Name: nanothermite with meringue-like morphology: from loose powder to ultra-porous objects
Uploaded: 2017-12-24T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nanothermite with Meringue-like Morphology: From Loose Powder to Ultra-porous Objects at JoVE.com

作者要感谢 ISL 的摄影师, 伊夫 Suma 和雅尼克 Boehrer, 为样品的照片和观察由高速视频的合成和燃烧的 nanothermite 泡沫。他们还想对他们的同事 Dr. 文森特 Pichot 从 NS3E 实验室的 X 射线衍射表征材料表示感谢。

警告: 执行本文中描述的所有反应, 在一个具有装甲窗口的爆炸证明的会议厅, 允许通过高速视频对发泡/燃烧过程进行目视检查和观察。注意铝成分的潜在点火和空气中氢气爆炸引起的实验风险。为此, 总是在一个装有适当排气通风的爆炸证明的房间里工作。请记住, 关于高能材料的实验必须由有经验的科学家进行, 他们充分意识到烟火的危害, 并且所有的测试都必须按照当地法律和安全条例进行。?...

<ol>
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为了安全起见, 必须迅速进行粉体与酸的混合过程和爆炸室的关闭。反应延迟可能在某种程度上变化 (1-10 min), 这取决于实验条件。当室温过高或外部热源如聚光灯的存在时, 它会缩短, 这会引起发泡反应的早期活化。反之, 当室温较低时, 它会增加。在太多的起泡延迟 (和 #62; 15 分钟) 的情况下, 可以通过快速地将大量的水倒入烧杯 (100 毫升) 来阻止反应。铝基体或 nanothermite 泡沫的制备必须在室温 (15...

本文报告了一种将纳米铝混合物 (Al/窝3) 从松散粉末状态转换为泡沫1的方法。Nanothermites 是快速燃烧的能量组合物, 是最频繁地由金属氧化物或盐的物理混合准备以一个减少的金属, 以粉末状的形式2。用于准备 nanothermites 的最具代表性的氧化物是 Cr2O33,4, Fe2O35, MnO26, 沃 3 7, MoO38, 厝9和 Bi2O31011, 而使用的金属盐是氯酸12,13, 盐14,15,periodates16, 硫化17或 persulfates18。铝纳米是最好的选择, 作为燃料 nanothermites 由于其众多的可取性质, 如高氧化热 (10-25 焦/克)19, 快速反应动力学20, 低毒性21,和公平稳定程度一旦它已经准确地钝化22。
在基 nanothermites, 火焰锋在高速传播 (0.1-2.5 公里/秒), 但是, 这不能被视为爆炸23。反应机理实际上是由热气体在未材料孔隙中的对流驱动的。换言之, 孔隙率是 nanothermites 快速燃烧的必要条件。然而, 从物理角度看, 松散的 nanothermite 粉是不稳定的。它们被冲击或振动压实, 其最致密的成分 (通常是氧化物) 通过重力的作用逐渐与成分分离。nanothermite 孔隙度的稳定是其在未来烟火系统中集成的关键挑战。
本发明所述的制备过程的主要优点是赋予高孔隙、固态、nanothermite 的巨, 可通过将其形成的糊状物成型。此外, nanothermite 泡沫是相当不敏感的冲击, 摩擦和静电放电相比, nanothermite 松散粉末。这种不灵敏使他们特别安全处理和机器, 例如通过锯或钻。
当松散的 nanothermite 粉末被压制或颗粒时, 其孔隙度降低, 物体形成。这些材料的凝聚来源于表面作用力, 它们负责纳米粒子的聚集。在碳纳米纤维存在的情况下, nanothermite 球团的机械强度可以提高, 这是加强这些物体的一个框架24。不幸的是, 压力强烈地降低了 nanothermites 的反应性。根据学徒et al., 纳米-铝/纳米-禾3组合物的压制导致它们的反应速度由两个数量级的7的崩溃。总之, 与大多数炸药相反, nanothermites 不能通过压制来形成。
到目前为止, 在 nanothermites 的科学文献中, 很少有关于构造 nanothermites 的方法。Nanothermites 可以沉积在基板上, 无论是从其组分的粉末分散到液体介质通过电泳25, 或通过溅射其组件在连续层的26。这两种方法都导致致密沉积物, 它们比松散的粉末反应更少, 并倾向于从其制备的基质中分层。
玛丽·泰洛特森et al.提出了由 nanothermite 组成的 "三维" 物体的制备方法5, 使用由切口et al.开发的溶胶-凝胶合成, 由金属盐的胶凝溶液环27组成。Nanothermite 巨是在溶胶中分散 Al 纳米, 然后再进行凝胶制备。该凝胶随后在热室中干燥, 以产生干或由使用超临界 CO2获得气凝胶的复杂过程。Nanothermite 气凝胶不仅具有很强的反应性, 而且由于其优异的机械性能, 也可以加工。此外, 溶胶-凝胶工艺允许一个合成微孔材料和在混合燃料 (铝) 和氧化物之间无与伦比程度的同质性。尽管有这些有趣的特点, 溶胶-凝胶过程的使用是有限的: (i) 批次综合的复杂性, 这取决于许多参数;(二) 在最终材料中不可避免地存在合成副产品 (杂质), 以及 (iii) 过程的不同步骤所需的很长时间。
nanothermite 的可燃垫由硝化纤维素 (粘合剂) 的静电纺丝制备而成, 由铝和氧化铜的溶液28。这些 nanothermite 毡是由纤维组成的微米鳞片直径, 这是先验无渗透性。在这些材料中, 孔隙度是由纤维纠缠所定义的。nanothermite 垫的样品燃烧缓慢 (0.06-1.06 米/秒) 相比, 纯纳米铝/厝混合物在一个松散的粉末状态, 其中火焰前传播的速度几百米/秒29。最后, 使用硝化纤维作为粘合剂的 nanothermites 是不理想的, 因为它大大提高其热灵敏度和改变其长期的化学稳定性。
nanothermites 膜的制备由杨et al.从复杂的分层 MnO2/诺2异混合与 al 纳米粒子6。在这些材料中, 氧化物相具有非常特殊的形貌, 其中 MnO2纳米线由诺2分支覆盖。由于其特殊的结构, 氧化物不仅能捕获铝纳米粒子, 而且还能保证膜的机械阻力。MnO2/诺2/铝膜的制备过程非常简单;它包括过滤的 nanothermite 中所包含的液体中, 它已经准备, 使用滤饼作为膜。
综上所述, 科学文献中提到的唯一的 nanothermite 物体是沉积在基质、气凝胶或垫上。以固体泡沫塑料的形式制备 nanothermites 的想法为将这些高能材料集成到功能性烟火系统中开辟了新的视野。本文报道的发泡过程简单, 可以应用于任何从铝纳米制备的 nanothermite。发泡剂为正磷酸酸 (H3PO4), 一种常见的、廉价的和无毒的化学物质, 它与纳米铝反应, 使水泥 (狗4) 和气体 (h2, h2O 蒸气) 产生的孔隙度材料1。磷酸铝在高温下特别稳定, 与有机粘合剂如高能聚合物 (硝化纤维素) 相反。然而, 根据清水30提出的 "负爆炸物" 的概念, 狗4在高温下表现为对纳米 Al 的氧化剂。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum nanopowder</td>
			<td>Intrinsiq Materials</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>nanopowder, &#8776; 100 nm particle size Al QNA891</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten(VI) oxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>550086-25G</td>
			<td>nanopowder, &#60;100 nm particle size (TEM) Lot# MKBR9903V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orthophosphoric Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>85% solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyethylene Pasteur pipette 3 mL</td>
			<td>Th. Geyer</td>
			<td>7691062</td>
			<td>LABSOLUTE Pasteur pipettes made of polyethylene (PE) graduation 0,50 ml, Length 145 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>polyethylene Pasteur pipette 1 mL</td>
			<td>Th. Geyer</td>
			<td>7691063</td>
			<td>LABSOLUTE Pasteur pipettes made of polyethylene (PE) graduation 0,25 ml, Length 150 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Test tube shaker Reax Control</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td>541-11000-00</td>
			<td>Vortex mixer with strong 5 mm vibration orbit yields</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

nanothermite with meringue-like morphology: from loose powder to ultra-porous objects

本文所描述的协议的目的是以多孔、单片状物体的形式制备铝成分 (nanothermites)。Nanothermites 是由无机燃料和氧化剂组成的易燃材料。在 nanothermite 泡沫中, 铝是燃料, 磷酸铝和三氧化钨是氧化基。在松散粉末中观察到 nanothermites 中最高的火焰传播速度 (FPVs), 并通过球团 nanothermite 粉强烈降低 FPVs。从物理角度来看, nanothermite 松散粉末是亚稳态系统。它们的性质可以通过冲击或振动引起的无意压实或由粒子随时间的分离而改变, 这是由其组分的密度差异产生的。从粉末到物体的移动是在烟火系统中集成 nanothermites 必须克服的挑战。Nanothermite 物体必须具有高开口孔隙度和良好的机械强度。Nanothermite 泡沫符合这两个标准, 并通过分散纳米铝混合物 (Al/窝3) 在正磷酸酸中制备。铝与酸性溶液的反应使狗4 "水泥", 其中 Al 和禾3纳米粒子被嵌入。在 nanothermite 泡沫中, 磷酸铝具有粘结剂和氧化剂的双重作用。该方法可与三氧化钨配合使用, 不因制备工艺而改变。它可能被扩展到一些氧化物, 通常用于制备高性能 nanothermites。本文描述的禾3基 nanothermite 泡沫塑料对撞击和摩擦的影响特别敏感, 这使得它们比松散的铝/禾3粉末更安全。这些材料的快速燃烧在烟火点火中有着有趣的应用。它们在雷管中作为引物使用将需要在其组成中加入二次炸药。

铝基体含有结晶铝 (铝) 和磷酸铝 (狗4)。X 射线衍射证实了这些相的存在 (图 1)。此外, 重量实验表明, 该材料还包含一个晶部分, 这是无定形氧化铝。在这些材料中, 磷酸铝作为粘合剂和氧化剂的行为。狗4的氧化性能通过测量50/50 重量级的爆炸热 (3340 J/克) 来证明./重量% 纳米铝/狗4混合物在炸弹量热计1中。...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Nanothermite with Meringue-like Morphology: From Loose Powder to Ultra-porous Objects at JoVE.com

Nanothermite with Meringue-like Morphology: From Loose Powder to Ultra-porous Objects

本手稿描述了由正磷酸酸 (H3PO4) 与铝纳米的反应合成可燃铝矩阵。当这种反应是在三氧化钨纳米的情况下进行过量铝, 它会导致一个固体, 多孔 nanothermite 泡沫。

Nanothermite 与蛋白酥样形态学: 从松散的粉末到超多孔物体

The goal of the protocol described in this article is to prepare aluminothermic compositions (nanothermites) in the form of porous, monolithic objects. ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

自由基化学生物学的化学行为，生物标记开发

The involvement of free radicals in life sciences has constantly increased with time and has been connected to several physiological and pathological ...

科研

化学

Nucleoside Triphosphates - From Synthesis to Biochemical Characterization

核苷三磷酸 - 从合成到生化特征

The  traditional strategy for the introduction of chemical functionalities is the  use of solid-phase synthesis by appending suitably modified ...

From Constructs to Crystals &#8211; Towards Structure Determination of &#946;-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

From Constructs to Crystals ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å“ Towards Structure Determination of ÃƒÅ½Ã‚Â²-barrel Outer Membrane Proteins

从构造到晶体 - 迈向β桶外膜蛋白的结构解析

Membrane proteins serve important functions in cells such as nutrient transport, motility, signaling, survival and virulence, yet constitute only ~1% ...

X-ray Powder Diffraction in Conservation Science: Towards Routine Crystal Structure Determination of Corrosion Products on Heritage Art Objects

X射线粉末衍射在保护科学：迈向文物艺术品腐蚀产物的常规晶体结构测定

The crystal structure determination and refinement process of corrosion products on historic art objects using laboratory high-resolution X-ray powder ...

Extraction and Purification of Polyphenols from Freeze-dried Berry Powder for the Treatment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro

Extraction and Purification of Polyphenols from Freeze-dried Berry Powder for the Treatment of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells In Vitro

从冷冻干燥的浆果粉中提取和纯化多酚用于治疗血管平滑肌细胞<em&gt;体外</em

Epidemiological studies indicate that increased flavonoid intake correlates with decreased mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD) in the United ...

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

从分子到材料: 通过卤素键合工程新的离子液体晶体

Herein, we demonstrate that a bottom-up approach, based on halogen bonding (XB), can be successfully applied for the design of a new type of ionic liquid ...

Grafting Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes with Polystyrene to Enable Self-Assembly and Anisotropic Patchiness

用聚苯乙烯接枝多壁纳米碳纳米管使自组装和各向异性斑块

We demonstrate a straightforward protocol to graft pristine multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with polystyrene (PS) chains at the sidewalls through a ...

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

燃料燃烧化学: 用耦合分子束质谱仪从大气高温流反应器中获得的定量形态数据

This manuscript describes a high-temperature flow reactor experiment coupled to the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique. This ...

Methionine Functionalized Biocompatible Block Copolymers for Targeted Plasmid DNA Delivery

用于靶向质粒DNA输送的美聚氨酸功能化生物相容性块共聚物

Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization integrates the advantages of radical polymerization and living polymerization. This ...

Analyzing Melts and Fluids from Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations with the UMD Package

使用 UMD 软件包分析 Ab Initio 分子动力学模拟中的熔体和流体

We have developed a Python-based open-source package to analyze the results stemming from ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations of fluids. The package ...