Name: microstate and omega complexity analyses of the resting-state electroencephalography
Uploaded: 2018-06-15T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microstate and Omega Complexity Analyses of the Resting-state Electroencephalography at JoVE.com

この記事は中国の国家自然科学基金 (31671141) によって支えられました。

このプロトコルは、ローカルの倫理委員会で承認されました。すべての参加者とその保護者はこの実験のためのインフォームド コンセントのフォームに署名しました。
1 科目
<ol><li>15 健康青年男子、14 から 22 歳までの年齢を必ず (平均 ± 標準偏差: 18.3 ± 2.8 年)。 注: microstate とオメガの複雑さを分析する現在のプロトコル、健常者用に開発されたが、このグループの...

<ol>
	<li>Khanna, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microstates+in+resting-state+EEG:+current+status+and+future+directions.">Microstates in resting-state EEG: current status and future directions.</a> Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 49, 105-113 (2015).</li><li>Chen, J. L., Ros, T., Gruzelier, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+changes+of+ICA-derived+EEG+functional+connectivity+in+the+resting+state.">Dynamic changes of ICA-derived EEG functional connectivity in the resting state.</a> Hum Brain Mapp. 34 (4), 852-868 (2013).</li><li>Imperatori, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrant+EEG+functional+connectivity+and+EEG+power+spectra+in+resting+state+post-traumatic+stress+disorder:+a+sLORETA+study.">Aberrant EEG functional connectivity and EEG power spectra in resting state post-traumatic stress disorder: a sLORETA study.</a> Biol Psychol. 102, 10-17 (2014).</li><li>Gao, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Altered+Resting-State+EEG+Microstate+Parameters+and+Enhanced+Spatial+Complexity+in+Male+Adolescent+Patients+with+Mild+Spastic+Diplegia.">Altered Resting-State EEG Microstate Parameters and Enhanced Spatial Complexity in Male Adolescent Patients with Mild Spastic Diplegia.</a> Brain Topogr. 30 (2), 233-244 (2017).</li><li>Seitzman, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+manipulation+of+brain+electric+microstates.">Cognitive manipulation of brain electric microstates.</a> Neuroimage. 146, 533-543 (2017).</li><li>Lehmann, D., Michel, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG-defined+functional+microstates+as+basic+building+blocks+of+mental+processes.">EEG-defined functional microstates as basic building blocks of mental processes.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 122 (6), 1073-1074 (2011).</li><li>Koenig, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Millisecond+by+millisecond,+year+by+year:+normative+EEG+microstates+and+developmental+stages.">Millisecond by millisecond, year by year: normative EEG microstates and developmental stages.</a> Neuroimage. 16 (1), 41-48 (2002).</li><li>Britz, J., Van De Ville, D., Michel, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BOLD+correlates+of+EEG+topography+reveal+rapid+resting-state+network+dynamics.">BOLD correlates of EEG topography reveal rapid resting-state network dynamics.</a> Neuroimage. 52 (4), 1162-1170 (2010).</li><li>Musso, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+brain+activity+and+EEG+microstates.+A+novel+EEG/fMRI+analysis+approach+to+explore+resting-state+networks.">Spontaneous brain activity and EEG microstates. A novel EEG/fMRI analysis approach to explore resting-state networks.</a> Neuroimage. 52 (4), 1149-1161 (2010).</li><li>Strelets, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+schizophrenics+with+positive+symptomatology+have+shortened+EEG+microstate+durations.">Chronic schizophrenics with positive symptomatology have shortened EEG microstate durations.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 114 (11), 2043-2051 (2003).</li><li>Kikuchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+microstate+analysis+in+drug-naive+patients+with+panic+disorder.">EEG microstate analysis in drug-naive patients with panic disorder.</a> PLoS One. 6 (7), e22912 (2011).</li><li>Santarnecchi, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+Microstate+Correlates+of+Fluid+Intelligence+and+Response+to+Cognitive+Training.">EEG Microstate Correlates of Fluid Intelligence and Response to Cognitive Training.</a> Brain Topogr. , (2017).</li><li>Schlegel, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+microstates+during+resting+represent+personality+differences.">EEG microstates during resting represent personality differences.</a> Brain Topogr. 25 (1), 20-26 (2012).</li><li>Wackermann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+mapping:+estimating+complexity+of+multichannel+EEG+recordings.">Beyond mapping: estimating complexity of multichannel EEG recordings.</a> Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 56 (1), 197-208 (1996).</li><li>Jung, T. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removing+electroencephalographic+artifacts+by+blind+source+separation.">Removing electroencephalographic artifacts by blind source separation.</a> Psychophysiology. 37 (2), 163-178 (2000).</li><li>Pascual-Marqui, R. D., Michel, C. M., Lehmann, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Segmentation+of+brain+electrical+activity+into+microstates:+model+estimation+and+validation.">Segmentation of brain electrical activity into microstates: model estimation and validation.</a> IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 42 (7), 658-665 (1995).</li><li>Pascual-Marqui, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardized+low-resolution+brain+electromagnetic+tomography+(sLORETA):+technical+details.">Standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA): technical details.</a> Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 24, 5-12 (2002).</li><li>Hu, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+primary+somatosensory+cortex+contributes+to+the+latest+part+of+the+cortical+response+elicited+by+nociceptive+somatosensory+stimuli+in+humans.">The primary somatosensory cortex contributes to the latest part of the cortical response elicited by nociceptive somatosensory stimuli in humans.</a> Neuroimage. 84, 383-393 (2014).</li><li>Murray, M. M., Brunet, D., Michel, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Topographic+ERP+analyses:+a+step-by-step+tutorial+review.">Topographic ERP analyses: a step-by-step tutorial review.</a> Brain Topogr. 20 (4), 249-264 (2008).</li><li>Van de Ville, D., Britz, J., Michel, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+microstate+sequences+in+healthy+humans+at+rest+reveal+scale-free+dynamics.">EEG microstate sequences in healthy humans at rest reveal scale-free dynamics.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (42), 18179-18184 (2010).</li><li>Gonuguntla, V., Mallipeddi, R., Veluvolu, K. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+emotion+associated+brain+functional+network+with+phase+locking+value.">Identification of emotion associated brain functional network with phase locking value.</a> Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2016, 4515-4518 (2016).</li><li>Wen, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resting-state+EEG+coupling+analysis+of+amnestic+mild+cognitive+impairment+with+type+2+diabetes+mellitus+by+using+permutation+conditional+mutual+information.">Resting-state EEG coupling analysis of amnestic mild cognitive impairment with type 2 diabetes mellitus by using permutation conditional mutual information.</a> Clin Neurophysiol. 127 (1), 335-348 (2016).</li><li>Rosales, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+implementation+of+the+synchronization+likelihood+algorithm+for+functional+connectivity.">An efficient implementation of the synchronization likelihood algorithm for functional connectivity.</a> Neuroinformatics. 13 (2), 245-258 (2015).</li><li>Jia, H., Peng, W., Hu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+approach+to+identify+time-frequency+oscillatory+features+in+electrocortical+signals.">A novel approach to identify time-frequency oscillatory features in electrocortical signals.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 253, 18-27 (2015).</li><li>Wackermann, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+characterization+of+brain+electrical+activity+by+means+of+the+&#937;+complexity+production+rate.">Global characterization of brain electrical activity by means of the &#937; complexity production rate.</a> Brain Topogr. 18, 135 (2005).</li><li>Wackermann, J., Putz, P., Ga&#223;ler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unfolding+EEG+spatial+complexity+as+a+function+of+frequency.">Unfolding EEG spatial complexity as a function of frequency.</a> Brain Topogr. 16 (2), 124 (2003).</li></ol>

この記事で 2 種類の脳波分析法 (すなわち、microstate 解析とオメガ複雑度解析)、それぞれ時間の複雑さと人間の脳の空間的複雑さの測定で詳しく説明しました。記載すべきプロトコル内でいくつかの重要な手順があります。まず、脳波データは microstate とオメガの複雑さの計算前に掃除する必要があります。第二に、microstate とオメガの複雑さの計算前に平均参照に対して脳波データを remontag...

脳波 (EEG) は、非侵襲、低原価計算であり、非常に高い時間分解能1以来両方の臨床診断と科学的な研究は、人間の脳の電気的活動を記録するため広く使用されています。休眠状態にある脳波を研究するために研究者は多くの脳波技術 (例えば、パワー スペクトル解析, 機能的結合解析)2,3を開発しました。、これらの microstate 分析とオメガの複雑さの分析に活用できる良い時空情報の脳波信号4に固有。
脳波の頭皮上の分布が目を閉じたの経年変化や目開きの休眠状態は、一連の一時的なマップ表示の風景の不連続変化が、従来の研究はことを示しているすなわち、交互に安定性の期間特定の準安定脳波トポグラフィー5間短い移行期間。採用は準安定の脳波トポグラフィーを最後の 80 と 120 ms1間でこれらのエピソードとして定義されます。別の電気潜在的な風景は、神経回路の異なるソースによって生成する必要があります、のでこれら採用視の基本要素としての資格があり、「思考と感情の原子」6として見なすことができます。モダンなパターン分類アルゴリズムを使用して、4 つの脳波 microstate クラスを休んで観察されている一貫して、クラス A、クラス B、クラス C、クラス D7としてラベルを貼られました。さらに、研究者は、研究-安静 fMRI (機能的磁気共鳴イメージング) 多く8,9 にみられるよく知られた機能システムとこれら 4 つの microstate クラス安静時脳波データを密接に関連が明らかに.したがって、microstate の分析は、人間の脳の休息状態ネットワーク (RSNs) の研究への新しいアプローチを提供しました。さらに、平均の期間やの microstate クラス 4 つの microstate マップの地形形状ごとの出現頻度大幅に影響されていくつか脳疾患4,10,11,流動性知能12人格13に関連付けられているとします。
他の面で多チャンネル脳波の従来の機能接続可能性がありますのみ頭皮全体または特定の脳領域内グローバル機能接続性を評価するために失敗しました、2 つの頭皮電極間の機能の接続をについて説明します。空間の間の広帯域グローバル同期を定量化するオメガの複雑さ、14 Wackermann (1996) によって提案された、主成分分析 (PCA) とシャノン エントロピーを組み合わせたアプローチにより計算が使用されています脳の領域を配布しました。各周波数バンドのオメガの複雑さを評価するためにフーリエ変換はよく最初のステップ25として実施されました。
採用とオメガの複雑さは、2 つの密接に関連概念、すなわち、時間的複雑さと空間的複雑さ4を反映するように使用できます。Microstate クラスを表す人間の脳の特定の精神的な操作、神経活動の振動時間の構造が反映されることができます。低い期間と 1 秒あたりの高い発生率より高い時間的複雑さを示す必要があります。オメガの複雑さは正の関連脳で独立した神経情報源の数は、このようによく考えられています4空間的複雑さの指標として。
現在の記事では、脳波 microstate 分析と詳細にオメガの複雑さの分析のプロトコルについて説明します。脳波 microstate とオメガの複雑さの分析は、それぞれ脳の活動の時間的・空間的複雑さを測定する機会を提供しています。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>ANT 20 channels EEG/ERP system</td>
			<td>ASA-Lab, ANT B.V., Netherlands</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>company web address: 
			http://www.ant-neuro.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEGLAB plugin for Microstates</td>
			<td>Thomas Koenig</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://sccn.ucsd.edu/wiki/EEGLAB_Extensions_and_plug-ins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sLORETA</td>
			<td>Roberto D. Pascual-Marqui</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>http://www.uzh.ch/keyinst/loreta.htm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB 2010a</td>
			<td>The MathWorks Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>company web address: 
			http://www.mathworks.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>eeglab</td>
			<td>Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>https://sccn.ucsd.edu/eeglab/index.php</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

microstate and omega complexity analyses of the resting-state electroencephalography

Microstate とオメガの複雑さは、脳波の時間的・空間的複雑さを表すことができますし、いくつかの脳疾患の神経メカニズム解明のため広く使用されている 2 つの参照無料脳波 (EEG) 対策です。この記事の目的は、脳波 microstate とオメガ複雑さ分析ステップを基になるプロトコルを説明します。これらの 2 つのメジャーの主な利点は、従来のスペクトル解析に固有の参照依存問題を排除できることです。さらに、休眠状態の脳波の高時間分解能を駆使する microstate 分析と 4 つの得られた microstate クラスはそれぞれ対応する休息状態ネットワークを一致可能性があります。オメガの複雑さと比較すると伝統的な複雑さ単一チャネルの信号の複雑さに焦点を当てての明白な利点を持っている脳全体または特定の脳領域の空間的複雑さの特徴です。これら 2 つの脳波測定は、時空ドメインから脳の複雑さをそれぞれ調査する互いを補足することができます。

脳波 microstate
グランドは、図 1に正規化された microstate マップが表示されますを意味します。ここで識別されるこれらの 4 つの microstate クラスの電気潜在的な風景、以前の研究4で見られるものと似ています。
平均と標準偏差 (SD) 健常者の ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Microstate and Omega Complexity Analyses of the Resting-state Electroencephalography at JoVE.com

Microstate and Omega Complexity Analyses of the Resting-state Electroencephalography

2 つの参照のない脳波措置プロトコルの基になる脳波 (EEG) microstate 分析とオメガ複雑性解析を説明しますと非常に貴重な脳疾患の神経メカニズムを探索します。

微小状態と静止状態の脳波のオメガ複雑さ解析

Microstate and omega complexity are two reference-free electroencephalography (EEG) measures that can represent the temporal and spatial complexities of ...

This semester have answered 10 questions in the field of brain disorder, such as how to identify an efficient pair of markers to a code of bios in today's diagnosis. The main advantage of this technique is that it could emanate as a reference of the pending problem when you're adhering to traditional EEG analysis. The applications of this technique extend toward our understanding of resting-states networks of human brain.To begin this procedure, import the raw EEG data to the EEG lab software. Next, load the channel location file into the EEG lab software to obtain the spatial locations of these electrodes. To remove the reference electrodes, an option of Select data in channel range of the popup dialog box, select only the recording electrodes, and do not select the reference electrodes so that the reference electrodes can be removed.To band pass filter the EEG data between 0.5 and 80 hertz, in the popup dialog box, choose 0.5 for the lower edge of the frequency pass band hertz and choose 80 for the higher edge of the frequency pass band hertz. Then click Ok.To remove the powerline noise with a notch filter between 49 and 51 hertz, in the popup dialog box, choose 49 for the lower edge of the frequency pass band hertz and choose 51 for the higher edge of the frequency pass band hertz. Then select the option of Notch filter the data instead of pass band, and click Ok.To remove eye movements, click on Tools, then click Artifact removal using AAR 1.3, and EOG removal using BSS.To remove EMG, click Tools, then click Artifact removal using AAR 1.3 and EMG removal using BSS. Next, segment the preprocessed continuous EEG data into epochs with an epoch length of two seconds. A window will pop up that allows the saving of the segmented EEG data.Then import the segmented EEG data to the EEG lab software and reject EEG epochs with amplitude values exceeding plus or minus 80 microvolts at any electrode. Next, save the preprocessed EEG data. In this procedure for each subject, load the preprocessed EEG data, convert reference channels to common average reference, and band pass filter the EEG data between two and 20 hertz.Next, identify the four microstate maps in each subject. In the popup dialog box, choose three for the min number of classes, choose six for the max number of classes, choose 50 for the number of restarts, choose max number of maps to use, and select the options of GFP peak only, and No polarity. Then, click the Ok button.Subsequently, save the EEG data of each subject after identifying its own microstate maps. Import the EEG data sets of all subjects saved in the last step at once. Then identify the group level microstate maps.In the popup dialog box, select the data sets of all subjects in the option, Choose sets for averaging. In the option, Name of mean, give a name for the group level microstate maps, then click the button Ok.This will create a new data set named as GrandMean which stores the group level microstate maps. Manually sort the order of four group level microstate maps according to their classic order.In the popup, select More, and then the number of maps shown becomes four. After that, select Man sort. In the popup dialog box, enter the new order of four group level microstate maps and click Close.Following that, sort the order of the four microstate maps of each subject, save the microstate parameters for each subject which will invoke two popup dialog boxes sequentially. In the first dialog box, select the data sets of all subjects. In the second dialog box, select 4-Classes for option, Number of classes.Select the options of Fitting only on GFP peaks and Remove potentially truncated microstates. Next, choose 30 for the label smoothing window, ms, and choose One for the the Non-Smoothness penalty, then click Ok.A CSV file which stores submicrostate parameters will be saved on the computer. These images show that microstate Class A and B have a right frontal to left occipital orientation, and a left frontal to right occipital orientation respectively.Microstate Class C and D have symmetric topographies but prefrontal to occipital orientation, and front to central to occipital orientation were observed respectively. This table shows the mean and standard deviation of microstate parameters of the healthy subjects. Once mastered, this technique can be done in one hour if it is performed properly.While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember that the EEG data should be preprocessed carefully. Following this procedure, other methods like source localization can be performed in order to answer additional questions such as where these microstate maps come from. This technique paved a way for researchers in the field of brain science to expose disease as in human brain.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography (dEEG)

Investigating Social Cognition in Infants and Adults Using Dense Array Electroencephalography dEEG

（密な配列の脳波を用いた乳児と大人で社会的認知を調査 D EEG）

Dense array electroencephalography (dEEG), which provides a non-invasive window for measuring brain activity and a temporal resolution unsurpassed by any ...

神経科学

Morphometric Analyses of Retinal Sections

網膜切片の形態学的解析

Morphometric analyses of retinal sections have been used in examining retinal diseases. For examples, neuronal cells were significantly lost in the ...

Simultaneous Electroencephalography, Real-time Measurement of Lactate Concentration and Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity in the Rodent Cerebral Cortex

同時脳波、リアルタイム乳酸濃度の測定と齧歯類大脳皮質ニューロン活動のOptogeneticマニピュレーション

Although the brain represents less than 5% of the body  by mass, it utilizes approximately one quarter of the glucose used by the body  at rest1. The ...

Optogenetic Perturbation of Neural Activity with Laser Illumination in Semi-intact Drosophila Larvae in Motion

Optogenetic Perturbation of Neural Activity with Laser Illumination in Semi-intact Drosophila Larvae in Motion

半無傷でレーザー照射による神経活動のOptogeneticの摂動<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</emイン·モーション&gt;幼虫

Drosophila larval locomotion is a splendid model system in developmental and physiological neuroscience, by virtue of the genetic accessibility of the ...

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex

定位脳波を使用して、ディープ皮質の機能と下構造の調査：前帯状皮質からの教訓は、

Stereotactic Electroencephalography (SEEG) is a technique used to localize seizure foci in patients with medically intractable epilepsy. This procedure ...

Assessment of Hippocampal Dendritic Complexity in Aged Mice Using the Golgi-Cox Method

Golgi-Cox法を用いた老齢マウスにおける海馬の樹状突起の複雑さの評価

Dendritic spines are the protuberances from the neuronal dendritic shafts that contain&#160; excitatory synapses. The morphological and branching ...

Concurrent Recording of Co-localized Electroencephalography and Local Field Potential in Rodent

共局在脳波および齧歯動物のローカル フィールド電位の同時記録

Although electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used as a non-invasive technique for recording neural activities of the brain, our understanding of the ...

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

ショウジョウバエのニューロン樹状分枝複雑さの定量解析

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron, and dendritic morphology reflects synaptic organization during the development of the nervous system. ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

結合された経頭蓋磁気刺激と背外側前頭前野の脳波

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Collection of Frozen Rodent Brain Regions for Downstream Analyses

下流解析のための凍結げっ歯類の脳領域の収集

As our understanding of neurobiology has progressed, molecular analyses are often performed on small brain areas such as the medial prefrontal cortex ...