Name: wind tunnel experiments to study chaparral crown fires
Uploaded: 2017-11-14T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Wind Tunnel Experiments to Study Chaparral Crown Fires at JoVE.com

Авторы хотели бы признать, Бенджамин Sommerkorn, Габриэль Dupont, Джейк Eggan и Chirawat Sanpakit, который помогал с экспериментами, представленные здесь. Жанетт Cobian Ингес признает поддержку, номер гранта НАСА MUREP институциональных исследований возможностей (MIRO) NNX15AP99A. Эта работа финансировалась USDA/подпись Национальный план огонь через соглашение между Лесная служба МСХ США, PSW научно-исследовательская станция и университета Калифорнии - Риверсайд.

осторожностью: как несколько шагов в следующий протокол включают мероприятия, которые могут послужить причиной травмы, убедитесь, что надлежащие средства индивидуальной защиты (СИЗ) используется после установленной безопасности протоколов, включая пожар стойкую одежду и защитные оч...

<ol>
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(3), (1946).</li><li>Lozano, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> An investigation of surface and crown fire dynamics in shrub fuels [dissertation]. , 222 (2011).</li><li>Weise, D., Zhou, X., Sun, L., Mahalingam, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fire+spread+in+chaparral-'go+or+no-go?'.">Fire spread in chaparral-'go or no-go?'.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 14, 99-106 (2005).</li><li>Cruz, M. G., Butler, B. W., Alexander, M. E., Forthofer, J. M., Wakimoto, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+the+ignition+of+crown+fuels+above+a+spreading+surface+fire.+Part+I:+Model+idealization.">Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part I: Model idealization.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 15 (1), 47-60 (2006).</li><li>Cruz, M. G., Butler, B. W., Alexander, M. E., Forthofer, J. M., Wakimoto, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predicting+the+ignition+of+crown+fuels+above+a+spreading+surface+fire.+Part+II:+Model+idealization.">Predicting the ignition of crown fuels above a spreading surface fire. Part II: Model idealization.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 15 (1), 47-60 (2006).</li><li>Li, J., Mahalingam, S., Weise, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+investigation+of+fire+propagation+in+single+live+shrubs.">Experimental investigation of fire propagation in single live shrubs.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 26 (1), 58-70 (2017).</li><li>Byram, G. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+fire+spread.">Mechanisms of fire spread.</a> Symp. Combust. 16 (1), 1281-1294 (1977).</li><li>Sullivan, A. L., Ball, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+decomposition+and+combustion+chemistry+of+cellulosic+biomass.">Thermal decomposition and combustion chemistry of cellulosic biomass.</a> Atmospheric Environment. 47, 133-141 (2012).</li><li>Tachajapong, W., Lozano, J., Mahalingam, S., Zhou, X., Weise, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+and+Numerical+Modeling+of+Shrub+Crown+Fire+Initiation.">Experimental and Numerical Modeling of Shrub Crown Fire Initiation.</a> Combust. Sci. Technol. , 618-640 (2016).</li><li>Tachajapong, W., Lozano, J., Mahalingam, S., Zhou, X., Weise, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+investigation+of+crown+fuel+bulk+density+effects+on+the+dynamics+of+crown+fire+initiation+in+Shrublands.">An investigation of crown fuel bulk density effects on the dynamics of crown fire initiation in Shrublands.</a> Combust. Sci. Technol. 180 (4), 593-615 (2008).</li><li>Zhou, X., Weise, D., Mahalingam, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+measurements+and+numerical+modeling+of+marginal+burning+in+live+chaparral+fuel+beds.">Experimental measurements and numerical modeling of marginal burning in live chaparral fuel beds.</a> Proc. Combust. Inst. 30 (2), 2287-2294 (2005).</li><li>Pickett, B. M., Isackson, C., Wunder, R., Fletcher, T. H., Butler, B. W., Weise, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flame+interactions+and+burning+characteristics+of+two+live+leaf+samples.">Flame interactions and burning characteristics of two live leaf samples.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 18 (7), 865-874 (2009).</li><li>Cobian-I&#241;iguez, J., Sanpakit, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+Experiments+to+Study+Surface+to+Crown+Fire+Transition+in+Chaparral.">Laboratory Experiments to Study Surface to Crown Fire Transition in Chaparral.</a> Fall Meet. West. States Sect. Combust. Inst. , (2015).</li><li>Silvani, X., Morandini, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fire+spread+experiments+in+the+field:+Temperature+and+heat+fluxes+measurements.">Fire spread experiments in the field: Temperature and heat fluxes measurements.</a> Fire Safety J. 44 (2), 279-285 (2009).</li><li>Morandini, F., Silvani, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fire+spread+experiment+across+Mediterranean+shrub:+Influence+of+wind+on+flame+front+properties.">Fire spread experiment across Mediterranean shrub: Influence of wind on flame front properties.</a> Fire Safety J. 41 (3), 229-235 (2006).</li><li>Albini, F. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Model+for+Fire+Spread+in+Wildland+Fuels+by-+Radiation.">A Model for Fire Spread in Wildland Fuels by- Radiation.</a> Combust. Flame. 42, (1985).</li><li>Rothermel, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Mathematical+Model+for+Predicting+Fire+Spread+in+Wildland+Fuels.">A Mathematical Model for Predicting Fire Spread in Wildland Fuels.</a> USDA For. Serv. Res. Pap. INT-115. , 40 (1972).</li><li>Freeborn, P. H., Wooster, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationships+between+energy+release,+fuel+mass+loss,+and+trace+gas+an+aerosol+emissions+during+laboratory+biomass+fires.">Relationships between energy release, fuel mass loss, and trace gas an aerosol emissions during laboratory biomass fires.</a> J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 113 (1), 1-17 (2008).</li><li>Finney, M. A., Cohen, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+buoyant+flame+dynamics+in+wildfire+spread.">Role of buoyant flame dynamics in wildfire spread.</a> Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 112 (32), 9833-9838 (2015).</li><li>Green, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burning+by+prescription+in+chaparral.">Burning by prescription in chaparral.</a> USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-51. , 36 (1981).</li><li>Cohen, J., Bradshaw, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fire+behavior+modeling+-+a+decision+tool.">Fire behavior modeling - a decision tool.</a> Proc. Prescr. Burn. Midwest State Art. , 1-5 (1986).</li><li>Weise, D. R., Koo, E., Zhou, X., Mahalingam, S., Morandini, F., Balbi, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fire+spread+in+chaparral+-+A+comparison+of+laboratory+data+and+model+predictions+in+burning+live+fuels.">Fire spread in chaparral - A comparison of laboratory data and model predictions in burning live fuels.</a> Int. J. Wildl. Fire. 25 (9), 980-994 (2016).</li><li>Omodan, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fire Behavior Modeling - Experiment on Surface Fire Transition to the Elevated Live Fuel A. , (2015).</li><li>Mulvaney, J. J., Sullivan, A. L., Cary, G. J., Bishop, G. 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Возможность измерения массы повышенных топлива на протяжении всего эксперимента был одним из главных преимуществ техники, представленные здесь. Предыдущие исследования, касающиеся чапараль пожара были сосредоточены на либо только огонь посвящение короны или только на поверхности р?...

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Wind Tunnel Instrumentation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cDAQ-9178 CompactDAQ Chassis</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>781156-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NI-9213 C Series Temperature Input Module</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>785185-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NI SignalExpress for Windows</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>779037-35&#160;</td>
			<td>Newest version, older version used for experiment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High Temperature Nextel Insulated Thermocouple Elements</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>XC-24-K-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermocouple Extension Wire with Polyvinyl Coated Wire and Tinned Copper Overbraid</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>EXPP-K-24S-TCB-P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra High Temperature Miniature Connectors</td>
			<td>Omega</td>
			<td>SHX-K-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CompuTrac MAX 2000XL&#160;</td>
			<td>Arizona Instruments</td>
			<td>MAX-2000XL</td>
			<td>Discontinued, Newer Model Out</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kestrel 3000 Pocket Weather Meter</td>
			<td>Nielsen-Kellerman</td>
			<td>0830</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Satorius CPA 34001S&#160;</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>25850314</td>
			<td>Discontinued Model</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 Kg Micro Load Cell (X4)</td>
			<td>Robotshop.com</td>
			<td>RB-Phi-118</td>
			<td>Strain Gauge Load Cell</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phidget PhidgetBridge Wheatstone Bridge Sensor Interface</td>
			<td>Robotshop.com</td>
			<td>RB-Phi-107</td>
			<td>Interfaces with 4 load cells, performs signal amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>#2 Stainless S-Biner (X4)</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>SB2-03-11</td>
			<td>Dual spring gate carabiners used to mount load cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 in. Malleable Iron C-Clamp</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td># 4011</td>
			<td>Used to mount load cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal Protective Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wildland Firefighter Nomex Shirt</td>
			<td>GSA Advantage</td>
			<td>SH35-5648</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fireline 6 oz Wildland Fire Pants</td>
			<td>GSA Advantage</td>
			<td>139702MR SEV16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fuels</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chamise</td>
			<td>Collected in situ</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural Shredded Wood Excelsior &#8211; Natural Coarse 50 lbs bail</td>
			<td>Paper Mart</td>
			<td>21-711-88</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bernzomatic UL100 Basic Propane Torch Kit</td>
			<td>Home Depot</td>
			<td>UL100KC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Convenience store</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video and Photography</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon D3000 10.2-MP DSLR camera with DX-format sensor and 3x 18x55mm Zoon-NIKKOR VR Image Stabilization Lens</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sony Handycam Camcorder DCR-SX85</td>
			<td>Amazon.com</td>
			<td>DCR-SX85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NI LabView</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>Student Version</td>
			<td>Used for instrument control and interfacing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB Student Version (MATLAB_R2014a)</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>Student Version&#160;</td>
			<td>Used for data post-processing including image processing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

wind tunnel experiments to study chaparral crown fires

Настоящий Протокол представляет технику лаборатории, предназначенных для изучения чапараль Корона возгорания и распространения. Эксперименты были проведены в низкой скорости аэродинамической огонь где были построены два четко различимых слоя топлива представить поверхность и Корона топлива в Чапараль. Chamise, общий чапараль кустарник, состоит из слоя живой короны. Поверхностный слой мертвых топлива был построен с Эксельсиор (измельченной древесины). Мы разработали методологию для измерения потери массы, температуры и пламя высоту для обоих слоев топлива. Термопары помещены в каждый слой оценкам температуры. Видео камеры захватили видимых пламени. Пост-обработки цифровых изображений принесли пламени характеристики, включая высоту и пламя наклона. Пользовательских Корона потери массы инструмента, разработанного измеряется эволюция массы Корона слоя во время записи. Массовые потери и температуры тенденции, полученные с помощью техники соответствует теории и других эмпирических исследований. В этом исследовании мы представляем подробные экспериментальной процедуры и информация о приборы, используемые. Представитель результаты для скорости потери массы топлива и температуры, подала в постели топлива также включены и обсуждены.

Корона и поверхности пламени высота данные были получены из видео данных. Типичный пламени высота тенденции для экспериментов представлена на рисунке 6. Высота пламени поведение следует, что в Sun et al. 14
...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Wind Tunnel Experiments to Study Chaparral Crown Fires at JoVE.com

Wind Tunnel Experiments to Study Chaparral Crown Fires

Этот протокол описывает аэродинамической эксперименты, предназначенных для изучения переход пожара от земли к сенью чапараль кустарников.

Аэродинамической экспериментов для изучения Chaparral Корона пожаров

The present protocol presents a laboratory technique designed to study chaparral crown fire ignition and spread. Experiments were conducted in a low ...

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