿采集路径激发的共焦励磁路径;和照明路径, 使样品表面成像。
图 2显示了两个具有代表性的 RPLE 频谱。它们是从一个中性量子点 (<stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection at JoVE.com

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection

单自组装量子点的共振激励可以用一种与荧光采集模式正交的激励模式来实现。我们演示了一个方法使用的波导和法布里-珀罗模式的一个平面微腔周围的量子点。该方法允许完全自由的检测极化。

用正交激励和检测方法研究平面腔内铟量子点的共振荧光

The ability to perform simultaneous resonant excitation and fluorescence detection is important for quantum optical measurements of quantum dots (QDs). ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

梯度回波量子存储在温暖的原子蒸气

Gradient  echo memory (GEM) is a protocol for storing optical quantum states of light in  atomic ensembles. The primary motivation for such a technology ...

科研

工程学

Analysis of Contact Interfaces for Single GaN Nanowire Devices

单氮化镓纳米线设备分析接触界面

Single GaN nanowire (NW) devices fabricated on SiO2 can exhibit  a strong degradation after annealing due to the  occurrence of void formation at the ...

Construction and Characterization of External Cavity Diode Lasers for Atomic Physics

外腔半导体激光器的原子物理的构建与鉴定

Since their development in the late 1980s, cheap, reliable external cavity diode lasers (ECDLs) have replaced complex and expensive traditional dye and ...

Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment

硅表面润湿性的选择区域改性脉冲紫外激光照射在液体环境

The wettability of silicon (Si) is one of the important parameters in the technology of surface functionalization of this material and fabrication of ...

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

检测和钯的回收，从城市矿山黄金和钴金属使用标有纳米货车车轮形的孔隙新型传感器/吸附剂

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in ...

High Resolution Phonon-assisted Quasi-resonance Fluorescence Spectroscopy

高分辨率声子辅助准共振荧光光谱仪

High resolution optical spectroscopy methods are demanding in terms of either technology, equipment, complexity, time or a combination of these. Here we ...

Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection Scanner for Imaging Magnetic Particles in Planar Samples

混频磁探测仪在平面样品成像磁性微粒

The setup of a planar Frequency Mixing Magnetic Detection (p-FMMD) scanner for performing Magnetic Particles Imaging (MPI) of flat samples is presented. ...

Fabrication of 1-D Photonic Crystal Cavity on a Nanofiber Using Femtosecond Laser-induced Ablation

1-D光子晶体空穴对纳米纤维使用飞秒激光诱导消融制造

We present a protocol for fabricating 1-D Photonic Crystal (PhC) cavities on subwavelength-diameter tapered optical fibers, optical nanofibers, using ...

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

量子干涉效应在硅谐振环光子源测量

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit ...

Enhanced Electron Injection and Exciton Confinement for Pure Blue Quantum-Dot Light-Emitting Diodes by Introducing Partially Oxidized Aluminum Cathode

采用部分氧化铝阴极增强电子注入和激子约束的纯蓝色量子点发光二极管

Stable and efficient red (R), green (G), and blue (B) light sources based on solution-processed quantum dots (QDs) play important roles in next-generation ...