Name: sample preparation and imaging of exosomes by transmission electron microscopy
Uploaded: 2018-01-04T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sample Preparation and Imaging of Exosomes by Transmission Electron Microscopy at JoVE.com

Denne forskning blev støttet af Bio &#38; medicinsk teknologi Development Program af National Research Foundation (NRF) &#38; finansieres af den koreanske regering (MSIP &#38; MOHW) (nr. 2016M3A9B6904244). Vi takker også medlemmerne af lægemiddel Bioconvergence Research Center for rensning af exosome.

1. blok forberedelse, skæring, farvning og Imaging af Exosome
<ol>
	<li>Pellet exosomes fra cellekultur supernatant af HCT116 celler ved centrifugering ved 100.000 x g i 1,5 h23. Fjern supernatanten kultur og omhyggeligt fix renset exosome pellet med 1 mL 2,5% glutaraldehyd i 0,1 M natrium cacodylate løsning (pH 7,0) i 1 time ved 4 ° C. 0,1 M natrium cacodylate, opløse 4,28 g cacodylic syre i 160 mL destilleret vand (DW). Justere pH til 7.4 med 0,1 M HCl derefter fyldes op til 200 mL med des...

<ol>
	<li>Friend, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Observations+on+cell+lines+derived+from+a+patient+with+Hodgkin's+disease.">Observations on cell lines derived from a patient with Hodgkin's disease.</a> Cancer Res. 38 (8), 2581-2591 (1978).</li><li>Dvorak, H. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+shedding+and+coagulation.">Tumor shedding and coagulation.</a> Science. 212 (4497), 923-924 (1981).</li><li>Zaborowski, M. P., Balaj, L., Breakefield, X. O., Lai, C. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+Vesicles:+Composition,+Biological+Relevance,+and+Methods+of+Study.">Extracellular Vesicles: Composition, Biological Relevance, and Methods of Study.</a> Bioscience. 65 (8), 783-797 (2015).</li><li>Yanez-Mo, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+properties+of+extracellular+vesicles+and+their+physiological+functions.">Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions.</a> J Extracell Vesicles. 4, 27066 (2015).</li><li>Wu, Y., Deng, W., Klinke, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes:+improved+methods+to+characterize+their+morphology,+RNA+content,+and+surface+protein+biomarkers.">Exosomes: improved methods to characterize their morphology, RNA content, and surface protein biomarkers.</a> Analyst. 140 (19), 6631-6642 (2015).</li><li>Gyorgy, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+vesicles,+current+state-of-the-art:+emerging+role+of+extracellular+vesicles.">Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art: emerging role of extracellular vesicles.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 68 (16), 2667-2688 (2011).</li><li>Barile, L., Vassalli, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes:+Therapy+delivery+tools+and+biomarkers+of+diseases.">Exosomes: Therapy delivery tools and biomarkers of diseases.</a> Pharmacol Ther. , (2017).</li><li>Vlassov, A. V., Magdaleno, S., Setterquist, R., Conrad, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes:+current+knowledge+of+their+composition,+biological+functions,+and+diagnostic+and+therapeutic+potentials.">Exosomes: current knowledge of their composition, biological functions, and diagnostic and therapeutic potentials.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1820 (7), 940-948 (2012).</li><li>Villarroya-Beltri, C., Baixauli, F., Gutierrez-Vazquez, C., Sanchez-Madrid, F., Mittelbrunn, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sorting+it+out:+regulation+of+exosome+loading.">Sorting it out: regulation of exosome loading.</a> Semin Cancer Biol. 28, 3-13 (2014).</li><li>Thery, C., Ostrowski, M., Segura, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Membrane+vesicles+as+conveyors+of+immune+responses.">Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 9 (8), 581-593 (2009).</li><li>Camussi, G., Deregibus, M. C., Bruno, S., Cantaluppi, V., Biancone, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes/microvesicles+as+a+mechanism+of+cell-to-cell+communication.">Exosomes/microvesicles as a mechanism of cell-to-cell communication.</a> Kidney Int. 78 (9), 838-848 (2010).</li><li>Zaharie, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosome-Carried+microRNA-375+Inhibits+Cell+Progression+and+Dissemination+via+Bcl-2+Blocking+in+Colon+Cancer.">Exosome-Carried microRNA-375 Inhibits Cell Progression and Dissemination via Bcl-2 Blocking in Colon Cancer.</a> J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 24 (4), 435-443 (2015).</li><li>Fuhrmann, G., Neuer, A. L., Herrmann, I. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+vesicles+-+a+promising+avenue+for+the+detection+and+treatment+of+infectious+diseases?.">Extracellular vesicles - a promising avenue for the detection and treatment of infectious diseases?.</a> Eur J Pharm Biopharm. , (2017).</li><li>Lotvall, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimal+experimental+requirements+for+definition+of+extracellular+vesicles+and+their+functions:+a+position+statement+from+the+International+Society+for+Extracellular+Vesicles.">Minimal experimental requirements for definition of extracellular vesicles and their functions: a position statement from the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles.</a> J Extracell Vesicles. 3, 26913 (2014).</li><li>Liu, X., Wang, H. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+particle+electron+microscopy+reconstruction+of+the+exosome+complex+using+the+random+conical+tilt+method.">Single particle electron microscopy reconstruction of the exosome complex using the random conical tilt method.</a> J Vis Exp. (49), (2011).</li><li>Wang, J., Yao, Y., Wu, J., Li, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+analysis+of+exosomes+secreted+from+macrophages+extracted+by+different+methods.">Identification and analysis of exosomes secreted from macrophages extracted by different methods.</a> Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8 (6), 6135-6142 (2015).</li><li>Thery, C., Amigorena, S., Raposo, G., Clayton, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+exosomes+from+cell+culture+supernatants+and+biological+fluids.">Isolation and characterization of exosomes from cell culture supernatants and biological fluids.</a> Curr Protoc Cell Biol. , 22 (2006).</li><li>Mazzeo, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosome+secretion+by+eosinophils:+A+possible+role+in+asthma+pathogenesis.">Exosome secretion by eosinophils: A possible role in asthma pathogenesis.</a> J Allergy Clin Immunol. 135 (6), 1603-1613 (2015).</li><li>Sokolova, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterisation+of+exosomes+derived+from+human+cells+by+nanoparticle+tracking+analysis+and+scanning+electron+microscopy.">Characterisation of exosomes derived from human cells by nanoparticle tracking analysis and scanning electron microscopy.</a> Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 87 (1), 146-150 (2011).</li><li>Sharma, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural-mechanical+characterization+of+nanoparticle+exosomes+in+human+saliva,+using+correlative+AFM,+FESEM,+and+force+spectroscopy.">Structural-mechanical characterization of nanoparticle exosomes in human saliva, using correlative AFM, FESEM, and force spectroscopy.</a> ACS Nano. 4 (4), 1921-1926 (2010).</li><li>Raposo, G., Stoorvogel, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+vesicles:+exosomes,+microvesicles,+and+friends.">Extracellular vesicles: exosomes, microvesicles, and friends.</a> J Cell Biol. 200 (4), 373-383 (2013).</li><li>Bosch, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trehalose+prevents+aggregation+of+exosomes+and+cryodamage.">Trehalose prevents aggregation of exosomes and cryodamage.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 36162 (2016).</li><li>Lobb, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+exosome+isolation+protocol+for+cell+culture+supernatant+and+human+plasma.">Optimized exosome isolation protocol for cell culture supernatant and human plasma.</a> J Extracell Vesicles. 4, 27031 (2015).</li><li>Kim, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Caspase-8+controls+the+secretion+of+inflammatory+lysyl-tRNA+synthetase+in+exosomes+from+cancer+cells.">Caspase-8 controls the secretion of inflammatory lysyl-tRNA synthetase in exosomes from cancer cells.</a> J Cell Biol. , (2017).</li><li>Conde-Vancells, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+and+comprehensive+proteome+profiling+of+exosomes+secreted+by+hepatocytes.">Characterization and comprehensive proteome profiling of exosomes secreted by hepatocytes.</a> J Proteome Res. 7 (12), 5157-5166 (2008).</li><li>Kadiu, I., Narayanasamy, P., Dash, P. K., Zhang, W., Gendelman, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+and+biologic+characterization+of+exosomes+and+microvesicles+as+facilitators+of+HIV-1+infection+in+macrophages.">Biochemical and biologic characterization of exosomes and microvesicles as facilitators of HIV-1 infection in macrophages.</a> J Immunol. 189 (2), 744-754 (2012).</li><li>Gong, J., Korner, R., Gaitanos, L., Klein, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosomes+mediate+cell+contact-independent+ephrin-Eph+signaling+during+axon+guidance.">Exosomes mediate cell contact-independent ephrin-Eph signaling during axon guidance.</a> J Cell Biol. 214 (1), 35-44 (2016).</li><li>Melo, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glypican-1+identifies+cancer+exosomes+and+detects+early+pancreatic+cancer.">Glypican-1 identifies cancer exosomes and detects early pancreatic cancer.</a> Nature. 523 (7559), 177-182 (2015).</li><li>Valadi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exosome-mediated+transfer+of+mRNAs+and+microRNAs+is+a+novel+mechanism+of+genetic+exchange+between+cells.">Exosome-mediated transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs is a novel mechanism of genetic exchange between cells.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 9 (6), 654-659 (2007).</li><li>van Niel, G., Heyman, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+epithelial+cell+cytoskeleton+and+intracellular+trafficking.+II.+Intestinal+epithelial+cell+exosomes:+perspectives+on+their+structure+and+function.">The epithelial cell cytoskeleton and intracellular trafficking. II. Intestinal epithelial cell exosomes: perspectives on their structure and function.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 283 (2), G251-G255 (2002).</li></ol>

Denne artikel præsenterer en protokol til at observere de detaljerede exosome struktur og mærkning af dens specifikke proteiner. Negative farvning har været betragtet som den bedste metode til exosome imaging17. Denne konventionelle teknik har vist exosomes' kop-formet struktur. Men denne kop form er en form for artefakt, der kan opstå på grund af tørringsprocessen. Cryo-TEM resultater har vist, at exosomes har en perfekt kugleformet struktur i vandig opløsning25<sup...

Ekstracellulære vesikler (EVs) er lipid tolagede vesikler udskilles af celler, og deres størrelse varierer mellem 30 og 300 nm. Evt blev først rapporteret i 1978, med dokumentation fra vesikler af patienter med Hodgkins sygdom1. Disse vesikler blev rapporteret til at være 40 til 120 nanometer i størrelse. I 1980, blev det rapporteret, at evt er involveret i koagulation system og trombose, dannelsen af en blodprop i et blodkar i kræft patienter2. Efter 30 år, er evt blevet rapporteret til at være en vigtig faktor til fremme af tumor invasion, immun flugt og angiogenese3. Derudover er evt funktioner blevet undersøgt som lovgivere i cellulære vekselvirkninger i områderne af inflammation, immun sygdom, neurologiske sygdomme og kræft4. Da evt indeholder specifikke biomolekyler såsom protein, mRNA og mikroRNA5, har deres mulige anvendelse i diagnostik og terapi været analyseret6,7. Evt er en kategori består af undergrupper, herunder exosomes, prostasomes, oncosomes, dexosomes, mikropartikler, promininosomes, argosomes og exosome-lignende blærer, afhængigt af deres cellulære oprindelse og biologiske funktion3. Derudover kan baseret på deres Biogenese, disse evt opdeles i microvesicles (stald microvesicles, 100-1000 nm) og exosomes (30-300 nm)8,9. Blandt disse, er exosome blevet rapporteret som en celle communicator immunrespons10, kræft11,12og infektionssygdom13.
Interesse i exosomes som en biomarkør for tidlig diagnose er hastigt stigende, og oprensning og karakterisering af exosomes skal være ledsaget med molekylær billeddannelse teknikker. Varierende størrelser og morfologier af exosomes, afhængigt af deres oprindelse og funktion14, kan være kendetegnet ved mikroskopi-teknikker med høj opløsning, som Elektron Mikroskopi. De fleste exosomes blev visualiseret ved negative farves transmissions elektronmikroskopi (TEM)15,16,17, og disse resultater er blevet bekræftet ved immunolabeling af et bestemt protein i hele mount vesikel 18. flere forskergrupper har rapporteret struktur gennem Scanning elektronmikroskopi samt Atomic Force mikroskopi19,20Cryo-TEM21,22. Men mens disse teknikker er nyttige til at studere strukturen exosome, de er ikke tilstrækkelige til at observere placeringen af specifikke proteiner placeret inde exosome. Derfor introducerede vi en protokol for imaging exosomes med et specifikt protein mærkning. Vi anvendte blok forberedelse, ultratynde afsnitsinddeling og immunfarvning for uanmeldt proteinets detaljerede placering i exosome. Dette blev sammenlignet med negative farvning og hele mount immunfarvning, som traditionelt anvendes til karakterisering af exosome.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="583">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Glutaraldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">EMS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">16200</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Sodium cacodylate&#160;</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Osmium tetroxide 1 g crystal</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19100</td>
			<td>Use only in fume hood</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">acetone</td>
			<td>JUNSEI</td>
			<td>1B2031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Spurr medium</td>
			<td>TED PELLA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18108</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Ultra-microtome</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">UCT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Uranyl acetate</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">22400</td>
			<td>Hazardous chemical</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Lead citrate</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">17900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Transmission Electron Microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Hitachi</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">H7600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">nickel grid</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">EMS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G200-Ni</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Copper grid</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G200-Cu</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">glycine</td>
			<td>SIGMA</td>
			<td>022K5404</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Phosphate buffer saline</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Aurion</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25557</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">1st Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:81px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">purification in manually&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Purified anti-human CD274 (B7-H1, PD-L1) Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">BioLegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">329710</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Whole mount Immumogold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Purified Mouse IgG2b, &#954; Isotype Ctrl</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">BioLegend</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">401202</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Whole mount Immumogold (Control)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">2nd Anti-mouse igG conjugated 9-11 nm gold particle</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G7652</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">silver paint</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">CANS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CTP100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">aluminum stub</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">EMS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">75622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">FIB-SEM</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AURIGA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="43">
			<td height="43" style="height:43px;width:216px;">Transmission Electron Microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">JEOL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">JEM2200FS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Glow discharger</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">JEOL</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">JFC1100E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Carbon grid</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">121119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>EMS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">19210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Formvar carbon coated Copper Grid (200 meh)</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">EMS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FCF200-CU</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Formvar carbon coated&#160; Nickel Grid (200 mesh)</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">EMS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">FCF200-NI</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sample preparation and imaging of exosomes by transmission electron microscopy

Exosomes er nano-størrelse ekstracellulære vesikler udskilles af kropsvæsker og er kendt for at repræsentere kendetegn for celler, der udskiller dem. Indholdet og morfologi af de udskilles vesikler afspejler celle adfærd eller fysiologiske status, for eksempel cellevækst, migration, kavalergang og død. Exosomes' rolle kan afhænger meget af størrelse, og størrelsen af exosomes varierer fra 30 til 300 nm. Den mest udbredte metode for exosome billeddannelse er, negative farvning, mens andre resultater er baseret på Cryo-transmissions elektronmikroskopi, Scanning elektronmikroskopi og Atomic Force mikroskopi. Den typiske exosome morfologi vurderes gennem negative farvning er en VM-form, men yderligere detaljer endnu ikke er klar. En exosome godt karakteriseret gennem strukturelle undersøgelse er nødvendig især på lægelige og farmaceutiske område. Derfor bør funktion-afhængige morfologi verificeres ved elektronmikroskopi teknikker såsom mærkning et bestemt protein i den detaljerede struktur af exosome. For at overholde detaljerede struktur, blev ultratynde sektioneret og negative farvede billeder af exosomes sammenlignet. I denne protokol foreslår vi transmissions elektronmikroskopi til billeddannelse af exosomes herunder negative farvning, hele mount immuno-farvning, blok forberedelse, tynde sektion og immuno-guld mærkning.

I øjeblikket inddeles exosomes i kategorier størrelse og form af transmissions Elektron Mikroskopi. Figur 2 viser negative farves exosome og immun-mærket exosome i hele tilslutningsstatus. Figur 3 viser sektioneret exosome og immuno-mærket exosomes efter skæring af tynde. Immuno-guld farvning af antistoffer af specifikke proteiner bruges til positivt at identificere en exosome og klassificere typerne af proteiner i exosome. ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sample Preparation and Imaging of Exosomes by Transmission Electron Microscopy at JoVE.com

Sample Preparation and Imaging of Exosomes by Transmission Electron Microscopy

Forberedelse af prøver og billeddannelse af Exosomes af transmissions Elektron Mikroskopi

Denne protokol beskriver de forskellige teknikker, der er nødvendige for transmissions Elektron Mikroskopi herunder negative farvning, ultratynde skæring for detaljerede struktur, og immuno-guld mærkning for at bestemme positioner af specifikke proteiner i exosomes.

Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by body fluids and are known to represent the characteristics of cells that secrete them. The ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

Preparation of embryos for Electron Microscopy of the Drosophila embryonic heart tube

The morphogenesis of the Drosophila  embryonic heart tube has emerged as a valuable model system for studying cell migration, cell-cell adhesion and cell ...

Sample Preparation for Single Virion Atomic Force Microscopy and Super-resolution Fluorescence Imaging

Prøve forberedelse til single virion Atomic Force mikroskopi og superopløsning fluorescens Imaging

Immobilization of virions to glass surfaces is a critical step in single virion imaging. Here we present a technique&#160;adopted from single molecule ...

Cryo-electron Microscopy Specimen Preparation By Means Of a Focused Ion Beam

Cryo-Electron Microscopy Prøvepræparation ved hjælp af en målrettet Ion Beam

Here we present a protocol used to prepare cryo-TEM samples of Aspergillus niger spores, but which can easily be adapted for any number of microorganisms ...

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

In Vivo 4-Dimensional Tracking of Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Adult Mouse Calvarial Bone Marrow

In Vivo 4-Dimensional sporing af hæmatopoietisk stamcelletransplantation og stamcelle i Voksen Mouse calvarie knoglemarv

Through a delicate balance between quiescence and proliferation, self renewal and production of differentiated progeny, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ...

Tandem High-pressure Freezing and Quick Freeze Substitution of Plant Tissues for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Tandem Højtryks-Frysning og Quick Freeze Substitution af plantevævene for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Since the 1940s transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been providing biologists with ultra-high resolution images of biological materials. Yet, ...

Do's and Don'ts of Cryo-electron Microscopy: A Primer on Sample Preparation and High Quality Data Collection for Macromolecular 3D Reconstruction

SKAL og MÅ af Cryo-elektronmikroskopi: En primer på Prøveforberedelse og data af høj kvalitet Indsamling til Macromolecular 3D Genopbygning

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) entails flash-freezing a thin layer of sample on a support, and then visualizing the sample in its frozen hydrated state ...

Preparation and Observation of Thick Biological Samples by Scanning Transmission Electron Tomography

Forberedelse og Observation af Thick Biologiske prøver ved scanning Transmission Electron Tomography

This report describes a protocol for preparing thick biological specimens for further observation using a scanning transmission electron microscope. It ...

Miniaturized Sample Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy

Miniaturiserede prøveforberedelse til transmissions Elektron Mikroskopi

Due to recent technological progress, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is rapidly becoming a standard method for the structural analysis of protein ...

Biological Sample Preparation by High-pressure Freezing, Microwave-assisted Contrast Enhancement, and Minimal Resin Embedding for Volume Imaging

Biologiske prøveforberedelse højtryks frysebehandling, mikrobølgeovn-assisteret kontrastforbedring og Minimal harpiks indlejring for volumen Imaging

The described sample preparation technique is designed to combine the best quality of ultrastructural preservation with the most suitable contrast for the ...