Name: a multimodal imaging approach based on micro-ct and fluorescence molecular tomography for longitudinal assessment of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice
Uploaded: 2018-04-13T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Multimodal Imaging Approach Based on Micro-CT and Fluorescence Molecular Tomography for Longitudinal Assessment of Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis in Mice a

Forfatterne vil gerne takke Dr. Daniela Pompilio og Roberta Ciccimarra for teknisk hjælp.

Alle dyreforsøg beskrevet heri blev godkendt af murene dyrevelfærd Udvalget for dyreforsøg af Chiesi Farmaceutici og ERASMUS MC under protokolnummer: EMC 3349 (138-14-07) i overensstemmelse med det europæiske direktiv 2010/63 UE, Italienske D.Lgs 26/2014 og den reviderede "Guide til the Care og brugen af forsøgsdyr"23.
Bemærk: Før brug, indavlede C57Bl/6 (7-8 uger gamle) hunmus blev akklimatiseret i mindst 7 dage til de lokale vivarium betingelser (stuetemperatur...

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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+models+of+pulmonary+fibrosis.">Murine models of pulmonary fibrosis.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 294 (2), 152-160 (2008).</li><li>Organ, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+segmental+challenge+model+for+bleomycin-induced+pulmonary+fibrosis+in+sheep.">A novel segmental challenge model for bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in sheep.</a> Exp Lung Res. 41 (3), 115-134 (2015).</li><li>Organ, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+functional+correlations+in+a+large+animal+model+of+bleomycin-induced+pulmonary+fibrosis.">Structural and functional correlations in a large animal model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.</a> BMC Pulm Med. 15, 81 (2015).</li><li>Shen, B., Du, L., Sanchez, C., Edwards, D. J., Chen, M., Murrell, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cloning+and+characterization+of+the+bleomycin+biosynthetic+gene+cluster+from+Streptomyces+verticillus+ATCC15003.">Cloning and characterization of the bleomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Streptomyces verticillus ATCC15003.</a> J Nat Prod. 65 (3), 422-431 (2002).</li><li>Yu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+Delivery+of+Bleomycin:+A+Comprehensive+Anticancer+Review.">Targeted Delivery of Bleomycin: A Comprehensive Anticancer Review.</a> Curr Cancer Drug Targets. 16 (6), 509-521 (2016).</li><li>Ashcroft, T., Simpson, J. M., Timbrell, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+method+of+estimating+severity+of+pulmonary+fibrosis+on+a+numerical+scale.">Simple method of estimating severity of pulmonary fibrosis on a numerical scale.</a> J Clin Pathol. 41 (4), 467-470 (1988).</li><li>Stellari, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+the+lung+inflammatory+response+to+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+and+its+modulation+by+azithromycin.">In vivo imaging of the lung inflammatory response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and its modulation by azithromycin.</a> J Transl Med. 13, 251 (2015).</li><li>Stellari, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+monitoring+of+lung+inflammation+in+CFTR-deficient+mice.">In vivo monitoring of lung inflammation in CFTR-deficient mice.</a> J Transl Med. 14 (1), 226 (2016).</li><li>Stellari, F. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+imaging+of+transiently+transgenized+mice+with+a+bovine+interleukin+8+(CXCL8)+promoter/luciferase+reporter+construct.">In vivo imaging of transiently transgenized mice with a bovine interleukin 8 (CXCL8) promoter/luciferase reporter construct.</a> PloS one. 7 (6), 39716 (2012).</li><li>Stellari, F. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enlightened+Mannhemia+haemolytica+lung+inflammation+in+bovinized+mice.">Enlightened Mannhemia haemolytica lung inflammation in bovinized mice.</a> Vet Res. 45, 8 (2014).</li><li>Tassali, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MR+imaging,+targeting+and+characterization+of+pulmonary+fibrosis+using+intra-tracheal+administration+of+gadolinium-based+nanoparticles.">MR imaging, targeting and characterization of pulmonary fibrosis using intra-tracheal administration of gadolinium-based nanoparticles.</a> Contrast Media Mol Imaging. 11 (5), 396-404 (2016).</li><li>Ma, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+asthmatic+inflammation+using+hybrid+fluorescence+molecular+tomography-x-ray+computed+tomography.">Assessment of asthmatic inflammation using hybrid fluorescence molecular tomography-x-ray computed tomography.</a> J Biomed Opt. 21 (1), 15009 (2016).</li><li>Van de Velde, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+micro-CT+provides+biomarkers+of+lung+disease+that+can+be+used+to+assess+the+effect+of+therapy+in+preclinical+mouse+models,+and+reveal+compensatory+changes+in+lung+volume.">Longitudinal micro-CT provides biomarkers of lung disease that can be used to assess the effect of therapy in preclinical mouse models, and reveal compensatory changes in lung volume.</a> Dis Model Mech. 9 (1), 91-98 (2016).</li><li>Stellari, F. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterologous+Matrix+Metalloproteinase+Gene+Promoter+Activity+Allows+In+Vivo+Real-time+Imaging+of+Bleomycin-Induced+Lung+Fibrosis+in+Transiently+Transgenized+Mice.">Heterologous Matrix Metalloproteinase Gene Promoter Activity Allows In Vivo Real-time Imaging of Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis in Transiently Transgenized Mice.</a> Front Immunol. 8, 199 (2017).</li><li>Hellbach, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=X-ray+dark-field+radiography+facilitates+the+diagnosis+of+pulmonary+fibrosis+in+a+mouse+model.">X-ray dark-field radiography facilitates the diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model.</a> Sci Rep. 7 (1), 340 (2017).</li><li>Zhou, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noninvasive+imaging+of+experimental+lung+fibrosis.">Noninvasive imaging of experimental lung fibrosis.</a> Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 53 (1), 8-13 (2015).</li><li>Ruscitti, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+assessment+of+bleomycin-induced+lung+fibrosis+by+Micro-CT+correlates+with+histological+evaluation+in+mice.">Longitudinal assessment of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by Micro-CT correlates with histological evaluation in mice.</a> Multidiscip Respir Med. 12, 8 (2017).</li><li>Stellari, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+inflammation+and+airway+remodeling+by+fluorescence+molecular+tomography+in+a+chronic+asthma+model.">Monitoring inflammation and airway remodeling by fluorescence molecular tomography in a chronic asthma model.</a> J Transl Med. 13, 336 (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 8th ed. , (2011).</li><li>Meganck, J. 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Trods mange forskergrupper med fokus på at udvikle nye lægemidler til behandling af IPF, for øjeblikket er kun to tilgængelige for patienter. Der er en medicinsk haster med at finde mere effektive terapier7 fordi kun lunge transplantationis købedygtig forlænge overlevelsen af 4-5 år26. Forudsætning for Translationel medicin og udviklingen af nye lægemidler er tilgængeligheden af en dyremodel, der efterligner funktioner af IPF og i hvilke interventionsforsøg er pr...

Idiopatisk lungefibrose (IPF) er kroniske lungesygdom med gradvise fald i lungefunktion, der er desværre ofte dødelig senest fire år efter diagnose1. De vigtigste funktioner i IPF er ekstracellulære matrix deposition og fibroblast spredning, men patogenesen er endnu ikke fuldt forstået. Den mest understøttede hypotese er, at flere cyklusser af lunge skader forårsager ødelæggelse af alveolær epitelceller, der fører til ændring af mesenchymale cellecyklus spredning, overdreven ophobning af fibroblaster og myofibroblasts, og øget matrix produktion. Mæglere involveret i disse processer såsom matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) har fundet dysregulated i fibrose udvikling i menneskelige IPF eller bleomycin-induceret dyremodeller. Den ukontrollerede MMP produktion fører til et ubalanceret kollagen deposition i lunge interstitium og alveolær plads, efterligne unormal sår reparation1,2.
En af de vigtigste hindringer for drug discovery og udvikling er tilgængeligheden af tilgængelige musemodeller, der efterligner human patogenese og sygdom fænotype. Forskellige agenter har været brugt til at fremkalde lungefibrose i dyremodeller: bestråling skader, administration af asbest og silica, administration af fibrinogenic cytokiner og bleomycin3,4; dog bleomycin er mest anvendte i mus, rotter, marsvin, hamstere, kaniner5 eller i store dyr (ikke-menneskelige primater, heste, hunde og drøvtyggere)6,7. Bleomycin er et antibiotikum af bakterien Streptomyces verticillus8 og bruges som en anti-cancer agent9. Pulmonal fibrose er en almindelig bivirkning af lægemidlet og af denne grund, det er anvendt i eksperimentel dyremodeller til at fremkalde pulmonal fibrose.
I bleomycin-induceret lunge fibrose modeller forekomme fibrotisk læsioner 14-21 dage efter bleomycin administration. I det præsenterede arbejde brugte vi en ny protokol til at fremkalde lungefibrose i mus ved dobbelt bleomycin intratrakeal instillation. Bleomycin musen model er meget tidskrævende, fordi nye stoffer skal vurderes på etablerede fibrotisk læsioner, og testet til at skelne deres anti-fibrotisk effekter fra anti-inflammatoriske effekter.
Biokemiske bestemmelse af kollagen indhold, morphometrical og histologiske analyse var baseret på post mortem analyse, begrænse muligheden for at følge patogenesen af sygdommen i de samme dyr. Selv om disse parametre blev betragtet som en guld standard for fibrose evaluering, de ikke giver nogen tidsmæssige eller rumlige fordeling af fibrotisk læsion og udelukker et måde at undersøge processen for sygdomsprogression. 10
For nylig, non-invasiv billeddiagnostik teknologier er blevet anvendt til skærm luftvejene remodeling, inflammation og fibrose progression i murine modeller: magnetisk resonans Imaging (MR), Micro computertomografi (mikro-CT), fluorescens Molekylær Tomografi (FMT) og en bioluminescerende (BLI)11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19 ,20,21. Vi foreslår en non-invasiv billeddiagnostik tilgang for at overvåge langs lunge fibrose progression af FMT og Micro-CT på forskellige tidspunkter efter en bleomycin udfordre22.
Mange veje er involveret i etablering og udvikling af fibrose, og ikke meget er kendt. Kun en dybere forståelse af disse processer kan oversættes til mere stof mål, der kan overføres til klinikken. Evnen til at overvåge langs MMP aktivering af fluorescens molekylære tomografi koblet til påvisning af lunge parenkymalt ændringer af Micro-CT kan anvendes i fremtiden at få adgang til den kliniske respons på behandlingen.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">FMT 2500 Fluorescence Tomography System</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Perkin Elmer Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Experimental Builder</td>
			<td style="width:607px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">MMPsense 680</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Perkin Elmer Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">NEV10126</td>
			<td>Protect from light, store the probe at 4 &#176;C</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">TrueQuant software</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Perkin Elmer Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Female inbred C57BL/6</td>
			<td>San Pietro NatisoneHorst, The Netherlands (UD),&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:171px;"></td>
			<td>Prior to use, animals were acclimatized for at least 5 days to the local vivarium conditions</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">ESTEVE spa</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">571329.8</td>
			<td>Do not inhale</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Automated cell counter</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Dasit XT 1800J</td>
			<td>Experimental Builder</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Saline Solution, 0.9% Sodium Chloride (NaCl)</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Eurospital</td>
			<td>15A2807</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Quantum FX Micro-CT scanner&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Perkin Elmer Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:328px;">Bleomycin sulphate from Streptomyces Verticillus&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>&#160;B2434&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Automatic tissue Processor&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">ATP700 Histo-Line Laboratories</td>
			<td>ATP700&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Embedding system&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">EG 1160 Leica Biosystems</td>
			<td>EG 1160</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Rotary microtome&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Slee Cut 6062</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Digital slide scanner&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">NanoZoomer S60, Hamamatsu Photonics</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">NIS-AR image analysis software&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Masson&#8217;s Trichrome Staining</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Histo-Line Laboratories</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">10% neutral-buffered formalin</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>HT5012-1CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:328px;">Penn-century model DP-4M Dry power insufflator</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Penn-century</td>
			<td>DPM-EXT</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">PE190 micro medical tubing</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">2biological instruments snc</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">BB31695-PE/8</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Syringe without needle 5 mL</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Terumo</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">SS*05SE1</td>
			<td>Cut the boards of the piston by scissors</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Hamilton 0.10 mL (model 1710)</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Gastight</td>
			<td>81022</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Discofix 3-way Stopcock</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Braun</td>
			<td>4095111</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Syringe with needle 1 mL</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">Pic solution</td>
			<td>3,071,260,300,320</td>
			<td>Use without needle</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:328px;">Plastic feeding tubes 18 ga x 50 mm</td>
			<td style="width:335px;">2biological instruments snc</td>
			<td>FTP-18-50</td>
			<td>Cut obliquely the tip&#160;</td>
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a multimodal imaging approach based on micro-ct and fluorescence molecular tomography for longitudinal assessment of bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis in mice

Idiopatisk lungefibrose (IPF) er en dødelig lungesygdom, præget af progressive og uafvendelige ødelæggelse af lungen arkitektur, der forårsager betydelig forringelse i lungefunktion og efterfølgende død fra respirationssvigt.
Patogenesen af IPF i eksperimentel dyremodeller har været foranlediget af bleomycin administration. I denne undersøgelse undersøger vi en IPF-lignende musemodel induceret af en dobbelt intratrakeal bleomycin instillation. Standard histologiske vurderinger bruges til at studere lungefibrose er invasive procedurer, terminal. Målet med dette arbejde er at overvåge lungefibrose gennem noninvasive billedbehandling teknikker såsom fluorescerende molekylære tomografi (FMT) og mikro-CT. Disse to teknologier valideret med histologi resultater kunne repræsentere en revolutionerende funktionelle tilgang for ikke-invasiv overvågning i realtid af IPF sygdommens sværhedsgrad og progression. Fusion af forskellige tilgange repræsenterer et skridt videre for at forstå IPF sygdom, hvor de molekylære begivenheder i en patologisk tilstand kan observeres med FMT og de efterfølgende anatomiske ændringer kan overvåges af mikro-CT.

Spontan opløsning af lunge fibrose læsioner observeret tre uger efter enkelt bleomycin administration og moderat strukturændringer fremhæve grænserne for denne model. Kun forebyggende behandling kan udføres på grund af den smalle terapeutisk vindue, der ikke repræsenterer klinisk praksis17.
Vi viser her, at vores protokol af dobbelt bleomycin intratrakeal instillation er i stand til at udvikle lan...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Multimodal Imaging Approach Based on Micro-CT and Fluorescence Molecular Tomography for Longitudinal Assessment of Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis in Mice a

A Multimodal Imaging Approach Based on Micro-CT and Fluorescence Molecular Tomography for Longitudinal Assessment of Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis in Mice

En multimodale Imaging tilgang baseret på Micro-CT og fluorescens molekylære tomografi langsgående vurdering af Bleomycin-induceret lungefibrose i mus

Vi beskriver en non-invasiv multimodale imaging tilgang baseret på Micro-CT og fluorescens molekylære tomografi langsgående vurdering af musen lunge fibrose model induceret af dobbelt intratrakeal instillation af bleomycin.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease characterized by the progressive and irreversible destruction of lung architecture, which ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

An Orthotopic Model of Serous Ovarian Cancer in Immunocompetent Mice for in vivo Tumor Imaging and Monitoring of Tumor Immune Responses

Background: Ovarian cancer is generally diagnosed at an advanced stage where the case/fatality ratio is high and thus remains the most lethal of all ...

Use of Artificial Sputum Medium to Test Antibiotic Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions More Relevant to the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Use of Artificial Sputum Medium to Test Antibiotic Efficacy Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Conditions More Relevant to the Cystic Fibrosis Lung

Brug af kunstig Sputum Medium til Test antibiotikum Effekt mod<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em&gt; I forhold mere relevante for cystisk fibrose Lung

There  is growing concern about the relevance of in vitro antimicrobial  susceptibility tests when applied to isolates of P. aeruginosa from  cystic ...

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

4D Multimodality Imaging of Citrobacter rodentium Infections in Mice

4D Multimodalitet Imaging af<em&gt; Citrobacter rodentium</em&gt; Infektioner i mus

This protocol outlines the steps required to  longitudinally monitor a bioluminescent bacterial infection using composite 3D diffuse light imaging ...

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

Long Term Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Airway Infection in Mice

Langtids kronisk<em&gt; Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em&gt; Luftvejsinfektion i mus

A mouse model of chronic airway infection is a key asset in cystic fibrosis (CF) research, although there are a number of concerns regarding the model ...

Imaging Neutrophils and Monocytes in Mesenteric Veins by Intravital Microscopy on Anaesthetized Mice in Real Time

Imaging neutrofiler og monocytter i Mesenterial Veins af Intravital Mikroskopi på bedøvede mus i Real Time

Efficient immune response is dependent on rapid mobilization of blood leukocytes to the site of infection or injury. Investigating leukocyte migration in ...

A Simple and Efficient Approach to Construct Mutant Vaccinia Virus Vectors

En simpel og effektiv tilgang til Construct Mutant vacciniavirus Vektorer

The CRISPR-associated endonuclease Cas9 can edit particular genomic loci directed by a single guide RNA (gRNA). The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been ...

Legionella pneumophila Outer Membrane Vesicles: Isolation and Analysis of Their Pro-inflammatory Potential on Macrophages

Legionella pneumophila Outer Membrane Vesicles: Isolation and Analysis of Their Pro-inflammatory Potential on Macrophages

Legionella pneumophila ydermembranvesikler: Isolering og analyse af deres pro-inflammatorisk potentiale på makrofager

Bacteria are able to secrete a variety of molecules via various secretory systems. Besides the secretion of molecules into the extracellular space or ...

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Fluorescensbaseret neuraminidase-inhiberingsassay i vurdering af den følsomhed over influenzavira til neuraminidaseinhibitoren Class of Antivirale

The neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors are the only class of antivirals approved for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza that are effective against ...

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberkulose i mus med Reporter enzym fluorescens

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by ...