Name: methods for analyzing the impacts of natural uranium on in vitro osteoclastogenesis
Uploaded: 2018-01-30T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis at JoVE.com

作者想感谢尚塔尔 cro 的技术援助。 这项研究的经费来自 "科特布斯 Atomique 和辅助能源替代品" (URANOs-方案横向 de Toxicologie 杜-cea 和 CPRR cea-阿海珐), 以及来自国际抵抗力量 (铀的毒性: 矿的多级方法过程中的骨骼, ANR-16-CE34-0003)。这项工作也得到了尼斯大教堂-安蒂波利斯和 CNRS 大学的支持。

1. 醋酸铀溶液的制备
<ol><li>要准备2毫升的一个100毫米铀醋酸溶液, 添加85毫克的铀乙酸酯 (上2(OCOCH3)2, 2H2O;M = 424 克. 摩尔-1) 固态到5毫升塑料管。</li>
	<li>将2毫升蒸馏水加入塑料管, 并将其与塑料塞子配合。</li>
	<li>用力摇动管子, 直到固体完全溶解为止。把溶液放到冰箱里24小时。 警告: 铀 (VI) 的操作会带来一些化学和放射性的危害。所有的样品都要准?...

<ol>
	<li>Keith, S., Faroon, O., Roney, N., Scinicariello, F., Wilbur, S., Ingerman, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Toxicological+profile+for+uranium.">Toxicological profile for uranium.</a> Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. , (2013).</li><li>Ballou, J. E., Gies, R. A., Case, A. C., Haggard, D. L., Buschbom, R. L., Ryan, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deposition+and+early+disposition+of+inhaled+233UO2(NO3)2+and+232UO2(NO3)2+in+the+rat.">Deposition and early disposition of inhaled 233UO2(NO3)2 and 232UO2(NO3)2 in the rat.</a> Health Phys. 51 (6), 755-771 (1986).</li><li>Kathren, R. L., McInroy, J. F., Moore, R. H., Dietert, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uranium+in+the+tissues+of+an+occupationally+exposed+individual.">Uranium in the tissues of an occupationally exposed individual.</a> Health Phys. 57 (1), 17-21 (1989).</li><li>Kurttio, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Renal+effects+of+uranium+in+drinking+water.">Renal effects of uranium in drinking water.</a> Environ.Health Perspect. 110 (4), 337-342 (2002).</li><li>Leggett, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basis+for+the+ICRP's+age-specific+biokinetic+model+for+uranium.">Basis for the ICRP's age-specific biokinetic model for uranium.</a> Health Phys. 67 (6), 589-610 (1994).</li><li>Vidaud, C., Bourgeois, D., Meyer, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+as+target+organ+for+metals:+the+case+of+f-elements.">Bone as target organ for metals: the case of f-elements.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 25 (6), 1161-1175 (2012).</li><li>Arzuaga, X., Gehlhaus, M., Strong, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modes+of+action+associated+with+uranium+induced+adverse+effects+in+bone+function+and+development.">Modes of action associated with uranium induced adverse effects in bone function and development.</a> Toxicol. Lett. 236 (2), 123-130 (2015).</li><li>Ikeda, K., Takeshita, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+osteoclast+differentiation+and+function+in+skeletal+homeostasis.">The role of osteoclast differentiation and function in skeletal homeostasis.</a> J. Biochem. 159 (1), 1-8 (2016).</li><li>Teiltelbaum, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+osteoclast+and+its+unique+cytoskeleton.">The osteoclast and its unique cytoskeleton.</a> Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1240, 14-17 (2011).</li><li>Nesbitt, S. A., Horton, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trafficking+of+matrix+collagens+through+bone-resorbing+osteoclasts.">Trafficking of matrix collagens through bone-resorbing osteoclasts.</a> Science. 276 (5310), 266-269 (1997).</li><li>Salo, J., Lehenkari, P., Mulari, M., Metsikko, K., Vaananen, H. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Removal+of+osteoclast+bone+resorption+products+by+transcytosis.">Removal of osteoclast bone resorption products by transcytosis.</a> Science. 276 (5310), 270-273 (1997).</li><li>Pierrefite-Carle, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+natural+uranium+on+the+UMR-106+osteoblastic+cell+line:+impairment+of+the+autophagic+process+as+an+underlying+mechanism+of+uranium+toxicity.">Effect of natural uranium on the UMR-106 osteoblastic cell line: impairment of the autophagic process as an underlying mechanism of uranium toxicity.</a> Arch. Toxicol. 91 (4), 1903-1914 (2017).</li><li>Ubios, A. M., Guglielmotti, M. B., Steimetz, T., Cabrini, R. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uranium+inhibits+bone+formation+in+physiologic+alveolar+bone+modeling+and+remodeling.">Uranium inhibits bone formation in physiologic alveolar bone modeling and remodeling.</a> Environ. Res. 54 (1), 17-23 (1991).</li><li>Bozal, C. B., Martinez, A. B., Cabrini, R. L., Ubios, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+ethane-1-+hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonate+(EHBP)+on+endochondral+ossification+lesions+induced+by+a+lethal+oral+dose+of+uranyl+nitrate.">Effect of ethane-1- hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonate (EHBP) on endochondral ossification lesions induced by a lethal oral dose of uranyl nitrate.</a> Arch. Toxicol. 79 (8), 475-481 (2005).</li><li>Kurttio, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+as+a+possible+target+of+chemical+toxicity+of+natural+uranium+in+drinking+water.">Bone as a possible target of chemical toxicity of natural uranium in drinking water.</a> Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (1), 68-72 (2005).</li><li>Collin-Osdoby, P., Osdoby, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RANKL-mediated+osteoclast+formation+from+murine+RAW+264.7+cells.">RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation from murine RAW 264.7 cells.</a> Methods Mol. Biol. 816, 187-202 (2012).</li><li>Beranger, G. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+binding+of+poly(ADP-Ribose)+polymerase-1+and+JunD/Fra2+accounts+for+RANKL-induced+Tcirg1+gene+expression+during+osteoclastogenesis.">Differential binding of poly(ADP-Ribose) polymerase-1 and JunD/Fra2 accounts for RANKL-induced Tcirg1 gene expression during osteoclastogenesis.</a> J. Bone Miner. Res. 22 (7), 975-983 (2007).</li><li>Mirto, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+uranium(VI)+speciation+for+the+evaluation+of+in+vitro+uranium+cytotoxicity+on+LLC-PK1+cells.">Influence of uranium(VI) speciation for the evaluation of in vitro uranium cytotoxicity on LLC-PK1 cells.</a> Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 18 (3), 180-187 (1999).</li><li>Carri&#232;re, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+uranium+speciation+on+normal+rat+kidney+(NRK-52E)+proximal+cell+cytotoxicity.">Influence of uranium speciation on normal rat kidney (NRK-52E) proximal cell cytotoxicity.</a> Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17 (3), 446-452 (2004).</li><li>Milgram, S., Carri&#232;re, M., Malaval, L., Gouget, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+accumulation+and+distribution+of+uranium+and+lead+in+osteoblastic+cells+as+a+function+of+their+speciation.">Cellular accumulation and distribution of uranium and lead in osteoblastic cells as a function of their speciation.</a> Toxicology. 252 (1-3), 26-32 (2008).</li><li>Milgram, S., Carri&#232;re, M., Thiebault, C., Malaval, L., Gouget, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cytotoxic+and+phenotypic+effects+of+uranium+and+lead+on+osteoblastic+cells+are+highly+dependent+on+metal+speciation.">Cytotoxic and phenotypic effects of uranium and lead on osteoblastic cells are highly dependent on metal speciation.</a> Toxicology. 250 (1), 62-69 (2008).</li><li>Studzinski, G. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Cell Growth, Differentiation and Senescence A Practical Approach. , (1999).</li><li>Gritsaenko, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Natural+uranium+impairs+the+differentiation+and+the+resorbing+function+of+osteoclasts.">Natural uranium impairs the differentiation and the resorbing function of osteoclasts.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1861 (4), 715-726 (2017).</li><li>Motiur Rahman, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proliferation-coupled+osteoclast+differentiation+by+RANKL:+Cell+density+as+a+determinant+of+osteoclast+formation.">Proliferation-coupled osteoclast differentiation by RANKL: Cell density as a determinant of osteoclast formation.</a> Bone. 81, 392-399 (2015).</li></ol>

据我们所知, 这是第一次详细的程序, 目的是研究天然铀对骨吸收细胞的影响。这种方法将有助于更好地了解铀对骨骼生理的影响, 并可能为铀合剂的筛选提供一个有趣的新工具。此外, 我们认为, 此处所述的议定书可用于研究其他重金属对 osteoclatogenesis 的影响。
众所周知, 铀在培养基中与无机和有机成分复合,18,19,<sup class="xr...

铀是一种天然存在于土壤、空气和水中的放射性元素;因此, 动物和人类在他们的饮食中接触到天然铀。除天然来源外, 铀来源于人为活动, 增加了其在环境中的丰度。铀造成化学和放射性危害。然而, 由于天然铀 (这是一种含有 99.27% 238u、0.72% 235u 和 0.006% 234u) 的同位素混合物, 具有低特定活动 (25.10 3. g-1), 其对健康的影响归因于其化学毒性。
无论其进入途径 (吸入、摄食或皮肤暴露), 大多数进入人体的铀都是用粪便清除的, 只有一小部分到达全身循环。大约67% 的铀在血液中依次被肾脏过滤, 并在 24 h1内将身体留在尿液中。其余部分大多沉积在肾脏和骨骼中, 两个主要靶器官的铀毒性2,3,4。由于骨架已被确定为铀长期保留期的主要站点2,3,4,5,6, 已进行了几项研究, 以探索铀对骨生理的影响7。
骨是一种矿化组织, 在其一生中不断被重塑。骨重塑是一个复杂的过程, 依赖于专门的细胞类型和主要包括两个阶段: 前已存在的旧基质的骨吸收, 然后再由成骨细胞构建。破骨细胞是由造血原细胞融合而成的大型多干细胞, 移植到它们附着在骨8的吸收部位。他们的附件同时发生与他们的细胞骨架的广泛的整顿9。这种重组需要建立在细胞和骨表面之间的隔离隔间, 其中的破骨体分泌质子, 导致羟基磷灰石的溶解, 以及参与降解的蛋白酶有机基质。由此产生的降解产物是 endocytosed 的, 通过细胞传送到与骨表面相对的膜区并分泌, 这一过程称为 transcytosis10,11。
结果从体内和体外研究表明, 铀抑制骨形成和改变成骨细胞的数量和活性7,12。相比之下, 铀对骨质吸收和破骨细胞的影响却没有得到很好的探索。几个体内研究报告了铀硝酸对小鼠或大鼠的骨吸收的增强作用13,14。此外, 一项流行病学调查表明, 通过饮水增加的铀摄入量往往与男子15的骨吸收标记物的血清水平增加有关。综上所述, 这些结果导致了这样的结论: 铀积累在骨骼中可以促进骨吸收。然而, 涉及铀的这种潜在作用的细胞机制仍然是一个有待商榷的问题。因此, 我们决定研究铀对吸收骨细胞行为的影响。
在这里, 我们描述的协议, 我们已经建立的特点和量化的影响, 天然铀的前破骨细胞的生存能力和破骨细胞分化和吸收活动。本文所述的实验已经完成了原始的264.7 小鼠转化巨噬细胞系, 这可以很容易地区分成骨细胞时, 培养在存在的因子 RANKL 4 或5天, 这是经典的研究破骨细胞分化与功能16。所开发的程序是可靠的, 给予高度重现性的结果, 完全适用于原发性破骨细胞。基于所有这些原因, 我们认为这种方法有助于更好地了解骨中铀毒性所涉及的分子机制。此外, 我们认为, 这一方法可作为筛选新的铀螯合剂的工具加以调整。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-604F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-MEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE12-169F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EMEM without phenol red</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-668E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water for cell culture</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>BE17-724F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;L-Glutamine solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan Blue Solution 0.4%</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HyClone fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>GE Life Sciences</td>
			<td>SH30071.03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7.5% sodium bicarbonate aqueous solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acid Phosphatase, Lekocyte (TRAP) kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>387A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide (MTT) powder</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M5655</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alizarin Red S sodium salt, 1% w/v aq. sol.</td>
			<td>Alfa Aeros</td>
			<td>42746</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osteoassay bone resorption plates, 24 well plates</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td>3987</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multiwell 24 well plates</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flask 75 cm2</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polypropylene Conical Tubes 50 ml</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell scrapers 30 cm</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>90003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methods for analyzing the impacts of natural uranium on in vitro osteoclastogenesis

铀已经被证明会干扰骨骼生理学, 并且它是公认的, 这种金属在骨骼中积累。然而, 对于天然铀对骨细胞行为的影响却知之甚少。特别是, 铀对破骨细胞的影响, 即负责骨质基质的吸收, 没有记录在案。为了研究这个问题, 我们已经建立了一个新的协议, 使用铀乙酸作为天然铀的来源和小鼠的原始264.7 细胞系作为破骨前体的模型。在这里, 我们详细介绍了测试铀对破骨细胞的毒性作用所需的所有化验结果, 并评估其对破的影响, 以及成熟破骨的吸收功能。我们所开发的条件, 特别是用于制备含铀的培养基和原始264.7 细胞的播种, 可以获得可靠和高度的生殖结果。此外, 我们还优化了使用软件工具, 以方便分析各种参数, 如破骨细胞的大小或吸收矩阵的百分比。

抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶染色被用来可视化破骨细胞为具有3或更多核的大紫细胞核。在 RANKL 和铀离子的存在下培养的原始264.7 细胞获得的破骨组织的代表性图像如图 1所示。在整个水井和放大的图片中, 对铀的反应中, 破骨细胞的数量和大小的变化是很容易看到的。
使用 ImageJ 软件 (图 2...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis at JoVE.com

Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis

众所周知, 铀会影响骨骼的新陈代谢。在这里, 我们提出了一项协议, 目的是研究天然铀暴露对破骨细胞的活性、分化和功能的影响, 这是负责骨质吸收的单元。

天然铀对体外破影响的分析方法

Uranium has been shown to interfere with bone physiology and it is well established that this metal accumulates in bone. However, little is known about ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Methods for Analyzing the Impacts of Natural Uranium on In Vitro Osteoclastogenesis

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

Production and Use of Lentivirus to Selectively Transduce Primary Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells for In Vitro Myelination Assays

生产和使用慢病毒的有选择性地转导原少突胶质前体细胞<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;髓鞘测定

Myelination is a complex process that involves both neurons and the myelin forming glial cells, oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and ...

科研

发育生物学

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

胸腺表征祖定居在小鼠胚胎使用<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;和<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;测定

Characterizing thymic settling progenitors is important to understand the pre-thymic stages of T cell development, essential to devise strategies for T ...

Alginate Encapsulation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Co-axial Nozzle

多能干细胞的海藻酸钠封装使用同轴喷嘴

Pluripotent stem cells (PS cells) are the focus of intense research due to their role in regenerative medicine and drug screening.  However, the ...

Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models

Protocols for Analyzing the Role of Paneth Cells in Regenerating the Murine Intestine using Conditional Cre-lox Mouse Models

协议中再生的小鼠肠道使用条件潘氏细胞中的作用分析<em&gt;的Cre-LOX</em&gt;小鼠模型

The epithelial surface of the mammalian intestine is a dynamic tissue that renews every 3 - 7 days. Understanding this renewal process identified a ...

Methods to Examine the Lymph Gland and Hemocytes in Drosophila Larvae

Methods to Examine the Lymph Gland and Hemocytes in Drosophila Larvae

方法来检查淋巴腺和血细胞中<em&gt;果蝇</em&gt;幼虫

Many parallels exist between the Drosophila and mammalian hematopoietic systems, even though Drosophila lack the lymphoid lineage that characterize ...

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

rna 干扰和热休克诱导转录因子表达在重编程生殖细胞到神经元中的应用C. 线虫

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain ...

Methods for the Study of Regeneration in Stentor

Methods for the Study of Regeneration in Stentor

Stentor再生的研究方法

Cells need to be able to regenerate their parts to recover from external perturbations. The unicellular ciliate Stentor coeruleus is an excellent model ...

HUVEC Tube-formation Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Natural Products on Angiogenesis

HUVEC 管形成测定评估天然产物对血管生成的影响

Angiogenesis is a phenomenon that includes different processes, such as endothelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration, that lead to the ...

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

Methods to Test Endocrine Disruption in Drosophila melanogaster

检测果蝇黑色素的内分泌干扰的方法

In recent years there has been growing evidence that all organisms and the environment are exposed to hormone-like chemicals, known as endocrine disruptor ...

Isolation of Rat Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Differentiation into Insulin-producing Cells

分离大鼠脂肪组织间充质干细胞以分化为产生胰岛素的细胞

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-especially those isolated from adipose tissue (Ad-MSCs)-have gained special attention as a renewable, abundant source of ...