Name: isolation and cultivation of neural progenitors followed by chromatin-immunoprecipitation of histone 3 lysine 79 dimethylation mark
Uploaded: 2018-01-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark at JoVE.com

Ringraziamo Henriette Bertemes per aver contribuito a stabilire il protocollo di coltivazione CGN all'interno del laboratorio. Questa carta di metodo era sostenuta dall'epigenetica medica CRC992 DFG-finanziato dai finanziamenti alla TV. Gli autori riconoscono il supporto del Team Galassia Freiburg: Pavankumar Videm, Björn Grüning e Prof. ssa Rolf Backofen, bioinformatica, Università di Friburgo, in Germania, finanziato dal centro ricerca collaborativo 992 epigenetica medica (grant DFG SFB 992/1 2012) e Ministero federale tedesco dell'istruzione e della ricerca (BMBF grant 031 A538A RBC (de. NBI)).

Comitati di benessere degli animali delle autorità locali e Università di Friburgo ha approvato tutti gli esperimenti sugli animali (G12/13, G16/11) menzionati nel protocollo seguente.
1. preparati
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Preparazioni per l'isolamento del CPCs
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<li>Impostare tempo accoppiamento per ottenere embrioni a diversi stadi di sviluppo della corteccia (tra E11.5 ed e 14.5). Utilizzare i topi del ceppo NMRI (Naval Medical Research Institute), che sono almeno 8 settimane di vi...

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	<li>Molyneaux, B. J., Arlotta, P., Menezes, J. R. L., Macklis, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+subtype+specification+in+the+cerebral+cortex.">Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 427-437 (2007).</li><li>Kandel, E. R., Squire, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroscience:+breaking+down+scientific+barriers+to+the+study+of+brain+and+mind.">Neuroscience: breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind.</a> Science. 290, 1113-1120 (2000).</li><li>G&#246;tz, M., Sommer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+development:+the+art+of+generating+cell+diversity.">Cortical development: the art of generating cell diversity.</a> Dev. Camb. Engl. 132, 3327 (2005).</li><li>Hirabayashi, Y., Gotoh, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+control+of+neural+precursor+cell+fate+during+development.">Epigenetic control of neural precursor cell fate during development.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 377-388 (2010).</li><li>Davis, A. A., Temple, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+self-renewing+multipotential+stem+cell+in+embryonic+rat+cerebral+cortex.">A self-renewing multipotential stem cell in embryonic rat cerebral cortex.</a> Nature. 372, 263-266 (1994).</li><li>Sauvageot, C. M., Stiles, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+controlling+cortical+gliogenesis.">Molecular mechanisms controlling cortical gliogenesis.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12, 244-249 (2002).</li><li>McConnell, S. K., Kaznowski, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+cycle+dependence+of+laminar+determination+in+developing+neocortex.">Cell cycle dependence of laminar determination in developing neocortex.</a> Science. 254, 282-285 (1991).</li><li>Desai, A. R., McConnell, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progressive+restriction+in+fate+potential+by+neural+progenitors+during+cerebral+cortical+development.">Progressive restriction in fate potential by neural progenitors during cerebral cortical development.</a> Dev. Camb. Engl. 127, 2863-2872 (2000).</li><li>Glickstein, M., Strata, P., Voogd, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebellum:+history.">Cerebellum: history.</a> Neuroscience. 162, 549-559 (2009).</li><li>Marzban, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+commitment+in+the+developing+cerebellum.">Cellular commitment in the developing cerebellum.</a> Front. Cell. Neurosci. 8, (2015).</li><li>Azevedo, F. A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Equal+numbers+of+neuronal+and+nonneuronal+cells+make+the+human+brain+an+isometrically+scaled-up+primate+brain.">Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 513, 532-541 (2009).</li><li>Machold, R., Fishell, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Math1+is+expressed+in+temporally+discrete+pools+of+cerebellar+rhombic-lip+neural+progenitors.">Math1 is expressed in temporally discrete pools of cerebellar rhombic-lip neural progenitors.</a> Neuron. 48, 17-24 (2005).</li><li>Luger, K., M&#228;der, A. W., Richmond, R. K., Sargent, D. F., Richmond, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+structure+of+the+nucleosome+core+particle+at+2.8+A+resolution.">Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution.</a> Nature. 389, 251-260 (1997).</li><li>Kouzarides, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+modifications+and+their+function.">Chromatin modifications and their function.</a> Cell. 128, 693-705 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+modification+mapping+in+human+brain+reveals+aberrant+expression+of+histone+H3+lysine+79+dimethylation+in+neural+tube+defects.">Histone modification mapping in human brain reveals aberrant expression of histone H3 lysine 79 dimethylation in neural tube defects.</a> Neurobiol. Dis. 54, 404-413 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, Y., Reinberg, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+regulation+by+histone+methylation:+interplay+between+different+covalent+modifications+of+the+core+histone+tails.">Transcription regulation by histone methylation: interplay between different covalent modifications of the core histone tails.</a> Genes Dev. 15, 2343-2360 (2001).</li><li>Sanders, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methylation+of+histone+H4+lysine+20+controls+recruitment+of+Crb2+to+sites+of+DNA+damage.">Methylation of histone H4 lysine 20 controls recruitment of Crb2 to sites of DNA damage.</a> Cell. 119, 603-614 (2004).</li><li>Martin, C., Zhang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+diverse+functions+of+histone+lysine+methylation.">The diverse functions of histone lysine methylation.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 838-849 (2005).</li><li>Greer, E. L., Shi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+methylation:+a+dynamic+mark+in+health,+disease+and+inheritance.">Histone methylation: a dynamic mark in health, disease and inheritance.</a> Nat. Rev. Genet. 13, 343-357 (2012).</li><li>Ng, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lysine+methylation+within+the+globular+domain+of+histone+H3+by+Dot1+is+important+for+telomeric+silencing+and+Sir+protein+association.">Lysine methylation within the globular domain of histone H3 by Dot1 is important for telomeric silencing and Sir protein association.</a> Genes Dev. 16, 1518-1527 (2002).</li><li>Kebede, A. F., Schneider, R., Daujat, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+types+and+sites+of+histone+modifications+emerge+as+players+in+the+transcriptional+regulation+contest.">Novel types and sites of histone modifications emerge as players in the transcriptional regulation contest.</a> FEBS J. 282, 1658-1674 (2015).</li><li>Roidl, D., Hacker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+methylation+during+neural+development.">Histone methylation during neural development.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 356, 539-552 (2014).</li><li>Mersfelder, E. L., Parthun, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tale+beyond+the+tail:+histone+core+domain+modifications+and+the+regulation+of+chromatin+structure.">The tale beyond the tail: histone core domain modifications and the regulation of chromatin structure.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 2653-2662 (2006).</li><li>van Leeuwen, F., Gafken, P. R., Gottschling, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dot1p+Modulates+Silencing+in+Yeast+by+Methylation+of+the+Nucleosome+Core.">Dot1p Modulates Silencing in Yeast by Methylation of the Nucleosome Core.</a> Cell. 109, 745-756 (2002).</li><li>Jones, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+histone+H3K79+methyltransferase+Dot1L+is+essential+for+mammalian+development+and+heterochromatin+structure.">The histone H3K79 methyltransferase Dot1L is essential for mammalian development and heterochromatin structure.</a> PLoS Genet. 4, e1000190 (2008).</li><li>Woo Park, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RE-IIBP+Methylates+H3K79+and+Induces+MEIS1-mediated+Apoptosis+via+H2BK120+Ubiquitination+by+RNF20.">RE-IIBP Methylates H3K79 and Induces MEIS1-mediated Apoptosis via H2BK120 Ubiquitination by RNF20.</a> Sci. Rep. 5, 12485 (2015).</li><li>Vlaming, H., van Leeuwen, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+upstreams+and+downstreams+of+H3K79+methylation+by+DOT1L.">The upstreams and downstreams of H3K79 methylation by DOT1L.</a> Chromosoma. , (2016).</li><li>Jones, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+histone+H3K79+methyltransferase+Dot1L+is+essential+for+mammalian+development+and+heterochromatin+structure.">The histone H3K79 methyltransferase Dot1L is essential for mammalian development and heterochromatin structure.</a> PLoS Genet. 4, e1000190 (2008).</li><li>Feng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+mammalian+erythropoiesis+requires+the+Dot1L+methyltransferase.">Early mammalian erythropoiesis requires the Dot1L methyltransferase.</a> Blood. 116, 4483-4491 (2010).</li><li>Cattaneo, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DOT1L-mediated+H3K79me2+modification+critically+regulates+gene+expression+during+cardiomyocyte+differentiation.">DOT1L-mediated H3K79me2 modification critically regulates gene expression during cardiomyocyte differentiation.</a> Cell Death Differ. 23, 555-564 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+modification+mapping+in+human+brain+reveals+aberrant+expression+of+histone+H3+lysine+79+dimethylation+in+neural+tube+defects.">Histone modification mapping in human brain reveals aberrant expression of histone H3 lysine 79 dimethylation in neural tube defects.</a> Neurobiol. Dis. 54, 404-413 (2013).</li><li>B&#252;ttner, N., Johnsen, S. A., K&#252;gler, S., Vogel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Af9/Mllt3+interferes+with+Tbr1+expression+through+epigenetic+modification+of+histone+H3K79+during+development+of+the+cerebral+cortex.">Af9/Mllt3 interferes with Tbr1 expression through epigenetic modification of histone H3K79 during development of the cerebral cortex.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 7042-7047 (2010).</li><li>Roidl, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DOT1L+Activity+Promotes+Proliferation+and+Protects+Cortical+Neural+Stem+Cells+from+Activation+of+ATF4-DDIT3-Mediated+ER+Stress+In+Vitro.">DOT1L Activity Promotes Proliferation and Protects Cortical Neural Stem Cells from Activation of ATF4-DDIT3-Mediated ER Stress In Vitro.</a> Stem Cells Dayt. Ohio. 34, 233-245 (2016).</li><li>Robinson, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrative+genomics+viewer.">Integrative genomics viewer.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 24-26 (2011).</li><li>Langmead, B., Salzberg, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+gapped-read+alignment+with+Bowtie+2.">Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2.</a> Nat. Methods. 9, 357-359 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Model-based+Analysis+of+ChIP-Seq+(MACS).">Model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS).</a> Genome Biol. 9, R137 (2008).</li><li>Ram&#237;rez, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=deepTools2:+a+next+generation+web+server+for+deep-sequencing+data+analysis.">deepTools2: a next generation web server for deep-sequencing data analysis.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 44, W160-W165 (2016).</li><li>Roidl, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Histone modifications during cerebral cortex development. , (2015).</li><li>Turner, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP+with+Native+Chromatin:+Advantages+and+Problems+Relative+to+Methods+Using+Cross-Linked+Material.">ChIP with Native Chromatin: Advantages and Problems Relative to Methods Using Cross-Linked Material.</a> Mapping Protein/DNA Interactions by Cross-Linking. , (2001).</li><li>Dincman, T. 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Ci sono due modi principali per eseguire immunoprecipitazione della cromatina per rilevare l'occupazione genomica di modificazioni istoniche, fattori di trascrizione, i lettori di codice dell'istone, scrittori o gomme. Uno è il metodo di ChIP nativo usando nucleasi digerita, nativo della cromatina per immunoprecipitazione, e l'altro è il metodo presentato utilizzando la cromatina PFA-fisso, tranciata, in cui i nucleosomes e altre proteine DNA-collegato sono covalentemente al DNA 39. ChIP nativo ...

Le funzioni sensoriali, motorie e cognitive del cervello sono estremamente complessi e sensibili ai cambiamenti fisici ed ambientali. Il cervello è costituito da tre parti generali hind-, mid-e del forebrain, che sono profondamente collegati. All'interno del forebrain, telencefalo può essere diviso in un telencefalo dorsale (DT) e un ventrale telencefalo (VT). Il DT dei topi è costituito da sei strati corticali che si formano tra E11.5 ed E18.5 in un modo "inside-out"1. Il VT comprende le eminenze gangliare in sviluppo, che poi formano i gangli basali2,3. Diversi tipi di cellule possono essere classificati nel sistema nervoso centrale dei mammiferi quali neuroni, astrociti e oligodendrociti4, che si sviluppano in un modo temporo-spaziale5. In primo luogo, le cellule progenitrici neurali (NPC) danno origine a diversi tipi di neuroni, interneuroni nel VT e neuroni di proiezione nella DT e successivamente ai cellule gliali (ad es., gli astrociti6). Durante lo sviluppo corticale, lo strato più superficiale (strato I), che contiene le cellule di Cajal-Retzius, si forma dapprima. Quindi, tra 12.5 ed e 14.5, NPC generano più profondi strati neuronali (VI, V) mentre tra 14,5 e 16,5, progenitori danno origine al livello superiore (IV-II) neuroni7,8. Un neurone identità viene specificata da diversi programmi di transcriptional temporo-spaziale indotta da morfogeno e inoltre da epigenetici programmi2.
Il cervelletto, che è implicato nella coordinazione motoria, si trova del hindbrain e si sviluppa tra E10 e approssimativamente P20 in topi9. Esso contiene la corteccia cerebellare ed i nuclei cerebellari10. La corteccia cerebellare adulta è costituito da tre strati, lo strato molecolare più esterno, lo strato delle cellule di Purkinje e lo strato granulare più interno che contiene neuroni granulari10. Le cellule cerebellari del granello sono i neuroni più piccoli e rappresentano circa l'80% di tutti i neuroni nel cervello dei vertebrati11. Sviluppano da precursori che si trova nella zona germinale esterna e migrano attraverso lo strato di cellule di Purkinje al loro destinazione12. Come nel telencefalo, lo sviluppo del cervelletto è regolato da diversi importanti morfogeni, che hanno funzioni specifiche e spazio-temporale e avviare definiti programmi trascrizionali10.
Lo sviluppo degli strati corticali e cerebellari è controllato dall'espressione trascrizionale di specifici morfogeni e, quindi, dallo stato della cromatina del DNA. In una vista semplificata, gli Stati della cromatina è divisibile in euchromatin come trascrizionalmente attiva e l'eterocromatina come regioni transcriptionally silenziose. Il nucleosoma come unità di base della cromatina contiene due copie di ogni istone core H2A, H2B, H3 e H4, circondato da 147 paia di basi di DNA13. Gli istoni sono altamente traduzionalmente modificati di metilazione, acetilazione, fosforilazione, ubiquitinazione, sumoilazione, ADP-ribosylation, deaminazione e prolina isomerizzazione14,15. Metilazione dell'istone lisina è considerata il più stabile modifica dell'istone che controlla la trascrizione, replica, ricombinazione16, DNA-danno risposta17e imprinting genomico18. Lisine possono essere mono-, di- o tri-metilato19 e appaiono non solo sulle code degli istoni accessibile, ma anche all'interno del dominio globulare di istoni20. Iperomocisteinemici specifici alle H3K4 e H3K36 sono associate principalmente l'eucromatina, specifici iperomocisteinemici H3K9, H3K27 o H4K20 si trovano principalmente in regioni eterocromatiche, anche se tutti i residui sono situati entro l'istone coda14, 19,21. La metilazione di H3K79 si trova all'interno del dominio globulare istone ed è stata associata con l'attività trascrizionale, ma anche con regioni genomiche trascrizionalmente inerte22. La modifica è evolutivamente conservata poiché è stato osservato in lievito, timo di vitello, pollo e umano23. H3K79 mono, di e trimethylation (H3K79me1, me2, me3) sono catalizzate dalle istone metiltransferasi DOT1L24,25 e il nucleare SET dominio-contenente della proteina 2 (Nsd2)26. DOT1L è implicato nella proliferazione e riparazione del DNA cellulare riprogrammazione27. Perdita di Dot1l in topi porta ad una morte prenatale intorno la fase inerente allo sviluppo e 10.528,29. Durante lo sviluppo del cuore e nella differenziazione dei myocardiocyte, DOT1L è essenziale per gene espressione regolamento30. Nel sistema nervoso centrale, DOT1L funzione potrebbe essere implicato nel tubo neurale sviluppo31, è coinvolto nella soppressione Tbr1-espressione nel proencefalo sviluppo32e potrebbe funzionare nella regolazione di sforzo di ER geni di risposta33. Il contesto-dipendente attivando o reprimere azione di H3K79me, soprattutto con situazioni in vivo come lo sviluppo del sistema nervoso centrale, è ad oggi solo parzialmente capito32. Poiché H3K79 metilazione si trova nel dominio globulare dell'istone 3, è stericamente meno accessibile rispetto alle modifiche sui code istoniche flessibile23. Per comprendere la funzione di metilazione di H3K79, sono necessari metodi di analisi affidabili e riproducibili per determinare la sua posizione e ambiente genomica. In questa carta di metodi, presentiamo metodi di isolamento di diversi progenitori neurali (CPC per la corteccia) e CGNPs per il cervelletto, efficace trattamento dell'inibitore di DOT1L e un metodo di ChIP per analizzare la metilazione H3K79 via qPCR o sequenziamento in tempi diversi punti durante lo sviluppo corticale e cerebellare. Per una panoramica del protocollo e delle sue possibilità, Vedi Figura 1.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GAPDH</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab8245</td>
			<td>Category: Antibody 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Immunoblot dilution 1:5000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-H3</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab1791</td>
			<td>Category: Antibody 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Immunoblot dilution 1:3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-H3K79me2</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>pAb-051-050</td>
			<td>Category: Antibody 
			Abbreviation/Comment: ChIP antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-H3K79me2</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab-051-050</td>
			<td>Category: Antibody 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Immunoblot dilution 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-rabbit-IgG</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>C15410206</td>
			<td>Category: Antibody 
			Abbreviation/Comment: ChIP Ctrl antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Tubulin alpha</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab108629</td>
			<td>Category: Antibody 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Immunoblot dilution 1:3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apo-Transferrin (1 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1147</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 Supplement (50x)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>G2940CA</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For analysis of sheared chromatin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioruptor NextGen</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>B01020001</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Ultrasonicator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boric acid pH 8.4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B6768</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC culturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFX Connect RT PCR Detection System</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1855201</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP Analysis 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Detection system for qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM-F12</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11320-033</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynabeads Protein A</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10001D</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Magnetic beads, for ChIP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EPZ-5676</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>S7062</td>
			<td>Category: DOT1L inhibition 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For DOT1L inhibition in cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid</td>
			<td>SERVA</td>
			<td>39760.01</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum 10% (v/v)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10082147</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC isolation and CGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5767</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CGNP isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutathione (1.25 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G4251</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3187</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GoTaq mastermix</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A6002</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP Analysis 
			Abbreviation/Comment: DNA polymerase master mix for qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#8217;s Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14025-100</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: HBSS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine (200 mM)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC culturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L4408</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: LiCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2 supplement</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop 3300</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>3300</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Fluorospectrometer for DNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEB Next Ultra DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>E7645S</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP Analysis 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Kit for Library preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEBNext Multiplex Oligos for Illumina</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>E7335</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP Analysis 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Oligos for Library preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NP-40 Alternative</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>492016</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>335</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: PFA, for cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin-Neomycin 1% (v/v)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15640055</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: PSN, for CCM and CGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: PBS, for CPC isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PicoGreen Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>P11496</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP Analysis 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Visualizing dye for DNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-D-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6407</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CGNP isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-ornithine hydrobromide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3655</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC culturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>AM9640G</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: KCl, for CGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4693159001</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3115879001</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen MinElute</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28004</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Kit for DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R6513</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SGC0946</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>S7079</td>
			<td>Category: DOT1L inhibition 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For DOT1L inhibition in cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>8551.1</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: for Elution buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>9265</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: NaCl, for ChIP buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium deoxycholate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>30970</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecylsulfate</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>183</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: SDS, for ChIP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonic hedgehock (SHH)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SRP6004</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CGNP isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superoxide dismutase (1mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7571</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>9090</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: TRIS, for ChIP buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA 0,05% (w/v)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>59417C</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween20</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>28320</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For bead preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Other Lab devices: Neubauer counting chamber, Incubator, Rotator, Shaker, Disection set, Water bath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCM: Cortical cell medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CGM: CGNP cell culture medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and cultivation of neural progenitors followed by chromatin-immunoprecipitation of histone 3 lysine 79 dimethylation mark

Lo sviluppo del cervello è un processo complesso, che è controllato in maniera temporo-spaziale dai gradienti di morfogeni e diversi programmi trascrizionali. Inoltre, modificazioni epigenetiche della cromatina, come metilazione dell'istone, hanno un ruolo importante per stabilire e mantenere destini cellulari specifici all'interno di questo processo. La stragrande maggioranza di metilazione dell'istone si verifica sulla coda dell'istone flessibile, che è accessibile ai modificatori dell'istone, gomme e proteine istoniche lettore. Al contrario, H3K79 metilazione si trova nel dominio globulare dell'istone 3 ed è implicata in diverse funzioni evolutive. H3K79 metilazione è evolutivamente conservata e può essere trovata in una vasta gamma di specie da Homo sapiens di Saccharomyces cerevisiae. La modifica avviene in popolazioni differenti delle cellule all'interno di organismi, comprese le cellule progenitrici neurali. La posizione di metilazione di H3K79 nel dominio globulare dell'istone 3 lo rende difficile da valutare. Qui, presentiamo metodi per isolare e progenitrici corticale cultura cellule (CPCs) dal tessuto cerebrale corticale embrionale (E11.5-e. 14.5) o progenitori del neurone granulare cerebellare (CGNPs) dal tessuto postnatale (P5-P7) e in modo efficiente immunoprecipitate H3K79me2 per PCR quantitativa (qPCR) e sequenziamento del genoma.

Schema generale di isolamento progenitrici neurali, coltivazione, metodi di analisi H3K79me2 ChIP e ChIP: La figura 1 Mostra un diagramma di flusso per eseguire H3K79me2 ChIP di cellule progenitrici corticale in diversi momenti durante lo sviluppo embrionale del cervello o dei progenitori del neurone granulare cerebellare nelle fasi post-natale. Come primo passo, il cervello deve essere isolato e il telencefalo (tra E11.5 ed e 14.5) o del cer...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark at JoVE.com

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark

Isolamento e coltura dei progenitori neurali seguito da immunoprecipitazione della cromatina di istone 3 lisina 79 Dimethylation Mark

Presentiamo un metodo efficace e riproducibile per isolare e coltura di cellule progenitrici neurali dal tessuto di cervello embrionale e postnatale per immunoprecipitazione della cromatina (ChIP) di istone 3 lisina 79 dimethylation (H3K79me2) - un contrassegno dell'istone si trova all'interno del dominio globulare dell'istone 3.

Brain development is a complex process, which is controlled in a temporo-spatial manner by gradients of morphogens and different transcriptional programs. ...

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Neuroscience

Unit 2

Analyzing Gene Expression and Function

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells

Produzione di estratto di Chick dell&#39;embrione per la coltivazione delle cellule della cresta neurale Murine staminali

The neural crest arises from the neuro-ectoderm during embryogenesis and persists only temporarily. Early experiments already proofed pluripotent ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Physiological, Morphological and Neurochemical Characterization of Neurons Modulated by Movement

Fisiologici, caratterizzazione morfologica e neurochimica dei neuroni modulati Movimenti

The role of individual neurons and their function in neuronal circuits is fundamental to understanding the neuronal mechanisms of sensory and motor ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Dorsal Root Ganglia Tissue following Axonal Injury

Immunoprecipitazione della cromatina dal tessuto dei gangli dorsali seguenti danno assonale

Axons in the central nervous system (CNS) do not regenerate while those in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) do regenerate 
to a limited extent after ...

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

Rilevamento di ipossia microregionale nella corteccia cerebrale di topo Imaging a due fotoni di fluorescenza endogena NADH

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. ...

Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis

Riproducibile nervo sciatico Crush mouse e successiva valutazione da parte della Rigenerazione intera analisi Muscle Monte

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative ...

Isolation and Culture of Rat Embryonic Neural Cells: A Quick Protocol

Isolamento e la coltura di cellule embrionali neuronali di ratto: un protocollo veloce

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

Isolamento e la coltura delle cellule della cresta neurale da Embryonic Murine tubo neurale

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

An Optimized Procedure for Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting (FACS) Isolation of Autonomic Neural Progenitors from Visceral Organs of Fetal Mice

An Optimized Procedure for Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting FACS Isolation of Autonomic Neural Progenitors from Visceral Organs of Fetal Mice

Una procedura ottimizzata per fluorescenza selezione delle cellule attivate (FACS) Isolamento del Sistema Nervoso Autonomo progenitori neurali da organi viscerali di topi fetali

During development neural crest (NC)-derived neuronal progenitors migrate away from the neural tube to form autonomic ganglia in visceral organs like the ...

Promotion of Survival and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells with Fibrin and Growth Factor Cocktails after Severe Spinal Cord Injury

Promozione della sopravvivenza e la differenziazione delle cellule staminali neurali con fibrina e fattore di crescita Cocktails dopo gravi lesioni del midollo spinale

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can self-renew and differentiate into neurons and glia. Transplanted NSCs can replace lost neurons and glia after spinal cord ...

A Quantitative Cell Migration Assay for Murine Enteric Neural Progenitors

Un saggio di migrazione cellulare quantitativa per murini enterici neurali Progenitori

Neural crest cells (NCC) are a transient and multipotent cell population that originates from the dorsal neural tube and migrates extensively throughout ...