Name: fragility assessment of bovine cortical bone using scratch tests
Uploaded: 2017-11-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fragility Assessment of Bovine Cortical Bone Using Scratch Tests at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af den civile afdeling og Environmental Engineering og College of Engineering på University of Illinois i Urbana-Champaign. Vi anerkender Ravindra Kinra og Kavita Kinra stipendium til støtte for studier af Kavya Mendu. Scanning Elektron Mikroskopi undersøgelsen blev foretaget på anlæg af Frederick Seitz materiale Research Laboratory og Beckman Institute på University of Illinois i Urbana-Champaign.

Bemærk: Den protokol, der er beskrevet her, følger retningslinjerne dyrs pleje af Illinois institutionelle dyrs pleje og brug udvalget.
1. eksemplar indkøb
<ol><li>Indsamle friskhøstede bovin lårben fra USA 's Department of landbrug USDA-certificeret slagteri og transportere dem i plastik air tight poser i et køligere. Bemærk: For undersøgelse foretaget her, lårben var opsamlet fra dyr, der var 24-30 måneder gamle, corn-fed og vejede omkring 1.000 - 1.100 pounds.</li>
	<li>Fryse...

<ol>
	<li>Akono, A., Reis, P., Ulm, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scratching+as+a+fracture+process:+From+butter+to+steel.">Scratching as a fracture process: From butter to steel.</a> Phys Rev Lett. 106 (20), 204302-204304 (2011).</li><li>Akono, A. T., Randall, N. X., Ulm, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+determination+of+the+fracture+toughness+via+microscratch+tests:+application+to+polymers,+ceramics,+and+metals.">Experimental determination of the fracture toughness via microscratch tests: application to polymers, ceramics, and metals.</a> J of Mat Res. 27 (02), 485-493 (2012).</li><li>Akono, A. T., Ulm, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+technique+for+characterizing+the+fracture+toughness+via+scratch+test+experiments.">An improved technique for characterizing the fracture toughness via scratch test experiments.</a> Wear. 313 (1-2), (2014).</li><li>Akono, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Energetic+size+effect+law+at+the+microscopic+scale:+Application+to+progressive-load+scratch+testing.">Energetic size effect law at the microscopic scale: Application to progressive-load scratch testing.</a> J of Nanomech and Micromech. 6 (2), (2016).</li><li>Kataruka, A., Mendu, K., Okeoghene, O., Puthuvelil, J., Akono, A. -. 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C., Bonfield, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crack+velocity+dependence+of+longitudinal+fracture+in+bone.">Crack velocity dependence of longitudinal fracture in bone.</a> J of Mat Sc. 15 (7), 1841-1849 (1980).</li><li>Mullins, L. P., Bruzzi, M. S., McHugh, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+the+microstructural+fracture+toughness+of+cortical+bone+using+indentation+fracture.">Measurement of the microstructural fracture toughness of cortical bone using indentation fracture.</a> J of Biomech. 40 (14), 3285-3288 (2007).</li><li>Harding, D. S., Oliver, W. C., Pharr, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cracking+during+nanoindentation+and+its+use+in+the+measurement+of+fracture+toughness.">Cracking during nanoindentation and its use in the measurement of fracture toughness.</a> MRS Proceedings. 356, 663-668 (1994).</li><li>Islam, A., Dong, X. N., Wang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanistic+modeling+of+a+nanoscratch+test+for+determination+of+in+situ+toughness+of+bone.">Mechanistic modeling of a nanoscratch test for determination of in situ toughness of bone.</a> J of the Mech Bhvr of Biomed Mat. 5 (1), 156-164 (2012).</li><li>McAlden, R. W., McGeogh, J. A., Barker, M. B., Court-Brown, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+changes+in+the+tensile+properties+of+cortical+bone:+the+relative+importance+of+changes+in+porosity,+mineralization+and+microstructure.">Age-related changes in the tensile properties of cortical bone: the relative importance of changes in porosity, mineralization and microstructure.</a> J. Bone Joint Surg. 75, 1193-1205 (1993).</li><li>Zioupos, P., Gresle, M., Winwood, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatigue+strength+of+human+cortical+bone:+age,+physical,+and+material+heterogeneity+effects.">Fatigue strength of human cortical bone: age, physical, and material heterogeneity effects.</a> J of Biomed Mat Res Part A. 86 (3), 627-636 (2008).</li><li>Linde, F., S&#248;rensen, H. C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+different+storage+methods+on+the+mechanical+properties+of+trabecular+bone.">The effect of different storage methods on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone.</a> J of Biomech. 26 (10), 1249-1252 (1993).</li><li>Zioupos, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accumulation+of+in-vivo+fatigue+microdamage+and+its+relation+to+biomechanical+properties+in+ageing+human+cortical+bone.">Accumulation of in-vivo fatigue microdamage and its relation to biomechanical properties in ageing human cortical bone.</a> J of Microscopy. 201 (2), 270-278 (2001).</li><li>Yan, J., Clifton, K. B., Mecholsky, J. J., Reep, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fracture+toughness+of+manatee+rib+and+bovine+femur+using+a+chevron-notched+beam+test.">Fracture toughness of manatee rib and bovine femur using a chevron-notched beam test.</a> J of Biomech. 39 (6), 1066-1074 (2006).</li><li>Xu, J., Rho, J. Y., Mishra, S. R., Fan, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atomic+force+microscopy+and+nanoindentation+characterization+of+human+lamellar+bone+prepared+by+microtome+sectioning+and+mechanical+polishing+technique.">Atomic force microscopy and nanoindentation characterization of human lamellar bone prepared by microtome sectioning and mechanical polishing technique.</a> J of Biomed Mat ResPart A. 67 (3), 719-726 (2003).</li><li>Yan, J., Mecholsky, J. J., Clifton, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+tough+is+bone?+Application+of+elastic–plastic+fracture+mechanics+to+bone.">How tough is bone? Application of elastic–plastic fracture mechanics to bone.</a> Bone. 40 (2), 479-484 (2007).</li><li>Ritchie, R. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+conflicts+between+strength+and+toughness.">The conflicts between strength and toughness.</a> Nat Mater. 10 (11), 817-822 (2011).</li><li>Kim, K. T., Ba&#382;ant, Z. P., Yu, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-uniqueness+of+cohesive-crack+stress-separation+law+of+human+and+bovine+bones+and+remedy+by+size+effect+tests.">Non-uniqueness of cohesive-crack stress-separation law of human and bovine bones and remedy by size effect tests.</a> Intrnl J of Frac. 181 (1), 67-81 (2013).</li><li>Bazant, Z. P., Planas, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fracture and size effect in concrete and other quasibrittle materials. 16, (1997).</li></ol>

Mikro Skrab tests fremkalde en blandet tilstand fraktur3. Desuden, i korte langsgående bovin kortikale knogle prøver, fraktur processer er aktiveret som sonden graver dybere. For en 3 mm lang ridse er prismatisk volumen aftestede omkring 3.600 µm lange, 600 µm bred og 480 µm dybt. Denne store mængde hjalp til at forudsige en homogeniseret svar. En ikke-lineær fraktur mekanik model gjort det muligt at udtrække fraktur modstand baseret på J-integreret beregning1</...

I denne undersøgelse måle vi brudsejhed bovin kompakt knogle fra mesoscale (osteons) til individuel (brudfremkaldende niveau) ved hjælp af en ny mikro Skrab teknik1,2,3,4, 5. Fraktur processer herunder knæk indledning og knæk opformering i knogle påvirkes direkte af længdeskalaer på grund af de forskellige strukturelle bestanddele og organisation på forskellige niveauer i hierarkiet. Derfor er vurdere knoglebrud på mindre længdeskalaer vigtigt at giver en grundlæggende forståelse af knogle skrøbelighed. På den ene side konventionelle tests såsom tre-punkts bøjning, kompakt spændinger, og flexure tests udføres almindeligvis på kvæg femur og tibia for fraktur karakterisering på makroskopisk skala6,7, 8. på den anden side for at måle brudsejhed på mikroskopisk skala, Vickers indrykning fraktur var foreslåede9. Micro indrykning blev udført ved hjælp af Vicker's indenter til at generere radiale sprækker. Derudover blev Oliver Pharr nanoindentation fracture sejhed metode udført ved hjælp af en skarp cube hjørne indenter10.
I de ovennævnte nanoindentation baseret fracture sejhed undersøgelser, længder af revner således genereret blev målt af observatøren og en semi-empiriske model blev brugt til at beregne brudsejhed. Men disse metoder er h├ªnger, subjektiv, og resultaterne er meget afhængige af observatørens dygtighed nødvendigt at måle den knæk længder ved hjælp af Optisk mikroskopi eller scanning elektronmikroskopi. Desuden bunden tests blev udført på nanoskala, men den underliggende matematisk model er ikke fysik-baseret så det ikke tager højde for reduktionen i styrke på grund af revner og mangler11. Således, en kløft af viden eksisterer: en metode for vurdering af knoglebrud på mikroskopiske niveau baseret på en fysik-baseret mekanistiske model. Denne forskel i viden motiveret anvendelse af mikro Skrab test til kompakte knogle ved først at fokusere på svin prøver5. Undersøgelsen er nu blevet yderligere udvidet for at forstå bovin kortikale knogle.
To forskellige orienteringer af enhederne er muligt: langsgående tværgående og korte langsgående. Langsgående tværgående svarer til fraktur Egenskaber vinkelret på længdeaksen af lårbenet. Paa korte langsgående svarer til egenskaberne fraktur langs den langsgående akse af lårbenet5. I denne undersøgelse anvender vi, ridse test til kvæg kortikale knogler til at karakterisere den knogle fraktur modstand i den korte langsgående retning.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Table Top Diamond Band Saw</td>
			<td>McMaster Carr, Elmhurst, IL</td>
			<td>Model&#160; C-40</td>
			<td>Blade speed of 40 mph; Blade dimensions: 37 inch in diameter, 0.02 inch wide and 0.14 inch deep</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buehler Isomet 5000 Precision Cutter</td>
			<td>Buehler,41 Waukegan Rd, Lake Bluff, IL 60044</td>
			<td>112780</td>
			<td>Blade speed in the range of 200-5000 rpm in 50 rpm incrments; 8 inch diamond wafering blade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Branson 5800 Ultrasonic Cleanser</td>
			<td>(Through) Grainger, Peoria, Illinois</td>
			<td>39J365</td>
			<td>Bransonic CPXH ultrasonic bath has a tank capacity of 2.5 gal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buehler Ecomet 250 Grinder - Polisher</td>
			<td>Buehler,41 Waukegan Rd, Lake Bluff, IL 60044</td>
			<td>497250</td>
			<td>8 inch base plate with a speed range from 10-500 rpm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anton Paar, CSM Instruments Micro scratch tester</td>
			<td>Anton Paar Switzerland AG</td>
			<td>163251</td>
			<td>Compact Platform, Acoutstic Emission Sensor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>JEOL 6060LV general purpose scanning electron microscope</td>
			<td>JEOL USA, Inc., Peabody, MA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Environmental scanning electron microscope which enables imaging at low vacuum levels.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Philips XL30 ESEM FEG&#160;</td>
			<td>FEI Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Wet mode working of the instrument enables imaging of non conductive samples without altering them&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Consumables</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Femur</td>
			<td>L&#38;M Slaughter house, Georgetown, IL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Corn fed, 24-30 month old mature bovine specimens.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alconox Powdered Precision Cleaner</td>
			<td>Alconox, Inc., 30 Glenn St., Ste. 309, White Plains, NY, 10603</td>
			<td>1104-1</td>
			<td>Biodegradable, Non caustic, Interfering-residue free</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic Plastic Casting</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>24210-02</td>
			<td>Polymethyl Methacrylate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CarbiMet SiC Abrasive Paper 400 grit, 8 inch, PSA backed</td>
			<td>Buehler,41 Waukegan Rd, Lake Bluff, IL 60044</td>
			<td>36080400</td>
			<td>Grinding - Abrasive Papers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CarbiMet SiC Abrasive Paper 600 grit, 8 inch, PSA backed</td>
			<td>Buehler,41 Waukegan Rd, Lake Bluff, IL 60044</td>
			<td>36080600</td>
			<td>Grinding - Abrasive Papers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroCut Discs 800 grit, 8 inch, PSA backed</td>
			<td>Buehler,41 Waukegan Rd, Lake Bluff, IL 60044</td>
			<td>36080800</td>
			<td>Grinding - Abrasive Papers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MicroCut Discs 800 grit, 8 inch, PSA backed</td>
			<td>Buehler,41 Waukegan Rd, Lake Bluff, IL 60044</td>
			<td>16081200</td>
			<td>Grinding - Abrasive Papers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Texmet P For 8&#39;&#39; Wheel PSA</td>
			<td>Buehler,41 Waukegan Rd, Lake Bluff, IL 60044</td>
			<td>407638</td>
			<td>Polishing Cloth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8&#39;&#39; Microcloth PSA</td>
			<td>Buehler,41 Waukegan Rd, Lake Bluff, IL 60044</td>
			<td>407518</td>
			<td>Polishing Cloth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meta Di Supreme Polycrystalline Diamond Suspension, 3 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Buehler,41 Waukegan Rd, Lake Bluff, IL 60044</td>
			<td>406631</td>
			<td>Polishing suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meta Di Supreme Polycrystalline Diamond Suspension, 1 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Buehler,41 Waukegan Rd, Lake Bluff, IL 60044</td>
			<td>406630</td>
			<td>Polishing suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meta Di Supreme Polycrystalline Diamond Suspension, 0.25 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Buehler,41 Waukegan Rd, Lake Bluff, IL 60044</td>
			<td>406629</td>
			<td>Polishing suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MasterPrep Polishing Suspension, 0.05&#181;m</td>
			<td>Buehler,41 Waukegan Rd, Lake Bluff, IL 60044</td>
			<td>40-6377-032</td>
			<td>Polishing suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS, calcium, magnesium, no phenol red</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14025126</td>
			<td>Buffer Solution</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fragility assessment of bovine cortical bone using scratch tests

Bone er en kompliceret hierarkisk materiale med fem forskellige niveauer af organisationen. Faktorer såsom aldring og sygdomme som knogleskørhed øge knogle, hvilket gør det brud-tilbøjelige skrøbelighed. På grund af den store socioøkonomiske konsekvenser for knoglebrud i vores samfund er der behov for nye måder at vurdere hver hierarkisk niveau af knogle mekanisk ydeevne. Selv om stivhed og styrke kan blive aftestede på alle skalaer-nano-, mikro-, meso-, og makroskopiske-fraktur vurdering har hidtil været begrænset til makroskopisk test. Denne begrænsning begrænser vores forståelse af knoglebrud og begrænser omfanget af laboratorium og kliniske undersøgelser. I denne forskning undersøger vi fraktur modstand af knoglen fra den mikroskopiske til mesoskopisk længdeskalaer med mikro Skrab tests kombineret med ikke-lineære fraktur mekanik. Testene udføres i korte langsgående orientering om bovin kortikale knogle prøver. En omhyggelig eksperimentel protokol er udviklet og et stort antal (102) af tests er foretaget til at vurdere brudsejhed af kortikale knogle enheder samtidig tegner sig for den heterogenitet, knyttet til knogle mikrostruktur.

Atomic force mikroskopi blev brugt til at måle ruhed af poleret overflade. Som en tommelfingerregel, modellen kvalificerer sig som et godt poleret, hvis den overfladeruhed er en størrelsesorden mindre end de overflade egenskaber af interesse. I dette tilfælde, den målte overfladeruhed 60 nm over en 40 µm x 40 µm område klart falder ind under dette kriterium.
Figur 4 viser kraft versus penetra...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fragility Assessment of Bovine Cortical Bone Using Scratch Tests at JoVE.com

Fragility Assessment of Bovine Cortical Bone Using Scratch Tests

Skrøbelighed vurdering af kvæg kortikale knogle ved hjælp af Scratch Tests

Denne undersøgelse vurderer bovin kortikale knogle på sub-meso niveauer ved hjælp af scratch mikroskopitest brudsejhed. Dette er en original, mål, strenge, og reproducerbar metode foreslået at sonde brudsejhed nedenfor på makroskopisk skala. Potentielle anvendelser er at studere ændringer i knoglen skrøbelighed på grund af sygdomme som knogleskørhed.

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IDG-SW3 Cell Culture in a Three-Dimensional Extracellular Matrix

IDG-SW3-cellekultur i en tredimensionel ekstracellulær matrix

Osteocytes are considered to be nonproliferative cells that are terminally differentiated from osteoblasts. Osteoblasts embedded in the bone extracellular ...