Name: looking for driver pathways of acquired resistance to targeted therapy: drug resistant subclone generation and sensitivity restoring by gene knock-down
Uploaded: 2017-12-11T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Looking for Driver Pathways of Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapy: Drug Resistant Subclone Generation and Sensitivity Restoring by Gene Knock-down at JoV

Forfatterne vil gerne takke Dr. Veronica Zanoni redigeringsværktøjer håndskriftet.

Bemærk: Denne protokol er blevet specifikt justeret til analyse af de underliggende erhvervet resistens over for trastuzumab af HER-positive gastrisk kræft cellelinjer mekanismer. Alle laboratorieinstrumenter nødvendige indberettes i Tabel af materialer.
1. generation af målrettet terapi resistente Subclones
Bemærk: Dette er den mest kritiske og vanskeligt at standardisere trin i protokollen, at forskellige cellelinjer kan udvise forskellige føl...

<ol>
	<li>Gerber, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+therapies:+a+new+generation+of+cancer+treatments.">Targeted therapies: a new generation of cancer treatments.</a> Am Fam Physician. 77 (3), 311-319 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, J., Yang, P. L., Gray, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+cancer+with+small+molecule+kinase+inhibitors.">Targeting cancer with small molecule kinase inhibitors.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 9 (1), 28-39 (2009).</li><li>Nelson, A. L., Dhimolea, E., Reichert, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+trends+for+human+monoclonal+antibody+therapeutics.">Development trends for human monoclonal antibody therapeutics.</a> Nat Rev Drug Discov. 9 (10), 767-774 (2010).</li><li>Chabner, B. A., Roberts, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timeline:+Chemotherapy+and+the+war+on+cancer.">Timeline: Chemotherapy and the war on cancer.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 5 (1), 65-72 (2005).</li><li>Gilbert, L. A., Hemann, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemotherapeutic+resistance:+surviving+stressful+situations.">Chemotherapeutic resistance: surviving stressful situations.</a> Cancer Res. 71 (15), 5062-5066 (2011).</li><li>Izar, B., Rotow, J., Gainor, J., Clark, J., Chabner, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacokinetics,+clinical+indications,+and+resistance+mechanisms+in+molecular+targeted+therapies+in+cancer.">Pharmacokinetics, clinical indications, and resistance mechanisms in molecular targeted therapies in cancer.</a> Pharmacol Rev. 65, 1351-1395 (2013).</li><li>Ellis, L. M., Hicklin, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resistance+to+Targeted+Therapies:+Refining+Anticancer+Therapy+in+the+Era+of+Molecular+Oncology.">Resistance to Targeted Therapies: Refining Anticancer Therapy in the Era of Molecular Oncology.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 15 (24), 7471-7478 (2009).</li><li>Asi&#263;, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dominant+mechanisms+of+primary+resistance+differ+from+dominant+mechanisms+of+secondary+resistance+to+targeted+therapies.">Dominant mechanisms of primary resistance differ from dominant mechanisms of secondary resistance to targeted therapies.</a> Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 97, 178-196 (2016).</li><li>Arienti, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+evidence+of+multiple+mechanisms+underlying+trastuzumab+resistance+in+gastric+cancer.">Preclinical evidence of multiple mechanisms underlying trastuzumab resistance in gastric cancer.</a> Oncotarget. 7 (14), 18424-18439 (2016).</li><li>Tanner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amplification+of+HER-2+in+gastric+carcinoma:+association+with+Topoisomerase+IIalpha+gene+amplification,+intestinal+type,+poor+prognosis+and+sensitivity+to+trastuzumab.">Amplification of HER-2 in gastric carcinoma: association with Topoisomerase IIalpha gene amplification, intestinal type, poor prognosis and sensitivity to trastuzumab.</a> Ann Oncol. 16 (2), 273-278 (2005).</li><li>Bang, Y. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trastuzumab+in+combination+with+chemotherapy+versus+chemotherapy+alone+for+treatment+of+HER2-positive+advanced+gastric+or+gastro-oesophageal+junction+cancer+(ToGA):+a+phase+3,+open-label,+randomised+controlled+trial.">Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial.</a> Lancet. 376 (9742), 687-697 (2010).</li><li>Shimoyama, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unraveling+trastuzumab+and+lapatinib+inefficiency+in+gastric+cancer:+Future+steps+(Review).">Unraveling trastuzumab and lapatinib inefficiency in gastric cancer: Future steps (Review).</a> Mol Clin Oncol. 2 (2), 175-181 (2014).</li><li>Kelly, C. M., Janjigian, Y. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genomics+and+therapeutics+of+HER2-positive+gastric+cancer-from+trastuzumab+and+beyond.">The genomics and therapeutics of HER2-positive gastric cancer-from trastuzumab and beyond.</a> J Gastrointest Oncol. 7 (5), 750-762 (2016).</li><li>Wong, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+landscape+and+genetic+heterogeneity+in+gastric+adenocarcinoma+revealed+by+whole-genome+sequencing.">Genomic landscape and genetic heterogeneity in gastric adenocarcinoma revealed by whole-genome sequencing.</a> Nat Commun. 5, 5477 (2014).</li><li>Oshima, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lapatinib+sensitivities+of+two+novel+trastuzumab-resistant+HER2+gene-amplified+gastric+cancer+cell+lines.">Lapatinib sensitivities of two novel trastuzumab-resistant HER2 gene-amplified gastric cancer cell lines.</a> Gastric Cancer. 17 (3), 450-462 (2014).</li><li>Pignatta, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+exposure+to+(R)-bicalutamide+generates+a+LNCaP+subclone+with+alteration+of+mitochondrial+genome.">Prolonged exposure to (R)-bicalutamide generates a LNCaP subclone with alteration of mitochondrial genome.</a> Mol Cell Endocrinol. 382 (1), 314-324 (2014).</li></ol>

Mens tilpassede og målrettede behandlinger har fremkaldt voksende begejstring, disse såkaldte "smarte" behandlingsformer står over for de samme store hurdle som traditionel kemoterapi narkotika, dvs., den hurtige og uforudsigelige erhvervelse af resistens over for lægemidler. For at forbedre resultaterne af målrettede terapi, skal resistens problemer løses gennem en bedre forståelse af de mekanismer, der forårsager dem. Her, præsenterede vi et bredt tilgængelige in vitro- metode til at unders?...

Opfølgning på de afgørende opdagelser i molekylær og cellulær biologi, er en række nye syntetiserede anticancer molekyler blevet udviklet for at selektivt målrette muterede signaling veje i en bred vifte af tumortyper. Navnlig to kategorier af målrettede terapeutiske agenter med unikke egenskaber i onkologi, nemlig syntetiske kemiske forbindelser og rekombinant monoklonale antistoffer, er kendt for at have opnået kliniske succeser og dramatisk ændret kræft pleje i de seneste årtier1,2,3.
Alligevel, trods deres imponerende første respons på behandlingen, størstedelen af kræftpatienter har udviklet resistens over for lægemidler til alle målrettede terapeutiske agenter, både monoklonale antistoffer og kinase hæmmere. Som følge heraf er medicinresistens, den største hurdle for klassiske anti-cancer medicin4, stadig en stor udfordring for nye målrettede behandlinger5,6.
Modstand mod målrettede terapi kan være iboende (dvs., primære) eller erhvervet (dvs.sekundære). Iboende modstand beskriver en de novo manglende respons på terapi, mens sekundære resistens opstår efter en periode med svar på stof behandling7. Sidstnævnte er forårsaget af udbrud af små årgange af tumorceller i hovedparten af den primitive tumor eller beliggende i distale kryptiske anatomiske nicher, udstiller op til 90% resistens over for et eller flere målrettede terapeutiske agenter. Molekylære mekanismer bag en resistens udvikling til målrettet behandling primært et resultat af target genmutationer og redundante aktivering af andre Pro overlevelse signaling veje, hvis forståelse er stadig langt fra komplet8.
I dette arbejde foreslog vi en tid og omkostninger effective tilgang for at undersøge i vitro mekanismer af erhvervet modstand mod målrettede terapeutiske agenter, startende fra generation af resistente cellulære subclones til beskrivelse af tavshed procedurer anvendes til genoprette følsomhed til inhibitor, et afgørende værktøj til test og validering af arbejdshypoteser. Især blev vores tilgang brugt til at undersøge, i mavekræft, resistensmekanismer til trastuzumab (fxHerceptin), en humaniseret monoklonalt antistof rettet mod det ekstracellulære domæne af HER2 protein9. Trastuzumab + kemoterapi er bredt accepteret som den standard første-linie behandling til HER2-positiv metastaserende brystkræft. Takket være de seneste prækliniske undersøgelser viser, at anti-HER2 behandlingsformer har betydelig aktivitet i både in vitro- og i vivo HER2-positive gastrisk kræft modeller10,11, Molekylær medicin målretning HER2 har været grundigt undersøgt i kliniske forsøg, er hvoraf nogle stadig i gang, på patienter med gastroøsofageal kræft12,13,14,15.
Disse undersøgelser har understreget det stigende antal patienter, der oplever resistens over for trastuzumab16, ligeledes til hvad er observeret for andre målrettet terapeutisk hæmmere. Især svarprocent af trastuzumab var 47%, og median samlet overlevelse for patienter på trastuzumab + kemoterapi var kun 2,7 måneder længere end for patienter i kemoterapi alene17. Dette foreslog, at mens primære trastuzumab modstand er fremherskende, sekundære trastuzumab modstand er uundgåelig. Af denne grund er der presserende behov for at præcisere de mekanismer, der forårsager HER2-målrettet terapi modstand i gastrisk kræft, som er endnu mere problematisk givet den samhandel tumorsygdomme genetiske heterogenitet af denne neoplasi18.
Derudover har mekanismer af resistens over for trastuzumab i mavekræft bevist udfordrende at forklare, delvist på grund af vanskeligheden ved at opnå pålidelige prækliniske modeller repræsentant af denne betingelse. Oshima et al. rapporterede en i vivo udvælgelsesmetode af trastuzumab-resistente gastrisk kræft cellelinjer, bestående af en gentagen kultur i en lille resterende peritoneal metastaser efter behandling med trastuzumab19. Men behovet for en indhegning, specifikke animalske håndtering ekspertise og godkendelse af dyr etiske komité bidraget til at gøre det en gang - og cost-forbrugende metode. Den tilgang, vi beskriver i dette arbejde er simpel og bredt anvendelig, og let kunne udvides for at undersøge resistensmekanismer til andre terapeutiske lægemidler i forskellige tumor histotypes20.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizol Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596026</td>
			<td>TRIzol Reagent is a reagent for isolating high-quality total RNA or simultaneously isolating RNA, DNA, and protein from a variety of biological samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ISCRIPT CDNA SYNTHESIS KIT</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1708891</td>
			<td>The iScript cDNA synthesis kit is a sensitive and easy-to-use first-strand cDNA synthesis kit for gene expression analysis using real-time qPCR.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TaqMan gene expression assay</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>4331182</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems TaqMan Gene Expression Assays consist of a pair of unlabeled PCR primers and a TaqMan probe with an Applied Biosystems FAM or VIC dye label on the 5&#8217; end and minor groove binder (MGB) and nonfluorescent quencher (NFQ) on the 3&#8217; end.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M-PER Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>78501</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific M-PER Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent is designed to provide highly efficient total soluble protein extraction from cultured mammalian cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halt Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail (100X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>78440</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Halt Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail (100X) provides the convenience of a single solution with full protein sample protection for cell and tissue lysates.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td>The Thermo Scientific Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit is a two-component, high-precision, detergent-compatible assay reagent set to measure (A562nm) total protein concentration compared to a protein standard.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4x Laemmli Sample Buffer</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610747</td>
			<td>Use 4x Laemmli Sample Buffer for preparation of samples for SDS PAGE. For reduction of samples, add a reducing agent such as 2-mercaptoethanol to the buffer prior to mixing with the sample.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#8211;20% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Protein Gels</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>456-1094</td>
			<td>Long-life TGX (Tris-Glycine eXtended) Gels have a novel formulation and can be used for both standard denaturing protein separations as well as native electrophoresis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Plus Protein WesternC Blotting Standards</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610376</td>
			<td>Precision Plus Protein Prestained Standards are available in Dual Color, All Blue, Kaleidoscope, and Dual Xtra formats. All four have the same gel migration patterns, with 3 high-intensity reference bands (25, 50, and 75 kD).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x Tris/Glycine/SDS</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610732</td>
			<td>10x Tris/glycine/SDS is a premixed running buffer for separating protein samples by SDS-PAGE.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-Blot Turbo Mini PVDF Transfer Packs</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1704156</td>
			<td>Trans-Blot Turbo Mini PVDF Transfer Packs for fast, efficient transfer of proteins from mini gels using the Trans-Blot Turbo Transfer System. Each vacuum sealed, ready-to-use transfer pack contains two buffer-saturated ion reservoir stacks and a prewetted PVDF membrane.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Protein StrepTactin-HRP Conjugate</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610381</td>
			<td>StrepTactin-Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) Conjugate for chemiluminescent or colorimetric detection of Precision Plus Protein Unstained Protein Standards or Precision Plus Protein WesternC Protein Standards on western blots.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immun-Star WesternC solution</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>5572</td>
			<td>Immun-Star WesternC solution, a method of protein detection , detects mid-femtogram amounts of protein.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Universal Negative Control</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12935300</td>
			<td>Negative Control siRNA has no significant sequence similarity to mouse, rat, or human gene sequences. The control has also been tested in cell-based screens and proven to have no significant effect on cell proliferation, viability, or morphology.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>opti-MEM Glutamax Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>51985026</td>
			<td>Opti-MEM Medium is an improved Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) that allows for a reduction of Fetal Bovine Serum supplementation by at least 50% with no change in growth rate or morphology.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silencer Select Pre-Designed &#38; Validated siRNA</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>4390824</td>
			<td>RNA interference (RNAi) is the best way to effectively knock down gene expression to study protein function in a wide range of cell types.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>13778075</td>
			<td>Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent offers an advanced, efficient solution for siRNA delivery. No other siRNA specific transfection reagent provides such easy and efficient siRNA delivery in a wide variety of cell lines including common cell types, stem cells and primary cells, as well as traditionally hard-to-transfect cell types.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-IQGAP1</td>
			<td>Invitrigen</td>
			<td>33-8900</td>
			<td>working concentration: 1:400 in 5% milk solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP: sc-2005</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-2005</td>
			<td>working concentration: 1:10000 in 5% milk solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSF</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P 7626</td>
			<td>this is an inhibitor of serine proteases and acetylcholinesterase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocycler for RT-PCR</td>
			<td>MJ Research</td>
			<td>MJ Research PTC-200 Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>it allows temperature homogeneity and a ramping speed of up to 3&#176;C/sec. The protocol can be performed also with other thermalcyclers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Real Time RT-PCR instrument</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>7500 RT-PCR system</td>
			<td>This is a five-color platform that uses fluorescence-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reagents to provide a relative quantification using comparative CT assay type. The protocol can be performed also with other thermalcyclers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microvolume Spectrophotometers</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>Nanodrop</td>
			<td>It provides an accurate and fast acid nucleid measurement using little volume of sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blotting system</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>Trans-Blot Turbo system</td>
			<td>It perfoms a semy-dry transfer in a few minutes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image acquisition system and gel documentation</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>Chemidoc image system</td>
			<td>It is easy to use for chemiluminescent detection</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

looking for driver pathways of acquired resistance to targeted therapy: drug resistant subclone generation and sensitivity restoring by gene knock-down

De seneste to årtier har set et skift fra cytotoksiske stoffer til målrettet terapi i medicinsk onkologi. Selv om målrettede terapeutiske agenter har vist mere imponerende klinisk effekt og minimerede bivirkninger end traditionelle behandlinger, er resistens over for lægemidler blevet den største begrænsning til deres ydelser. Flere prækliniske undersøgelser/in vitro- / in vivo modeller af erhvervet modstand mod målrettede agenter i klinisk praksis er blevet udviklet hovedsageligt ved hjælp af to strategier: i) genetisk manipulation til modellering genotyper af erhvervet modstand, og ii) in vitro / in vivo udvalg af resistente modeller. I den nuværende arbejde foreslår vi en samlende ramme for at undersøge de underliggende mekanismer er ansvarlige for erhvervet modstand mod målrettede terapeutiske agenter, startende fra generation af resistente cellulære subclones til beskrivelse af hæmning procedurer, der anvendes til at genoprette følsomheden til inhibitoren. Denne enkle tid og omkostninger effective tilgang er alment gældende og let kunne udvides for at undersøge resistensmekanismer til andre målrettede terapeutiske lægemidler i forskellige tumor histotypes.

Figur 1 beskriver rammerne af forsøgsmetoden. Tre gastrisk kræft celle-linjer giver udtryk for et højt niveau af HER2 og følsomme over for trastuzumab (IC50 < peak plasma niveau af narkotika, figur 2A, venstre graf) blev dyrket i kultur medium indeholdende den målrettede terapeutisk agens. En dosis 10-fold lavere end peak plasmakoncentration af trastuzumab (10 µg/mL) var placere nemlig den startdosis, og gradvist...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Looking for Driver Pathways of Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapy: Drug Resistant Subclone Generation and Sensitivity Restoring by Gene Knock-down at JoV

Looking for Driver Pathways of Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapy: Drug Resistant Subclone Generation and Sensitivity Restoring by Gene Knock-down

Dette er en tid og omkostninger effective in vitro- protokollen at undersøge mekanismerne af erhvervet modstand mod målrettede terapeutiske agenter, som er en yderst udækket medicinsk behov i kræft forvaltning.

Udkig efter Driver veje af erhvervet modstand mod målrettede terapi: resistente Subclone Generation og følsomhed gendannelse af genet Knock-down

The past two decades have seen a shift from cytotoxic drugs to targeted therapy in medical oncology. Although targeted therapeutic agents have shown more ...

Research

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Cancer Research

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Using RNA-sequencing to Detect Novel Splice Variants Related to Drug Resistance in In Vitro Cancer Models

Brug RNA-sekventering til Detect Novel Splice Varianter Relateret til Drug Resistance i<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Kræft Modeller

Drug resistance remains a major problem in the treatment of cancer for both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Intrinsic or acquired resistance ...

Anticancer Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy with Lung Cancer-Targeted Nanoparticles

Anticancer Effekten af ​​Fotodynamisk terapi med lungekræft-Målrettet Nanopartikler

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive and non-surgical method representing an attractive alternative choice for lung cancer treatment. ...

Generation of Prostate Cancer Cell Models of Resistance to the Anti-mitotic Agent Docetaxel

Generation af prostatakræft Cell modeller af resistens over for anti-mitotiske Agent Docetaxel

Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) are a mainstay in the treatment of a wide range of tumors. However, acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a ...

Generation of High-Throughput Three-Dimensional Tumor Spheroids for Drug Screening

Generation af høj overførselshastighed tredimensionale Tumor Spheroids for narkotika-Screening

Cancer cells have routinely been cultured in two dimensions (2D) on a plastic surface. This technique, however, lacks the true environment a tumor mass is ...

Assessment of Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors by an Interrogation of Signal Transduction Pathways by Antibody Arrays

Vurdering af resistens over for tyrosin Kinase hæmmere af en afhøring af signaltransduktionsveje af antistof Arrays

Cancer patients with an aberrant regulation of the protein phosphorylation networks are often treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Response rates ...

Oncogenic Gene Fusion Detection Using Anchored Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Followed by Next Generation Sequencing

Onkogen Genfusions detektering ved hjælp af forankret multiplex Polymerasekæde reaktion efterfulgt af næste generations sekvensering

Gene fusions frequently contribute to the oncogenic phenotype of many different types of cancer. Additionally, the presence of certain fusions in samples ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for the Generation of Tumor Antigen-specific T Cells

Anvendelse af menneskeskabte pluripotente stamceller til generering af tumor antigen-specifikke T-celler

The generation and expansion of functional T cells in vitro can lead to a broad range of clinical applications. One such use is for the treatment of ...

A Murine Ommaya Xenograft Model to Study Direct-Targeted Therapy of Leptomeningeal Disease

En Murine Ommaya Xenograft Model til undersøgelse direkte målrettet behandling af leptomeningeal sygdom

Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is an uncommon type of central nervous system (CNS) metastasis to the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The most common cancers ...

Patient-Derived Tumor Explants As a "Live" Preclinical Platform for Predicting Drug Resistance in Patients

Patient-afledt tumor explants som en "Live" præklinisk platform til forudsigelse af resistens hos patienter

An understanding of drug resistance and the development of novel strategies to sensitize highly resistant cancers rely on the availability of suitable ...

Spatial Profiling of Protein and RNA Expression in Tissue: An Approach to Fine-Tune Virtual Microdissection

Rumlig profilering af protein- og RNA-ekspression i væv: En tilgang til finjustering af virtuel mikrodissektion

Multiplexing enables the assessment of several markers on the same tissue while providing spatial context. Spatial Omics technologies allow both protein ...