Name: subcellular fractionation for erk activation upon mitochondrial-derived peptide treatment
Uploaded: 2017-09-25T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subcellular Fractionation for ERK Activation Upon Mitochondrial-derived Peptide Treatment at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了埃里森/阿法尔博士后研究员在老龄化研究项目 SJK, 和格伦基金会奖和 NIH 授予 PC (1P01AG034906, 1R01GM 090311, 1R01ES 020812)。所有的作者都出现在影片中。

1. 对细胞的多肽处理 <ol> <li> 板 200万 SH-SY5Y 或 HEK293 细胞 (2 x 10 6 ) 放入10厘米的盘中并长出2天 </li> <li> (可选) 第二天, 用无血清的 Dulbecco 和 #39 清洗细胞; s 修改鹰培养基 (DMEM) 培养基一旦需要在血清自由介质中进行, 可以在一夜之间用血清自由 DMEM. </li>
	<li> 在3天, 溶解 S14G-humanin 肽在0.2 和 #181; m 过滤, 蒸馏水, 并重组为1mM 库存解决方案. 
	注: 多肽应溶于适当的溶剂, 这可以由肽的序?...

<ol>
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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanin:+a+novel+central+regulator+of+peripheral+insulin+action.">Humanin: a novel central regulator of peripheral insulin action.</a> PloS one. 4 (7), 6334 (2009).</li><li>Lee, C., Yen, K., Cohen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanin:+a+harbinger+of+mitochondrial-derived+peptides.">Humanin: a harbinger of mitochondrial-derived peptides.</a> Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 24 (5), 222-228 (2013).</li><li>Kim, S. J., Guerrero, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mitochondrial-derived+peptide+humanin+activates+the+ERK1/2,+AKT,+and+STAT3+signaling+pathways+and+has+age-dependent+signaling+differences+in+the+hippocampus.">The mitochondrial-derived peptide humanin activates the ERK1/2, AKT, and STAT3 signaling pathways and has age-dependent signaling differences in the hippocampus.</a> Oncotarget. 7 (30), 46899-46912 (2016).</li><li>Ying, G., Iribarren, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanin,+a+newly+identified+neuroprotective+factor,+uses+the+G+protein-coupled+formylpeptide+receptor-like-1+as+a+functional+receptor.">Humanin, a newly identified neuroprotective factor, uses the G protein-coupled formylpeptide receptor-like-1 as a functional receptor.</a> J. Immunol. 172 (11), 7078-7085 (2004).</li><li>Zhang, W., Liu, H. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MAPK+signal+pathways+in+the+regulation+of+cell+proliferation+in+mammalian+cells.">MAPK signal pathways in the regulation of cell proliferation in mammalian cells.</a> Cell Res. 12 (1), 9-18 (2002).</li><li>Huang, C., Jacobson, K., Schaller, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MAP+kinases+and+cell+migration.">MAP kinases and cell migration.</a> J. Cell Sci. 117, 4619-4628 (2004).</li><li>Cagnol, S., Chambard, J. -. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERK+and+cell+death:+mechanisms+of+ERK-induced+cell+death--apoptosis,+autophagy+and+senescence.">ERK and cell death: mechanisms of ERK-induced cell death--apoptosis, autophagy and senescence.</a> FEBS J. 277 (1), 2-21 (2010).</li><li>Raman, M., Chen, W., Cobb, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+regulation+and+properties+of+MAPKs.">Differential regulation and properties of MAPKs.</a> Oncogene. 26 (22), 3100-3112 (2007).</li><li>Morrison, D. K., Davis, R. 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Cell Biol. 39, 15-20 (2016).</li><li>Zehorai, E., Yao, Z., Plotnikov, A., Seger, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+subcellular+localization+of+MEK+and+ERK--a+novel+nuclear+translocation+signal+(NTS)+paves+a+way+to+the+nucleus.">The subcellular localization of MEK and ERK--a novel nuclear translocation signal (NTS) paves a way to the nucleus.</a> Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 314 (2), 213-220 (2010).</li><li>Kolch, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coordinating+ERK/MAPK+signalling+through+scaffolds+and+inhibitors.">Coordinating ERK/MAPK signalling through scaffolds and inhibitors.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6 (11), 827-837 (2005).</li><li>Horbinski, C., Chu, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinase+signaling+cascades+in+the+mitochondrion:+a+matter+of+life+or+death.">Kinase signaling cascades in the mitochondrion: a matter of life or death.</a> Free Radic. Biol. Med. 38 (1), 2-11 (2005).</li><li>Aebersold, D. M., Shaul, Y. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+signal-regulated+kinase+1c+(ERK1c),+a+novel+42-kilodalton+ERK,+demonstrates+unique+modes+of+regulation,+localization.">Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1c (ERK1c), a novel 42-kilodalton ERK, demonstrates unique modes of regulation, localization.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 24 (22), 10000-10015 (2004).</li><li>Zhu, J. -. H., Guo, F., Shelburne, J., Watkins, S., Chu, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+of+phosphorylated+ERK/MAP+kinases+to+mitochondria+and+autophagosomes+in+Lewy+body+diseases.">Localization of phosphorylated ERK/MAP kinases to mitochondria and autophagosomes in Lewy body diseases.</a> Brain Pathol. 13 (4), 473-481 (2003).</li><li>Cobb, L. J., Lee, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naturally+occurring+mitochondrial-derived+peptides+are+age-dependent+regulators+of+apoptosis,+insulin+sensitivity,+and+inflammatory+markers.">Naturally occurring mitochondrial-derived peptides are age-dependent regulators of apoptosis, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory markers.</a> Aging. 8 (4), 796-809 (2016).</li><li>Ihle, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Stat+family+in+cytokine+signaling.">The Stat family in cytokine signaling.</a> Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13 (2), 211-217 (2001).</li><li>Xu, Y. S., Liang, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=STAT3+Undergoes+Acetylation-dependent+Mitochondrial+Translocation+to+Regulate+Pyruvate+Metabolism.">STAT3 Undergoes Acetylation-dependent Mitochondrial Translocation to Regulate Pyruvate Metabolism.</a> Sci. Rep. 6 (1), 39517 (2016).</li><li>You, L., Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+STAT3+in+autophagy.">The role of STAT3 in autophagy.</a> Autophagy. 11 (5), 729-739 (2015).</li><li>Hashimoto, Y., Niikura, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detailed+characterization+of+neuroprotection+by+a+rescue+factor+humanin+against+various+Alzheimer's+disease-relevant+insults.">Detailed characterization of neuroprotection by a rescue factor humanin against various Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults.</a> The J Neurosci. 21 (23), 9235-9245 (2001).</li><li>Ying, G., Iribarren, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanin,+a+newly+identified+neuroprotective+factor,+uses+the+G+protein-coupled+formylpeptide+receptor-like-1+as+a+functional+receptor.">Humanin, a newly identified neuroprotective factor, uses the G protein-coupled formylpeptide receptor-like-1 as a functional receptor.</a> J. Immunol. 172 (11), 7078-7085 (2004).</li><li>Hashimoto, Y., Kurita, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humanin+inhibits+apoptosis+in+pituitary+tumor+cells+through+several+signaling+pathways+including+NF-&#954;B+activation.">Humanin inhibits apoptosis in pituitary tumor cells through several signaling pathways including NF-&#954;B activation.</a> Mol. Biol. Cell. 20 (12), 2864-2873 (2009).</li></ol>

在这里, 我们证明了 humanin 肽介导的 ERK1/2 活化发生在两种不同的细胞类型, 并根据条件 (例如, 肽的剂量, 时间点和细胞, 活化 ERK1/2 的亚单位的本地化可以是不同的。类型)。它已经表明, humanin 信号通过两个不同的受体22,23, 这可能解释两个细胞线之间的信号的差异, 以及对不同剂量的 humanin 的要求。这方面的生理意义还没有得到充分的研究, 但它可...

新兴研究表明, 线粒体衍生肽 (mdp) 在细胞和新陈代谢中起重要作用1,2,3。了解 mdp 存在下的信号转导通路, 可以让我们洞察 mdp 调节各种功能的机制。第一个确定的 MDP, humanin, 已证明增加细胞外信号调节激酶 1/2 (ERK1/2) 磷酸化通过其受体结合4,5。然而, ERK1/2 活化的下游效应仍 (。
ERK1/2 级联在各种细胞过程中起着重要的中介作用, 包括增殖、细胞迁移、细胞代谢、存活和凋亡6、7、8。为了协调所有这些不同的细胞过程, ERK1/2 的活性和亚型定位受到磷酸和支架蛋白的严格调控9,10。除了修饰修改, ERK1/2 的动态穿梭还调节其信号功能、活动和特异性11,12。ERK1/2 主要在胞13中进行本地化。一组锚和支架蛋白有助于保留 ERK1/2 在骨架元素, 在细胞器表面, 或在细胞质中扩散13。在刺激下, ERK1/2 磷酸化并与它的锚固蛋白分离, 允许 ERK1/2 转移到其他亚细胞室, 包括细胞核、线粒体、高尔基体和溶酶体14,15,16。
虽然 humanin 是已知的激活 ERK1/2 信号通路, ERK1/2 的激活只观察到总细胞裂解。如前所述, 由于 ERK1/2 亚细胞定位在其下游效应中起着至关重要的作用, 对亚细胞定位和磷酸化 ERK1/2 的总水平的分析是必要的, 以提供全面的理解humanin 诱导的 ERK1/2 活化和下游靶点的活化。
为了了解活化 ERK1/2 的靶细胞器, 进行了亚细胞分离, 其次为磷酸化 ERK1/2。这种方法可以很容易地实现, 因为它利用标准的实验室设备和试剂。分离的亚细胞室纯度高, 能使结果得到直截了当的解释。免疫的 ERK1/2 可能产生类似的结果。然而, 某些亚细胞隔间相对来说很难形象化, 需要特殊的固定和性方法。ERK1/2 的水平在亚细胞间不同, 这种变化可能导致假阳性和假阴性信号时, 看整个单元裂解。因此, 一个免疫使用孤立的亚细胞舱室让我们更好地了解 ERK1/2 的本地化。
该方法的通用性, 使该协议的修改, 以调查其他兴奋剂的影响, 包括其他 mdp 或其他信号分子的易位, 如 STAT3。最近发现的小 humanin 样肽 (SHLPs) 是编码从 16S rRNA 地区的 humanin 编码, 他们有相似的, 但独特的属性相比,17。例如, SHLP2 和 SHLP3 激活 ERK1/2 后8小时, 虽然 humanin 激活 ERK1/2 在5分钟内. 研究 ERK1/2 的亚细胞定位对不同肽的反应将使我们更好地了解这些肽的生物学。新的证据表明, 信号分子的亚细胞定位在其下游效应中起着至关重要的作用。例如, STAT3 传统上是已知的主要是在胞的休眠细胞, 然后它 translocates 到细胞核激活基因表达, 以响应细胞因子18。STAT3 也 translocates 线粒体和调节 TCA 循环和 ATP 生产19。关于自噬调控, 不同的亚细胞定位 STAT3 调节自噬的各种方式20。例如, 核 STAT3 转录调节自噬相关基因, 并充当自噬调制器。胞质 STAT3 组成通过与自噬信号分子相互作用抑制吞噬。线粒体 STAT3 抑制和防止 mitophagy 的氧化应激诱导自噬。因此, 这种亚细胞隔离方法对于理解其他信号分子以及 ERK1/2 的作用是至关重要的。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2)</td>
			<td>Cell signaling</td>
			<td>9102</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phospho-p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2)(Thr202/Tyr204)</td>
			<td>Cell signaling</td>
			<td>4370</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lamin B1</td>
			<td>Cell signaling</td>
			<td>12586</td>
			<td>Nuclear Marker, Dilution 1:1,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GAPDH</td>
			<td>Cell signaling</td>
			<td>5174</td>
			<td>Cytoplasmic marker, Dilution 1:2,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tom20</td>
			<td>Santa cruz</td>
			<td>SC-17764</td>
			<td>Mitochondria marker, Dilution 1:2,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-Rabbit-HRP conjugated</td>
			<td>Cell signaling</td>
			<td>7074</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:30,000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RIPA Lysis and Extraction Buffer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>89900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm Culture Dish</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>12556002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HNG peptide</td>
			<td>Genescript</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25mm sylinge filter</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>09-719A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M8266</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G9012</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>BP151-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>3609</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MOPS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M1254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E3889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S7903</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-base</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>BP152-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCL</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H1758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-512F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Scraper</td>
			<td>FALCON</td>
			<td>353085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halt&#8482; Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail (100X)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>78440</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thomas Pestle Tissue Grinder Assemblies with Smooth Pestles</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>3432S90</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween-20</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>BP337-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>BP1600-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-16% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Protein Gels</td>
			<td>BIO RAD</td>
			<td>4561104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Trans-Blot Module</td>
			<td>BIO RAD</td>
			<td>1658030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-Blot Turbo Transfer System</td>
			<td>BIO RAD</td>
			<td>1704150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-Blot Turbo RTA Mini PVDF Transfer Kit</td>
			<td>BIO RAD</td>
			<td>1704272</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clarity Western ECL Blotting Substrates</td>
			<td>BIO RAD</td>
			<td>1705060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Restore Western blot stripping buffer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>21059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonicator, Medel: FB120</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher SCIENTIFIC</td>
			<td>695320-07-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

subcellular fractionation for erk activation upon mitochondrial-derived peptide treatment

线粒体衍生肽 (mdp) 是一种新的肽类, 是由小开放阅读框架编码的其他已知基因的线粒体基因组。mdp 具有多种生物效应, 如保护神经细胞不受细胞凋亡, 改善代谢标志物, 以及保护细胞免受化疗。Humanin 是第一个被发现的 MDP, 是 MDP 家族中最受研究的肽。humanin 的膜受体和下游信号通路都经过了细致的表征。更多的 mdp, 如妙语和 SHLP1-6, 最近发现和信号机制尚未阐明。在这里, 我们描述了一种基于细胞培养的方法来确定这些肽的功能。特别是, 细胞分馏技术结合与西方印迹允许定量确定的激活和易位的重要信号分子。虽然还有其他的细胞分离方法, 这里描述的是一个简单明了的方法。这些方法可用于进一步阐明这些肽和其他治疗剂的作用机理。

使用这里介绍的过程, 我们对待 HEK293 和 SH-SY5Y 细胞与1μ m 和100μ m S14G-humanin, 一个强有力的 humanin 模拟21分别, 在完全媒介为被表明的时间期间 (图 1a和图 1 B). 然后, 我们检查了 ERK1/2 在202/Tyr204从总蛋白提取物的总和磷酸化形式。S14G-humanin 治疗显示, 在其监管的202</su...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Subcellular Fractionation for ERK Activation Upon Mitochondrial-derived Peptide Treatment at JoVE.com

Subcellular Fractionation for ERK Activation Upon Mitochondrial-derived Peptide Treatment

该协议描述了如何刺激细胞线粒体衍生肽, 并评估信号级联和定位的磷蛋白。

线粒体源肽治疗中 ERK 活化的亚细胞分离

Mitochondrial-derived peptides (MDPs) are a new class of peptides that are encoded by small open reading frames within other known genes of the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts

制备及分馏爪蟾卵提取

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical ...

科研

生物学

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

液相恢复GELFREE 8100分馏系统使用基于分子量分馏

The GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System is a novel protein fractionation system designed to maximize protein recovery during molecular weight based ...

In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells

In situ Subcellular Fractionation of Adherent and Non-adherent Mammalian Cells

原位贴壁和非贴壁的哺乳动物细胞的亚细胞分馏

Protein function is intimately coupled to protein localization. Although some proteins are restricted to a specific location or subcellular compartment, ...

RhoC GTPase Activation Assay

RhoC的GTP酶激活法

RhoC GTPase has 91% homology to RhoA GTPase.  Because of its prevalence in cells, many reagents and techniques for RhoA GTPase have been developed.  ...

Mutagenesis and Functional Analysis of Ion Channels Heterologously Expressed in Mammalian Cells

异源表达在哺乳动物细胞离子通道的突变和功能分析

We will demonstrate how to study the functional effects of introducing a point mutation in an ion channel. We study G protein-gated inwardly rectifying ...

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

Metabolic Labeling and Membrane Fractionation for Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Suspension Cell Cultures

代谢标记和膜分馏的比较蛋白质组学分析<em&gt;拟南芥</em&gt;悬浮细胞培养

Plasma membrane microdomains are features based on the physical properties of the lipid and sterol environment and have particular roles in signaling ...

Intravital Microscopy for Imaging Subcellular Structures in Live Mice Expressing Fluorescent Proteins

活体显微镜成像的亚细胞结构的活体小鼠表达荧光蛋白

Here we describe a procedure to image subcellular structures in live rodents that is based on the use of confocal intravital microscopy. As a model organ, ...

Imaging Cell Membrane Injury and Subcellular Processes Involved in Repair

成像生物膜损伤和参与亚细胞修复过程

The ability of injured cells to heal is a fundamental cellular process, but cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in healing injured cells are poorly ...

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

Methods to Assess Subcellular Compartments of Muscle in C. elegans

方法来评估肌肉的亚细胞中<em&gt;温度。线虫</em

Muscle is a dynamic tissue that responds to changes in nutrition, exercise, and disease state. The loss of muscle mass and function with disease and age ...