Name: wind tunnel experiments to study chaparral crown fires
Uploaded: 2017-11-14T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Wind Tunnel Experiments to Study Chaparral Crown Fires at JoVE.com

लेखक बेंजामिन Sommerkorn, गेब्रियल ड्यूपॉंट, जेक Eggan और Chirawat Sanpakit जो यहां प्रस्तुत प्रयोगों के साथ सहायता स्वीकार करना चाहते हैं । Jeanette Cobian Iñiguez नासा MUREP संस्थागत अनुसंधान अवसर (MIRO) अनुदान संख्या NNX15AP99A द्वारा समर्थन स्वीकार करता है । यह काम भी usda वन सेवा, PSW अनुसंधान स्टेशन और कैलिफोर्निया विश्वविद्यालय के बीच एक समझौते के माध्यम से USDI राष्ट्रीय आग योजना द्वारा वित्त पोषित किया गया-नदी के किनारे ।

सावधानी: निम्नलिखित प्रोटोकॉल में कई चरणों के रूप में गतिविधियों है कि चोट के कारण की क्षमता है शामिल, सुनिश्चित करें कि उचित व्यक्तिगत सुरक्षा उपकरण (पीपीई) आग सहित सुरक्षा प्रोटोकॉल स्थापित निम्न?...

<ol>
	<li>Minnich, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fire+mosaics+in+southern+California+and+northern+Baja+California.">Fire mosaics in southern California and northern Baja California.</a> Science. 219 (4590), 1287-1294 (1983).</li><li>Tachajapong, W., Lozano, J., Mahalingam, S., Weise, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+modelling+of+crown+fire+initiation+in+open+and+closed+shrubland+systems.">Experimental modelling of crown fire initiation in open and closed shrubland systems.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 23 (4), 451-462 (2014).</li><li>Rothermel, R. C., Philpot, C. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+changes+in+chaparral+flammability.">Predicting changes in chaparral flammability.</a> J. For. 71 (10), 640-643 (1973).</li><li>Van Wagner, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditions+for+the+start+and+spread+of+crown+fire.">Conditions for the start and spread of crown fire.</a> Can. J. For. Res. 7, 23-34 (1977).</li><li>Fons, W. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+Fire+Spread+in+Light+Forest+Fuels.">Analysis of Fire Spread in Light Forest Fuels.</a> J. Agric. Res. (3), (1946).</li><li>Lozano, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An investigation of surface and crown fire dynamics in shrub fuels [dissertation]. , 222 (2011).</li><li>Weise, D., Zhou, X., Sun, L., Mahalingam, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fire+spread+in+chaparral-'go+or+no-go?'.">Fire spread in chaparral-'go or no-go?'.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 14, 99-106 (2005).</li><li>Cruz, M. G., Butler, B. W., Alexander, M. E., Forthofer, J. M., Wakimoto, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+the+ignition+of+crown+fuels+above+a+spreading+surface+fire.+Part+I:+Model+idealization.">Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part I: Model idealization.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 15 (1), 47-60 (2006).</li><li>Cruz, M. G., Butler, B. W., Alexander, M. E., Forthofer, J. M., Wakimoto, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+the+ignition+of+crown+fuels+above+a+spreading+surface+fire.+Part+II:+Model+idealization.">Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part II: Model idealization.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 15 (1), 47-60 (2006).</li><li>Li, J., Mahalingam, S., Weise, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+investigation+of+fire+propagation+in+single+live+shrubs.">Experimental investigation of fire propagation in single live shrubs.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 26 (1), 58-70 (2017).</li><li>Byram, G. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+fire+spread.">Mechanisms of fire spread.</a> Symp. Combust. 16 (1), 1281-1294 (1977).</li><li>Sullivan, A. L., Ball, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+decomposition+and+combustion+chemistry+of+cellulosic+biomass.">Thermal decomposition and combustion chemistry of cellulosic biomass.</a> Atmospheric Environment. 47, 133-141 (2012).</li><li>Tachajapong, W., Lozano, J., Mahalingam, S., Zhou, X., Weise, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+and+Numerical+Modeling+of+Shrub+Crown+Fire+Initiation.">Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Shrub Crown Fire Initiation.</a> Combust. Sci. Technol. , 618-640 (2016).</li><li>Tachajapong, W., Lozano, J., Mahalingam, S., Zhou, X., Weise, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+investigation+of+crown+fuel+bulk+density+effects+on+the+dynamics+of+crown+fire+initiation+in+Shrublands.">An investigation of crown fuel bulk density effects on the dynamics of crown fire initiation in Shrublands.</a> Combust. Sci. Technol. 180 (4), 593-615 (2008).</li><li>Zhou, X., Weise, D., Mahalingam, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+measurements+and+numerical+modeling+of+marginal+burning+in+live+chaparral+fuel+beds.">Experimental measurements and numerical modeling of marginal burning in live chaparral fuel beds.</a> Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2), 2287-2294 (2005).</li><li>Pickett, B. M., Isackson, C., Wunder, R., Fletcher, T. H., Butler, B. W., Weise, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flame+interactions+and+burning+characteristics+of+two+live+leaf+samples.">Flame interactions and burning characteristics of two live leaf samples.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 18 (7), 865-874 (2009).</li><li>Cobian-I&#241;iguez, J., Sanpakit, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+Experiments+to+Study+Surface+to+Crown+Fire+Transition+in+Chaparral.">Laboratory Experiments to Study Surface to Crown Fire Transition in Chaparral.</a> Fall Meet. West. States Sect. Combust. Inst. , (2015).</li><li>Silvani, X., Morandini, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fire+spread+experiments+in+the+field:+Temperature+and+heat+fluxes+measurements.">Fire spread experiments in the field: Temperature and heat fluxes measurements.</a> Fire Safety J. 44 (2), 279-285 (2009).</li><li>Morandini, F., Silvani, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fire+spread+experiment+across+Mediterranean+shrub:+Influence+of+wind+on+flame+front+properties.">Fire spread experiment across Mediterranean shrub: Influence of wind on flame front properties.</a> Fire Safety J. 41 (3), 229-235 (2006).</li><li>Albini, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Model+for+Fire+Spread+in+Wildland+Fuels+by-+Radiation.">A Model for Fire Spread in Wildland Fuels by- Radiation.</a> Combust. Flame. 42, (1985).</li><li>Rothermel, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Mathematical+Model+for+Predicting+Fire+Spread+in+Wildland+Fuels.">A Mathematical Model for Predicting Fire Spread in Wildland Fuels.</a> USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-115. , 40 (1972).</li><li>Freeborn, P. H., Wooster, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationships+between+energy+release,+fuel+mass+loss,+and+trace+gas+an+aerosol+emissions+during+laboratory+biomass+fires.">Relationships between energy release, fuel mass loss, and trace gas an aerosol emissions during laboratory biomass fires.</a> J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 113 (1), 1-17 (2008).</li><li>Finney, M. A., Cohen, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+buoyant+flame+dynamics+in+wildfire+spread.">Role of buoyant flame dynamics in wildfire spread.</a> Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 112 (32), 9833-9838 (2015).</li><li>Green, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burning+by+prescription+in+chaparral.">Burning by prescription in chaparral.</a> USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-51. , 36 (1981).</li><li>Cohen, J., Bradshaw, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fire+behavior+modeling+-+a+decision+tool.">Fire behavior modeling - a decision tool.</a> Proc. Prescr. Burn. Midwest State Art. , 1-5 (1986).</li><li>Weise, D. R., Koo, E., Zhou, X., Mahalingam, S., Morandini, F., Balbi, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fire+spread+in+chaparral+-+A+comparison+of+laboratory+data+and+model+predictions+in+burning+live+fuels.">Fire spread in chaparral - A comparison of laboratory data and model predictions in burning live fuels.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 25 (9), 980-994 (2016).</li><li>Omodan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fire Behavior Modeling - Experiment on Surface Fire Transition to the Elevated Live Fuel A. , (2015).</li><li>Mulvaney, J. J., Sullivan, A. L., Cary, G. J., Bishop, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repeatability+of+free-burning+fire+experiments+using+heterogeneous+forest+fuel+beds+in+a+combustion+wind+tunnel.">Repeatability of free-burning fire experiments using heterogeneous forest fuel beds in a combustion wind tunnel.</a> Intl J Wildl Fire. 25 (4), 445-455 (2016).</li></ol>

प्रयोग भर में ऊंचा ईंधन द्रव्यमान मापने की क्षमता यहां प्रस्तुत तकनीक का मुख्य लाभ में से एक था । चैपरल आग को संबोधित पिछले अध्ययनों से या तो केवल मुकुट आग दीक्षा या केवल सतह पर फैल पर ध्यान केंद्रित कि?...

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Wind Tunnel Instrumentation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cDAQ-9178 CompactDAQ Chassis</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>781156-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NI-9213 C Series Temperature Input Module</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>785185-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NI SignalExpress for Windows</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>779037-35&#160;</td>
			<td>Newest version, older version used for experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Temperature Nextel Insulated Thermocouple Elements</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>XC-24-K-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouple Extension Wire with Polyvinyl Coated Wire and Tinned Copper Overbraid</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>EXPP-K-24S-TCB-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra High Temperature Miniature Connectors</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>SHX-K-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CompuTrac MAX 2000XL&#160;</td>
			<td>Arizona Instruments</td>
			<td>MAX-2000XL</td>
			<td>Discontinued, Newer Model Out</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kestrel 3000 Pocket Weather Meter</td>
			<td>Nielsen-Kellerman</td>
			<td>0830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Satorius CPA 34001S&#160;</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>25850314</td>
			<td>Discontinued Model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 Kg Micro Load Cell (X4)</td>
			<td>Robotshop.com</td>
			<td>RB-Phi-118</td>
			<td>Strain Gauge Load Cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phidget PhidgetBridge Wheatstone Bridge Sensor Interface</td>
			<td>Robotshop.com</td>
			<td>RB-Phi-107</td>
			<td>Interfaces with 4 load cells, performs signal amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#2 Stainless S-Biner (X4)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>SB2-03-11</td>
			<td>Dual spring gate carabiners used to mount load cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 in. Malleable Iron C-Clamp</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td># 4011</td>
			<td>Used to mount load cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal Protective Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wildland Firefighter Nomex Shirt</td>
			<td>GSA Advantage</td>
			<td>SH35-5648</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fireline 6 oz Wildland Fire Pants</td>
			<td>GSA Advantage</td>
			<td>139702MR SEV16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fuels</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chamise</td>
			<td>Collected in situ</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural Shredded Wood Excelsior &#8211; Natural Coarse 50 lbs bail</td>
			<td>Paper Mart</td>
			<td>21-711-88</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bernzomatic UL100 Basic Propane Torch Kit</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>UL100KC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Convenience store</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video and Photography</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon D3000 10.2-MP DSLR camera with DX-format sensor and 3x 18x55mm Zoon-NIKKOR VR Image Stabilization Lens</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sony Handycam Camcorder DCR-SX85</td>
			<td>Amazon.com</td>
			<td>DCR-SX85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NI LabView</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>Student Version</td>
			<td>Used for instrument control and interfacing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB Student Version (MATLAB_R2014a)</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>Student Version&#160;</td>
			<td>Used for data post-processing including image processing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

wind tunnel experiments to study chaparral crown fires

वर्तमान प्रोटोकॉल एक प्रयोगशाला चैपरल मुकुट आग प्रज्वलन और प्रसार का अध्ययन करने के लिए डिज़ाइन तकनीक प्रस्तुत करता है । प्रयोग एक कम वेग आग पवन सुरंग में आयोजित की गई जहां ईंधन की दो अलग परतों चैपरल में सतह और क्राउन ईंधन का प्रतिनिधित्व करने के लिए निर्माण किया गया । Chamise, एक आम चैपरल झाड़ी, जी मुकुट परत शामिल हैं । मृत ईंधन सतह परत excelsior (कटा हुआ लकड़ी) के साथ निर्माण किया गया था । हम दोनों ईंधन परतों के लिए जन हानि, तापमान, और लौ ऊंचाई को मापने के लिए एक पद्धति विकसित की है । प्रत्येक परत में रखा Thermocouples तापमान का अनुमान है । एक वीडियो कैमरा दिखाई लौ पर कब्जा कर लिया । डिजिटल इमेजरी के बाद की प्रोसेसिंग ऊंचाई और लौ झुकाव सहित लौ विशेषताओं से झुकेंगे । एक कस्टम क्राउन जन हानि साधन में विकसित घर जला के दौरान मुकुट परत के द्रव्यमान के विकास मापा । जन हानि और तापमान रुझान तकनीक का उपयोग कर प्राप्त सिद्धांत और अंय अनुभवजंय अध्ययन । इस अध्ययन में, हम विस्तृत प्रयोगात्मक प्रक्रियाओं और प्रयुक्त इंस्ट्रूमेंटेशन के बारे में जानकारी प्रस्तुत करते हैं । ईंधन मास की हानि दर और तापमान ईंधन बिस्तर के भीतर दायर के लिए प्रतिनिधि परिणाम भी शामिल है और चर्चा की ।

मुकुट और सतह लौ ऊंचाई डेटा वीडियो डेटा से प्राप्त किया गया । प्रयोगों के लिए ठेठ लौ ऊंचाई रुझान चित्रा 6में प्रस्तुत किया है । लौ ऊंचाई व्यवहार पीछा किया है कि सन एट अल में पाय?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Wind Tunnel Experiments to Study Chaparral Crown Fires at JoVE.com

Wind Tunnel Experiments to Study Chaparral Crown Fires

इस प्रोटोकॉल का वर्णन पवन सुरंग चैपरल झाड़ियों के चंदवा के लिए जमीन से एक आग के संक्रमण का अध्ययन करने के लिए डिजाइन प्रयोगों ।

पवन सुरंग प्रयोगों चैपरल क्राउन आग का अध्ययन करने के लिए

The present protocol presents a laboratory technique designed to study chaparral crown fire ignition and spread. Experiments were conducted in a low ...

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