Name: dna staining method based on formazan precipitation induced by blue light exposure
Uploaded: 2018-01-28T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DNA Staining Method Based on Formazan Precipitation Induced by Blue Light Exposure at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (Fondecyt), Chile, projekt 11130263 (til CW), projekt CONICYT + NERC + Programa de Colaboración Internacional PCI-PII20150073 (til CW) og U-inicia fra Vicerrectoría de Investigación Universidad de Chile (til CW).
Tak til Tatiana Naranjo-Palma for hjælpen i den indledende fase af dette projekt, Dr. Jorge Babul og Diego Quiroga-Roger for nyttig diskussion, Robert Lesch for revision af manuskript og Dirección de extensión de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas fra Universidad de Chile. Tak for at Marcelo Pérez til redigering af video og Neil Stevens til at korrigere tekst og Errol Watson for at give voice-over.

1. forberedelse og kører Gel
<ol><li>Forberede de ikke-denatureringen 12% polyacrylamid gel gels brug Sodium Dodecyl sulfat-polyacrylamid Gel elektroforese (SDS-PAGE) opskrift fundet i Sambrook og Russell14 men med vand i stedet for SDS.<ol>
<li>For at forberede 5 mL løsning gel, bruge 1,7 mL destilleret vand, 2 mL af acrylamid/bis acrylamid (30/0,8% w/v), 1,3 mL 1,5 M Tris pH 8,8, 0,05 mL 10% ammonium persulfat og 0.002 mL af TEMED.</li>
		<li>For at forberede bruge 2 mL af stabling gel 1,5 m...

<ol>
	<li>LePecq, J. B., Paoletti, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fluorescent+complex+between+ethidium+bromide+and+nucleic+acids:+physical-chemical+characterization.">A fluorescent complex between ethidium bromide and nucleic acids: physical-chemical characterization.</a> J. Mol. Biol. 27 (1), 87-106 (1967).</li><li>Singer, V. L., Lawlor, T. E., Yue, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+SYBR+Green+I+nucleic+acid+gel+stain+mutagenicity+and+ethidium+bromide+mutagenicity+in+the+Salmonella/mammalian+microsome+reverse+mutation+assay+(Ames+test).">Comparison of SYBR Green I nucleic acid gel stain mutagenicity and ethidium bromide mutagenicity in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome reverse mutation assay (Ames test).</a> Mutat Res. 439 (1), 37-47 (1999).</li><li>Xin, X., Yue, S., Wells, K. S., Singer, V. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SYBR+Green-I:+a+new+fluorescent+dye+optimized+for+detection+picogram+amounts+of+DNA+in+gels.">SYBR Green-I: a new fluorescent dye optimized for detection picogram amounts of DNA in gels.</a> Biophys. J. 66 (A150), (1994).</li><li>Flores, N., Valle, F., Bolivar, F., Merino, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recovery+of+DNA+from+agarose+gels+stained+with+methylene+blue.">Recovery of DNA from agarose gels stained with methylene blue.</a> Biotechniques. 13 (2), 203-205 (1992).</li><li>Yang, Y. I., Jung, D. W., Bai, D. G., Yoo, G. S., Choi, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Counterion-dye+staining+method+for+DNA+in+agarose+gels+using+crystal+violet+and+methyl+orange.">Counterion-dye staining method for DNA in agarose gels using crystal violet and methyl orange.</a> Electrophoresis. 22 (5), 855-859 (2001).</li><li>Yang, Y. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+of+DNA+using+a+visible+dye,+Nile+blue,+in+electrophoresed+gels.">Detection of DNA using a visible dye, Nile blue, in electrophoresed gels.</a> Anal. Biochem. 280 (2), 322-324 (2000).</li><li>Santill&#225;n-Torres, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+stain+for+DNA+in+agarose+gels.">A novel stain for DNA in agarose gels.</a> Trends Genet. 9 (2), 40 (1993).</li><li>Adkins, S., Burmeister, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+DNA+in+agarose+gels+as+migrating+colored+bands:+applications+for+preparative+gels+and+educational+demonstrations.">Visualization of DNA in agarose gels as migrating colored bands: applications for preparative gels and educational demonstrations.</a> Anal. Biochem. 240 (1), 17-23 (1996).</li><li>Cong, W. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+visible+dye-based+staining+method+for+DNA+in+polyacrylamide+gels+by+ethyl+violet.">A visible dye-based staining method for DNA in polyacrylamide gels by ethyl violet.</a> Anal. Biochem. 402 (1), 99-101 (2010).</li><li>Altman, F. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetrazolium+salts+and+formazans.">Tetrazolium salts and formazans.</a> Prog. Histochem. Cytochem. 9 (3), 1-56 (1976).</li><li>Nineham, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chemistry+of+formazans+and+tetrazolium+salts.">The chemistry of formazans and tetrazolium salts.</a> Chem. Rev. 55 (2), 355-483 (1955).</li><li>Crandall, I. E., Zhao, B., Vlahakis, J. Z., Szarek, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+interaction+of+imidazole-,+imidazolium,+and+tetrazolium-containing+compounds+with+DNA.">The interaction of imidazole-, imidazolium, and tetrazolium-containing compounds with DNA.</a> Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 23 (5), 1522-1528 (2013).</li><li>Paredes, A. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+visible+and+selective+DNA+staining+method+in+gels+with+tetrazolium+salts.">New visible and selective DNA staining method in gels with tetrazolium salts.</a> Anal. Biochem. 517, 31-35 (2017).</li><li>Green, M. R., Sambrook, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Molecular Cloning: a Laboratory Manual. , (2012).</li><li>Hansen, W., Garcia, P. D., Walter, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+protein+translocation+across+the+yeast+endoplasmic+reticulum:+ATP-dependent+post-translational+translocation+of+the+prepro-&#945;-factor.">In vitro protein translocation across the yeast endoplasmic reticulum: ATP-dependent post-translational translocation of the prepro-&#945;-factor.</a> Cell. 45 (3), 397-406 (1986).</li><li>Inoue, H., Nojima, H., Okayama, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+efficiency+transformation+of+Escherichia+coli+with+plasmids.">High efficiency transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids.</a> Gene. 96 (1), 23-28 (1990).</li><li>Madigan, M., Martinko, J., Parker, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Brock biology of microorganisms. , (2003).</li></ol>

En følsom og roman DNA farvning metode baseret på reduktion af NBT og brugen af SG jeg blev præsenteret i denne artikel. Den kritiske trin i denne protokol er inkubationstiden gel i NBT-SG jeg løsning og koncentrationen af NBT. Agarosegelitris farvning tid er længere end for acrylamid geler på grund af den større tykkelse af agarosegelitris. Denne metode fungerer ikke godt i overværelse af SDS, som NBT udfældes i kontakt med det. Hvis gelen opnår en lilla baggrund, anbefales det, at en anden gel forberedes og a...

Med fremskridt inden for biokemi og molekylær biologi, har de undersøgelser, der involverer DNA kræves bedre teknikker til at analysere DNA. Den første metode til DNA farvning var sølvfarvning, som er meget følsomme, men mangler selektivitet og tillader ikke prøve opsving. Udviklingen af fluorescerende DNA farvning tillod senere, selektiv kvantificering af DNA med mulighed for prøve opsving. En af de første fluorescerende farvestoffer anvendes til DNA kvantificering var ethidium bromid1, som er mutagent2. Men nu der er forbedret fluorescerende farvestoffer, der er sikrere og mere følsom, såsom GelRed og SYBR Green jeg (SG jeg)3; men alle disse fluorescerende farvestoffer kræver brug af en ultraviolet (UV) transilluminator eller fluorimeter.
Der er andre teknikker for synligt farvning DNA, såsom methylene blå4 og krystalviolet5,6,7,8,9, men alle disse lider af nedsat følsomhed og selektivitet. Tetrazolium salte er organiske forbindelser modtagelige for reduktion, og når dette sker de danner et uopløseligt og farvede formazankoncentrationen bundfald10,11. For nylig, nogle bivalent tetrazolium salte har vist sig at binde til DNA på grund af deres positive tetrazolium ringe12.
I en nylig publikation13foreslog en ny synlig teknik til at pletten og kvantificere DNA i polyacrylamidgeler, ved hjælp af reduktion af en bivalent tetrazolium salt kaldet nitro blå tetrazolium (NBT) og fluorescerende farvestoffer som ethidiumbromid, GelRed, SYBR Green jeg og SYBR guld. Denne reaktion arbejdede blåt lys eller sollys og tilladt prøve opsving med forbedret kvalitet sammenlignet med brugen af GS jeg med en UV transilluminator. Formålet med dette papir er at give en detaljeret protokol af farvning teknik bruger tetrazolium salte.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="785">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">Nitro blue tetrazolium</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Gold Biotechnology</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">298-83-9</td>
			<td style="width:64px;">reagent used in the staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">SYBR Green I 10000X</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo-Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">S7563</td>
			<td>reagent used in the staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">Gel extraction kit</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">QIAGEN</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">28704</td>
			<td>used to extract plasmid from the gel in integrity assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">DNA ladder</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo-Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">SM 1331</td>
			<td>used to make calibration curves and as reference to cut band in integrity assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">Agar Agar</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:307px;"></td>
			<td>used to make LB-ampicillin culture plates&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">1064045000</td>
			<td>used to make LB-ampicillin culture plates&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">yeast extract</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">212750</td>
			<td>used to make LB-ampicillin culture plates&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">peptone</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">72161000</td>
			<td>used to make LB-ampicillin culture plates&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">TEMED</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">AMRESCO</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">761</td>
			<td>used to make polyacrylamide gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">ammonium persulfate</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Calbiochem</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">2310</td>
			<td>used to make polyacrylamide gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">acrylamide</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">15512-023</td>
			<td>used to make polyacrylamide gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">bisacrylamide</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">SIGMA</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">146072</td>
			<td>used to make polyacrylamide gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">Tris-base</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">1083821000</td>
			<td>used to make TAE buffer and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel tris-HCl buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">EDTA</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">8993-01</td>
			<td>used to make TAE buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">Acetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">1,000,632,500</td>
			<td>used to make TAE buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">agarose</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">16802</td>
			<td>used to make TAE buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Tecan</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">infinite 200 pro</td>
			<td>used to quantify DNA plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">water purificatiom unit</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">Elix 100</td>
			<td>use to make water type 1 (ASTM) used in spectrophotometry and DNA dilutions\</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">distilled water</td>
			<td style="width:227px;"></td>
			<td style="width:307px;">-</td>
			<td>used in gels, culture medium, stainings and general solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">HCl</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>9535-03</td>
			<td>used to make non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel tris-HCl buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">6X DNA loading dye</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Thermo-Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">R0610</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">5 mm Blue LED</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Jinyuan electronics</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">SP-021</td>
			<td>light source used in integrity assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">protoboard</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">KANDH</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">KH102</td>
			<td>light source support and circuit&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">9 V battery</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Duracell</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">-</td>
			<td>used to power the LED&#39;s</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:187px;">horizontal electrophoresis chamber</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Biorad</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">1704486EDU</td>
			<td>used to make and run agarose gel in integrity assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">vertical electrophoresis kit</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Biorad</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">1658002EDU</td>
			<td>used to run polyacrylamide gels in calibration curves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:187px;">power supply</td>
			<td style="width:227px;">Biorad</td>
			<td style="width:307px;">1645050&#160;</td>
			<td>used to power the electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dna staining method based on formazan precipitation induced by blue light exposure

DNA farvning metoder er meget vigtige for biomedicinsk forskning. Vi har udviklet en simpel metode, der giver mulighed for DNA visualisering med det blotte øje ved dannelsen af en farvede bundfald. Det virker ved iblødsætning af acrylamid eller Agarosen DNA gel i en opløsning af 1 x (svarende til 2,0 µM) SYBR Green jeg (SG jeg) og 0,20 mM nitro blå tetrazolium, der producerer en lilla bundfald af formazankoncentrationen når de udsættes for sollys eller specifikt blåt lys. Også, DNA opsving tests blev udført ved hjælp af en ampicillin resistente plasmid i en agarosegel farves med vores metode. Et større antal kolonier blev opnået med vores metode end med traditionelle farvning bruge SG jeg med ultraviolet belysning. Den beskrevne metode er hurtig, specifik og ugiftigt for DNA påvisning, tillade visualisering af biomolekyler til "blotte øje" uden en transilluminator, og er billig og passende for feltet brug. Af disse grunde har vores nye DNA farvning metode potentielle fordele for både forskning og industri.

En lilla formazankoncentrationen bundfald vises hvor DNA er placeret (verificeret af massespektrometri13). I forsøget, var en DNA ladder indlæst for at gøre en kalibreringskurve (figur 3). Protokollen virker for både acrylamid og Agarosen geler, men det har en lavere intensitet og tager længere tid i agarosegelelektroforese. Men brugen af agarosegelitris tillader inddrivelse af prøven ved hjælp af et kommercielt tilgængeligt ki...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about DNA Staining Method Based on Formazan Precipitation Induced by Blue Light Exposure at JoVE.com

DNA Staining Method Based on Formazan Precipitation Induced by Blue Light Exposure

Denne metode giver selektiv farvning og kvantificering af DNA i geler af iblødsætning gel i en SYBR Green jeg / Nitro blå Tetrazolium løsning og derefter udsætter det for sollys eller en blå lyskilde. Dette frembringer en synlig bundfald og kræver næsten ingen udstyr, hvilket gør den ideel til feltet brug.

DNA farvning metode baseret på formazankoncentrationen nedbør induceret af blå lys eksponering

DNA staining methods are very important for biomedical research. We designed a simple method that allows DNA visualization to the naked eye by the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Resolving Affinity Purified Protein Complexes by Blue Native PAGE and Protein Correlation Profiling

Løsning affinitetsrensede proteinkomplekser ved Blå Native PAGE og protein Korrelation Profilering

Most proteins act in association with others; hence, it is crucial to characterize these functional units in order to fully understand biological ...

Real-time Tracking of DNA Fragment Separation by Smartphone

Sporing af DNA-fragmenter i realtid af Smartphone

Slab gel electrophoresis (SGE) is the most common method for the separation of DNA fragments; thus, it is broadly applied to the field of biology and ...

DNA Polymerase Activity Assay Using Near-infrared Fluorescent Labeled DNA Visualized by Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

DNA Polymerase aktivitet Assay ved hjælp af nær-infrarødt fluorescerende mærket DNA visualiseret af acrylamid Gel elektroforese

For any enzyme, robust, quantitative methods are required for characterization of both native and engineered enzymes. For DNA polymerases, DNA synthesis ...

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

A Simple Method for High Throughput Chemical Screening in Caenorhabditis Elegans

En simpel metode til High Throughput kemisk Screening i Caenorhabditis Elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is a useful organism for testing chemical effects on physiology. Whole organism small molecule screens offer significant advantages ...

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Electrochemical Detection of Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effect on Extracellular Electron Transport in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1

Elektrokemisk detektion af Deuterium Kinetic isotop effekt på ekstracellulære elektron Transport i Shewanella oneidensis hr.-1

Direct electrochemical detection of c-type cytochrome complexes embedded in the bacterial outer membrane (outer membrane c-type cytochrome complexes; OM ...

Analysis of Thylakoid Membrane Protein Complexes by Blue Native Gel Electrophoresis

Analyse af tylakoid membran proteinkomplekser af blå indfødte gelelektroforese

Photosynthetic electron transfer chain (ETC) converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. Four large protein complexes embedded ...

Analysis of &#946;-Amyloid-induced Abnormalities on Fibrin Clot Structure by Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Analysis of ÃƒÆ’Ã…Â½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚Â²-Amyloid-induced Abnormalities on Fibrin Clot Structure by Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy

Analyse af β-Amyloid-induceret afvigelser Fibrin blodprop strukturen af spektroskopi og Scanning elektronmikroskopi

This article presents methods for generating in vitro fibrin clots and analyzing the effect of beta-amyloid (A&#946;) protein on clot formation and ...

DNA Sequence Recognition by DNA Primase Using High-Throughput Primase Profiling

DNA-sekvens genkendelse af DNA Primase ved hjælp af Primase profilering med høj gennemløb

DNA primase synthesizes short RNA primers that initiate DNA synthesis of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by DNA polymerase during DNA replication. ...

Visualizing Surface T-Cell Receptor Dynamics Four-Dimensionally Using Lattice Light-Sheet Microscopy

Visualisere Surface T-Cell Receptor Dynamics Fire-Dimensionelt Ved hjælp af gitter light-sheet mikroskopi

The signaling and function of a cell are dictated by the dynamic structures and interactions of its surface receptors. To truly understand the ...

Measuring Interactions between Fluorescent Probes and Lignin in Plant Sections by sFLIM Based on Native Autofluorescence

Måling af interaktioner mellem fluorescerende sonder og lignin i plante sektioner af sFLIM baseret på naturlig Auto Luorescens

In lignocellulosic biomass (LB), the activity of enzymes is limited by the appearance of non-specific interactions with lignin during the hydrolysis ...