Name: looking for driver pathways of acquired resistance to targeted therapy: drug resistant subclone generation and sensitivity restoring by gene knock-down
Uploaded: 2017-12-11T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Looking for Driver Pathways of Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapy: Drug Resistant Subclone Generation and Sensitivity Restoring by Gene Knock-down at JoV

Forfatterne ønsker å takke Dr. Veronica Zanoni for redigering manuskriptet.

Merk: Denne protokollen er spesielt justert for analyse av mekanismene bak ervervet motstand mot trastuzumab henne-positive magekreft cellen linjer. Alle laboratorium instrumenter nødvendig blir rapportert i Tabellen for materiale.
1. generasjon av målrettet terapi motstandsdyktig Subclones
Merk: Dette er den mest kritiske og vanskelig å standardisere trinn i protokollen skyldes at forskjellige linjer kan ha ulike følsomhet til den målrettede ter...

<ol>
	<li>Gerber, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+therapies:+a+new+generation+of+cancer+treatments.">Targeted therapies: a new generation of cancer treatments.</a> Am Fam Physician. 77 (3), 311-319 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, J., Yang, P. L., Gray, N. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+cancer+with+small+molecule+kinase+inhibitors.">Targeting cancer with small molecule kinase inhibitors.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 9 (1), 28-39 (2009).</li><li>Nelson, A. L., Dhimolea, E., Reichert, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+trends+for+human+monoclonal+antibody+therapeutics.">Development trends for human monoclonal antibody therapeutics.</a> Nat Rev Drug Discov. 9 (10), 767-774 (2010).</li><li>Chabner, B. A., Roberts, T. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Timeline:+Chemotherapy+and+the+war+on+cancer.">Timeline: Chemotherapy and the war on cancer.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 5 (1), 65-72 (2005).</li><li>Gilbert, L. A., Hemann, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemotherapeutic+resistance:+surviving+stressful+situations.">Chemotherapeutic resistance: surviving stressful situations.</a> Cancer Res. 71 (15), 5062-5066 (2011).</li><li>Izar, B., Rotow, J., Gainor, J., Clark, J., Chabner, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pharmacokinetics,+clinical+indications,+and+resistance+mechanisms+in+molecular+targeted+therapies+in+cancer.">Pharmacokinetics, clinical indications, and resistance mechanisms in molecular targeted therapies in cancer.</a> Pharmacol Rev. 65, 1351-1395 (2013).</li><li>Ellis, L. M., Hicklin, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resistance+to+Targeted+Therapies:+Refining+Anticancer+Therapy+in+the+Era+of+Molecular+Oncology.">Resistance to Targeted Therapies: Refining Anticancer Therapy in the Era of Molecular Oncology.</a> Clin Cancer Res. 15 (24), 7471-7478 (2009).</li><li>Asi&#263;, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dominant+mechanisms+of+primary+resistance+differ+from+dominant+mechanisms+of+secondary+resistance+to+targeted+therapies.">Dominant mechanisms of primary resistance differ from dominant mechanisms of secondary resistance to targeted therapies.</a> Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 97, 178-196 (2016).</li><li>Arienti, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preclinical+evidence+of+multiple+mechanisms+underlying+trastuzumab+resistance+in+gastric+cancer.">Preclinical evidence of multiple mechanisms underlying trastuzumab resistance in gastric cancer.</a> Oncotarget. 7 (14), 18424-18439 (2016).</li><li>Tanner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amplification+of+HER-2+in+gastric+carcinoma:+association+with+Topoisomerase+IIalpha+gene+amplification,+intestinal+type,+poor+prognosis+and+sensitivity+to+trastuzumab.">Amplification of HER-2 in gastric carcinoma: association with Topoisomerase IIalpha gene amplification, intestinal type, poor prognosis and sensitivity to trastuzumab.</a> Ann Oncol. 16 (2), 273-278 (2005).</li><li>Bang, Y. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trastuzumab+in+combination+with+chemotherapy+versus+chemotherapy+alone+for+treatment+of+HER2-positive+advanced+gastric+or+gastro-oesophageal+junction+cancer+(ToGA):+a+phase+3,+open-label,+randomised+controlled+trial.">Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial.</a> Lancet. 376 (9742), 687-697 (2010).</li><li>Shimoyama, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Unraveling+trastuzumab+and+lapatinib+inefficiency+in+gastric+cancer:+Future+steps+(Review).">Unraveling trastuzumab and lapatinib inefficiency in gastric cancer: Future steps (Review).</a> Mol Clin Oncol. 2 (2), 175-181 (2014).</li><li>Kelly, C. M., Janjigian, Y. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genomics+and+therapeutics+of+HER2-positive+gastric+cancer-from+trastuzumab+and+beyond.">The genomics and therapeutics of HER2-positive gastric cancer-from trastuzumab and beyond.</a> J Gastrointest Oncol. 7 (5), 750-762 (2016).</li><li>Wong, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+landscape+and+genetic+heterogeneity+in+gastric+adenocarcinoma+revealed+by+whole-genome+sequencing.">Genomic landscape and genetic heterogeneity in gastric adenocarcinoma revealed by whole-genome sequencing.</a> Nat Commun. 5, 5477 (2014).</li><li>Oshima, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lapatinib+sensitivities+of+two+novel+trastuzumab-resistant+HER2+gene-amplified+gastric+cancer+cell+lines.">Lapatinib sensitivities of two novel trastuzumab-resistant HER2 gene-amplified gastric cancer cell lines.</a> Gastric Cancer. 17 (3), 450-462 (2014).</li><li>Pignatta, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+exposure+to+(R)-bicalutamide+generates+a+LNCaP+subclone+with+alteration+of+mitochondrial+genome.">Prolonged exposure to (R)-bicalutamide generates a LNCaP subclone with alteration of mitochondrial genome.</a> Mol Cell Endocrinol. 382 (1), 314-324 (2014).</li></ol>

Mens personlig tilpasset og målrettet terapi har skapte voksende entusiasme, disse såkalte 'smarte' terapier står overfor de samme store hinderet som tradisjonelle kjemoterapi narkotika, dvs, rask og uforutsigbare oppkjøpet av resistens. For å forbedre resultatene av målrettet terapi, løses resistens problemene gjennom en bedre forståelse av mekanismer som forårsaker dem. Her presentert vi en allment tilgjengelig i vitro metodikk for å undersøke mekanismene av ervervet motstand mot målrettet...

Oppfølging på de avgjørende funnene i molekylær og cellulær biologi, er en rekke romanen syntetisert anticancer molekyler utviklet målrettingsland selektivt kreftfremkallende signalveier i et bredt spekter av svulst. Spesielt to kategorier av målrettet terapeutisk agenter med unike egenskaper i onkologi, nemlig syntetiske kjemiske forbindelser og rekombinant monoklonale antistoffer, er kjent for å ha oppnådd klinisk suksesser og dramatisk endret kreft omsorg i de siste tiårene1,2,3.
Likevel, til tross for deres imponerende første respons på behandling, fleste pasienter har utviklet resistens alle målrettet terapeutisk agenter, både monoklonale antistoffer og kinase hemmere. Som en konsekvens, er resistens, store hinderet for klassisk kreft medisiner4, fortsatt en stor utfordring for nye målrettet terapi5,6.
Motstand mot målrettet terapi kan være iboende (dvs.primære) eller ervervet (dvs., sekundær). Indre motstand beskriver de novo manglende respons til terapi, mens sekundær resistens forekommer etter en periode med svar på stoffet behandling7. Sistnevnte er forårsaket av utbrudd av små kohorter av kreftceller i hoveddelen av primitive svulst eller ligger i distale kryptiske anatomiske nisjer, viser opptil 90% mot én eller flere målrettet terapeutisk agenter. Molekylær mekanismene bak en motstand utvikling til målrettet terapi hovedsakelig skyldes målet genet mutasjoner og redundante aktivering av andre Pro overlevelse signalveier, med forståelse er fortsatt langt fra komplett8.
I dette arbeidet foreslått vi en tid - og kostnadseffektive tilnærming for å undersøke i vitro mekanismene av ervervet motstand mot målrettet terapeutisk agenter, fra generering av stoff-resistent mobilnettet subclones til beskrivelsen av demping prosedyrer brukes for å gjenopprette følsomheten til inhibitor, et avgjørende verktøy for testing og validere arbeider hypoteser. Spesielt ble vår tilnærming brukt til å undersøke, i magekreft, resistens til trastuzumab (f.eksHerceptin), et humanized monoklonalt antistoff målretting den ekstracellulære domenet av HER2 protein9. Trastuzumab + kjemoterapi er allment akseptert som standard første linje behandling for HER2-positiv metastatisk brystkreft. Takket være prekliniske studier viser at anti-HER2 terapi har betydelig aktivitet i både i vitro og i vivo HER2-positiv magekreft modeller10,11, molekylær narkotika målretting HER2 har vært grundig undersøkt i kliniske forsøk, er hvorav noen fortsatt pågående, på pasienter med gastroøsofageal kreft12,13,14,15.
Disse studiene har understreket det økende antallet pasienter opplever motstand mot trastuzumab16, tilsvarende til hva er observert for andre målrettet terapeutisk hemmere. Spesielt responsen på trastuzumab var 47%, og median total overlevelse for pasienter på trastuzumab + kjemoterapi var bare 2,7 måneder lenger enn til pasienter på kjemoterapi alene17. Dette foreslo at mens primære trastuzumab motstand er utbredt, sekundær trastuzumab motstand er uunngåelig. Derfor finnes det presserende behovet for å avklare mekanismer forårsaker HER2-målrettet terapi motstand i magekreft, som er enda mer problematisk gitt den intra-tumoral genetisk mangfold i denne neoplasi18.
I tillegg har mekanismer for resistens mot trastuzumab i magekreft vist utfordrende å forklare, delvis på grunn av vanskelighetene med å få pålitelig prekliniske modeller representant for denne tilstanden. Oshima et al. rapporterte en i vivo utvalg metode for trastuzumab-resistente magekreft cellelinjer, som består av en gjentatt kultur for en liten residual peritoneal metastasering etter behandling med trastuzumab19. Men bidro behovet av et kabinett, bestemte dyr håndtering kompetanse og godkjenning av dyr etikk til å gjøre det - og kostnader-tidkrevende metode. Tilnærmingen vi beskrive i dette arbeidet er enkel og allment gjeldende, og kan lett utvides for å undersøke resistens til andre terapeutiske narkotika i forskjellige svulst histotypes20.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Trizol Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596026</td>
			<td>TRIzol Reagent is a reagent for isolating high-quality total RNA or simultaneously isolating RNA, DNA, and protein from a variety of biological samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ISCRIPT CDNA SYNTHESIS KIT</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1708891</td>
			<td>The iScript cDNA synthesis kit is a sensitive and easy-to-use first-strand cDNA synthesis kit for gene expression analysis using real-time qPCR.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TaqMan gene expression assay</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>4331182</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems TaqMan Gene Expression Assays consist of a pair of unlabeled PCR primers and a TaqMan probe with an Applied Biosystems FAM or VIC dye label on the 5&#8217; end and minor groove binder (MGB) and nonfluorescent quencher (NFQ) on the 3&#8217; end.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M-PER Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>78501</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific M-PER Mammalian Protein Extraction Reagent is designed to provide highly efficient total soluble protein extraction from cultured mammalian cells.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halt Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail (100X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>78440</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Halt Protease and Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail (100X) provides the convenience of a single solution with full protein sample protection for cell and tissue lysates.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>23225</td>
			<td>The Thermo Scientific Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit is a two-component, high-precision, detergent-compatible assay reagent set to measure (A562nm) total protein concentration compared to a protein standard.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4x Laemmli Sample Buffer</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610747</td>
			<td>Use 4x Laemmli Sample Buffer for preparation of samples for SDS PAGE. For reduction of samples, add a reducing agent such as 2-mercaptoethanol to the buffer prior to mixing with the sample.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4&#8211;20% Mini-PROTEAN TGX Precast Protein Gels</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>456-1094</td>
			<td>Long-life TGX (Tris-Glycine eXtended) Gels have a novel formulation and can be used for both standard denaturing protein separations as well as native electrophoresis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Plus Protein WesternC Blotting Standards</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610376</td>
			<td>Precision Plus Protein Prestained Standards are available in Dual Color, All Blue, Kaleidoscope, and Dual Xtra formats. All four have the same gel migration patterns, with 3 high-intensity reference bands (25, 50, and 75 kD).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x Tris/Glycine/SDS</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610732</td>
			<td>10x Tris/glycine/SDS is a premixed running buffer for separating protein samples by SDS-PAGE.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trans-Blot Turbo Mini PVDF Transfer Packs</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1704156</td>
			<td>Trans-Blot Turbo Mini PVDF Transfer Packs for fast, efficient transfer of proteins from mini gels using the Trans-Blot Turbo Transfer System. Each vacuum sealed, ready-to-use transfer pack contains two buffer-saturated ion reservoir stacks and a prewetted PVDF membrane.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Precision Protein StrepTactin-HRP Conjugate</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1610381</td>
			<td>StrepTactin-Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) Conjugate for chemiluminescent or colorimetric detection of Precision Plus Protein Unstained Protein Standards or Precision Plus Protein WesternC Protein Standards on western blots.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immun-Star WesternC solution</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>5572</td>
			<td>Immun-Star WesternC solution, a method of protein detection , detects mid-femtogram amounts of protein.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Universal Negative Control</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>12935300</td>
			<td>Negative Control siRNA has no significant sequence similarity to mouse, rat, or human gene sequences. The control has also been tested in cell-based screens and proven to have no significant effect on cell proliferation, viability, or morphology.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>opti-MEM Glutamax Medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>51985026</td>
			<td>Opti-MEM Medium is an improved Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) that allows for a reduction of Fetal Bovine Serum supplementation by at least 50% with no change in growth rate or morphology.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silencer Select Pre-Designed &#38; Validated siRNA</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>4390824</td>
			<td>RNA interference (RNAi) is the best way to effectively knock down gene expression to study protein function in a wide range of cell types.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>13778075</td>
			<td>Lipofectamine RNAiMAX Transfection Reagent offers an advanced, efficient solution for siRNA delivery. No other siRNA specific transfection reagent provides such easy and efficient siRNA delivery in a wide variety of cell lines including common cell types, stem cells and primary cells, as well as traditionally hard-to-transfect cell types.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-IQGAP1</td>
			<td>Invitrigen</td>
			<td>33-8900</td>
			<td>working concentration: 1:400 in 5% milk solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP: sc-2005</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz</td>
			<td>sc-2005</td>
			<td>working concentration: 1:10000 in 5% milk solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSF</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P 7626</td>
			<td>this is an inhibitor of serine proteases and acetylcholinesterase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocycler for RT-PCR</td>
			<td>MJ Research</td>
			<td>MJ Research PTC-200 Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>it allows temperature homogeneity and a ramping speed of up to 3&#176;C/sec. The protocol can be performed also with other thermalcyclers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Real Time RT-PCR instrument</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>7500 RT-PCR system</td>
			<td>This is a five-color platform that uses fluorescence-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reagents to provide a relative quantification using comparative CT assay type. The protocol can be performed also with other thermalcyclers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microvolume Spectrophotometers</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>Nanodrop</td>
			<td>It provides an accurate and fast acid nucleid measurement using little volume of sample</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blotting system</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>Trans-Blot Turbo system</td>
			<td>It perfoms a semy-dry transfer in a few minutes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image acquisition system and gel documentation</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>Chemidoc image system</td>
			<td>It is easy to use for chemiluminescent detection</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

looking for driver pathways of acquired resistance to targeted therapy: drug resistant subclone generation and sensitivity restoring by gene knock-down

De siste to tiårene har sett et skifte fra cytotoksiske medikamenter til målrettet terapi i medisinsk onkologi. Selv om målrettet terapeutisk agenter har vist mer imponerende klinisk effekt og minimert bivirkninger enn tradisjonelle behandlinger, har resistens blitt den viktigste begrensningen til sine fordeler. Flere prekliniske/i vitro/i vivo modeller av ervervet motstand mot målrettet agenter i klinisk praksis har blitt utviklet hovedsakelig ved hjelp av to strategier: i) genetisk manipulasjon for modellering genotyper ervervet motstand og ii) i vitro / i vivo utvalg av motstandsdyktig modeller. Den nåværende arbeidet foreslår vi en samlende ramme, for å undersøke de underliggende mekanismene ansvarlig for ervervet motstand mot målrettet terapeutisk agenter, fra generering av stoff-resistent mobilnettet subclones til beskrivelsen av stanse fremgangsmåtene som brukes for å gjenopprette følsomheten til inhibitor. Denne enkle tid - og kostnadseffektive tilnærming er allment tilgjengelig, og kan lett utvides for å undersøke resistens til andre målrettet terapeutisk narkotika i forskjellige svulst histotypes.

Figur 1 viser rammen av den eksperimentelle prosedyren. Tre magekreft-cellelinjer uttrykker høy HER2 og følsom for trastuzumab (IC50 < plasma toppnivået av stoffet, figur 2A, venstre diagram) ble dyrket i kultur medium med målrettet terapeutisk agent. En dose 10-fold lavere enn topp plasma konsentrasjonen av trastuzumab (10 µg/mL) ble satt som startdosen, og gradvis økt til 400 µg/mL over en periode på 8-12 må...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Looking for Driver Pathways of Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapy: Drug Resistant Subclone Generation and Sensitivity Restoring by Gene Knock-down at JoV

Looking for Driver Pathways of Acquired Resistance to Targeted Therapy: Drug Resistant Subclone Generation and Sensitivity Restoring by Gene Knock-down

Dette er en tid - og kostnadseffektive i vitro protokoll undersøker mekanismene av ervervet motstand mot målrettet terapeutisk agenter, som er svært udekkede medisinske behov i kreft behandling.

Leter Driver veier av ervervet motstand mot målrettet terapi: resistente Subclone generasjon og følsomhet gjenoppretting av Gene sammenleggbare

The past two decades have seen a shift from cytotoxic drugs to targeted therapy in medical oncology. Although targeted therapeutic agents have shown more ...

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Using RNA-sequencing to Detect Novel Splice Variants Related to Drug Resistance in In Vitro Cancer Models

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Drug resistance remains a major problem in the treatment of cancer for both hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Intrinsic or acquired resistance ...

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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a non-invasive and non-surgical method representing an attractive alternative choice for lung cancer treatment. ...

Generation of Prostate Cancer Cell Models of Resistance to the Anti-mitotic Agent Docetaxel

Generasjon av prostata kreft cellen modeller av motstand mot anti-mitotisk Agent Docetaxel

Microtubule targeting agents (MTAs) are a mainstay in the treatment of a wide range of tumors. However, acquired resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs is a ...

Generation of High-Throughput Three-Dimensional Tumor Spheroids for Drug Screening

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Cancer cells have routinely been cultured in two dimensions (2D) on a plastic surface. This technique, however, lacks the true environment a tumor mass is ...

Assessment of Resistance to Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors by an Interrogation of Signal Transduction Pathways by Antibody Arrays

Vurdering av motstand mot Tyrosine Kinase hemmere av en avhør av signaltransduksjon trasé av antistoff matriser

Cancer patients with an aberrant regulation of the protein phosphorylation networks are often treated with the tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Response rates ...

Oncogenic Gene Fusion Detection Using Anchored Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction Followed by Next Generation Sequencing

Kreftfremkallende Gene Fusion Detection bruke forankret multiplex polymerase Kjedere reaksjon etterfulgt av neste generasjon sekvensering

Gene fusions frequently contribute to the oncogenic phenotype of many different types of cancer. Additionally, the presence of certain fusions in samples ...

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Bruke Human indusert Pluripotent stamceller for generering av tumor antigen-spesifikke T celler

The generation and expansion of functional T cells in vitro can lead to a broad range of clinical applications. One such use is for the treatment of ...

A Murine Ommaya Xenograft Model to Study Direct-Targeted Therapy of Leptomeningeal Disease

En Murine Ommaya Xenograft-modell for å studere direkte målrettet terapi av leptomeningeal sykdom

Leptomeningeal disease (LMD) is an uncommon type of central nervous system (CNS) metastasis to the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). The most common cancers ...

Patient-Derived Tumor Explants As a "Live" Preclinical Platform for Predicting Drug Resistance in Patients

Pasientavledede tumor utviser som en "levende" preklinisk plattform for å forutsi legemiddelresistens hos pasienter

An understanding of drug resistance and the development of novel strategies to sensitize highly resistant cancers rely on the availability of suitable ...

Spatial Profiling of Protein and RNA Expression in Tissue: An Approach to Fine-Tune Virtual Microdissection

Romlig profilering av protein- og RNA-uttrykk i vev: En tilnærming til finjustering av virtuell mikrodisseksjon

Multiplexing enables the assessment of several markers on the same tissue while providing spatial context. Spatial Omics technologies allow both protein ...