Name: isolation and cultivation of neural progenitors followed by chromatin-immunoprecipitation of histone 3 lysine 79 dimethylation mark
Uploaded: 2018-01-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark at JoVE.com

Vi tackar Henriette Bertemes för att hjälpa till att upprätta protokollet CGN odling inom labbet. Denna metod papper stöddes av de DFG-finansierade CRC992 medicinsk epigenetik av finansiering till TV. Författarna erkänner stöd av Freiburg Galaxy Team: Pavankumar Videm, Björn Grüning och Prof. Rolf Backofen, bioinformatik, universitetar av Freiburg, Tyskland finansieras av Collaborative Research Centre 992 medicinsk epigenetik (DFG grant SFB 992/1 2012) och tyska förbundsministeriet för utbildning och forskning (BMBF grant 031 A538A RBC (de. NBI)).

Djurens välbefinnande kommittéer av universitetar av Freiburg och lokala myndigheter godkänt alla djurförsök (G12/13, G16/11) nämns i följande protokoll.
1. förberedelser
<ol><li>
Förberedelserna för CPC isolering
	<ol>
<li>Ställa in tidsinställda parning för att erhålla embryon i olika skeden av cortex utveckling (mellan E11.5 och E14.5). Använda möss stam NMRI (Naval Medical Research Institute) som är minst 8 veckor gamla. Efter parning, överväga en posi...

<ol>
	<li>Molyneaux, B. J., Arlotta, P., Menezes, J. R. L., Macklis, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+subtype+specification+in+the+cerebral+cortex.">Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 427-437 (2007).</li><li>Kandel, E. R., Squire, L. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroscience:+breaking+down+scientific+barriers+to+the+study+of+brain+and+mind.">Neuroscience: breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind.</a> Science. 290, 1113-1120 (2000).</li><li>G&#246;tz, M., Sommer, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+development:+the+art+of+generating+cell+diversity.">Cortical development: the art of generating cell diversity.</a> Dev. Camb. Engl. 132, 3327 (2005).</li><li>Hirabayashi, Y., Gotoh, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epigenetic+control+of+neural+precursor+cell+fate+during+development.">Epigenetic control of neural precursor cell fate during development.</a> Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 11, 377-388 (2010).</li><li>Davis, A. A., Temple, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+self-renewing+multipotential+stem+cell+in+embryonic+rat+cerebral+cortex.">A self-renewing multipotential stem cell in embryonic rat cerebral cortex.</a> Nature. 372, 263-266 (1994).</li><li>Sauvageot, C. M., Stiles, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+controlling+cortical+gliogenesis.">Molecular mechanisms controlling cortical gliogenesis.</a> Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 12, 244-249 (2002).</li><li>McConnell, S. K., Kaznowski, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+cycle+dependence+of+laminar+determination+in+developing+neocortex.">Cell cycle dependence of laminar determination in developing neocortex.</a> Science. 254, 282-285 (1991).</li><li>Desai, A. R., McConnell, S. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Progressive+restriction+in+fate+potential+by+neural+progenitors+during+cerebral+cortical+development.">Progressive restriction in fate potential by neural progenitors during cerebral cortical development.</a> Dev. Camb. Engl. 127, 2863-2872 (2000).</li><li>Glickstein, M., Strata, P., Voogd, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebellum:+history.">Cerebellum: history.</a> Neuroscience. 162, 549-559 (2009).</li><li>Marzban, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+commitment+in+the+developing+cerebellum.">Cellular commitment in the developing cerebellum.</a> Front. Cell. Neurosci. 8, (2015).</li><li>Azevedo, F. A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Equal+numbers+of+neuronal+and+nonneuronal+cells+make+the+human+brain+an+isometrically+scaled-up+primate+brain.">Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain.</a> J. Comp. Neurol. 513, 532-541 (2009).</li><li>Machold, R., Fishell, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Math1+is+expressed+in+temporally+discrete+pools+of+cerebellar+rhombic-lip+neural+progenitors.">Math1 is expressed in temporally discrete pools of cerebellar rhombic-lip neural progenitors.</a> Neuron. 48, 17-24 (2005).</li><li>Luger, K., M&#228;der, A. W., Richmond, R. K., Sargent, D. F., Richmond, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystal+structure+of+the+nucleosome+core+particle+at+2.8+A+resolution.">Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution.</a> Nature. 389, 251-260 (1997).</li><li>Kouzarides, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+modifications+and+their+function.">Chromatin modifications and their function.</a> Cell. 128, 693-705 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+modification+mapping+in+human+brain+reveals+aberrant+expression+of+histone+H3+lysine+79+dimethylation+in+neural+tube+defects.">Histone modification mapping in human brain reveals aberrant expression of histone H3 lysine 79 dimethylation in neural tube defects.</a> Neurobiol. Dis. 54, 404-413 (2013).</li><li>Zhang, Y., Reinberg, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcription+regulation+by+histone+methylation:+interplay+between+different+covalent+modifications+of+the+core+histone+tails.">Transcription regulation by histone methylation: interplay between different covalent modifications of the core histone tails.</a> Genes Dev. 15, 2343-2360 (2001).</li><li>Sanders, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Methylation+of+histone+H4+lysine+20+controls+recruitment+of+Crb2+to+sites+of+DNA+damage.">Methylation of histone H4 lysine 20 controls recruitment of Crb2 to sites of DNA damage.</a> Cell. 119, 603-614 (2004).</li><li>Martin, C., Zhang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+diverse+functions+of+histone+lysine+methylation.">The diverse functions of histone lysine methylation.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 6, 838-849 (2005).</li><li>Greer, E. L., Shi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+methylation:+a+dynamic+mark+in+health,+disease+and+inheritance.">Histone methylation: a dynamic mark in health, disease and inheritance.</a> Nat. Rev. Genet. 13, 343-357 (2012).</li><li>Ng, H. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lysine+methylation+within+the+globular+domain+of+histone+H3+by+Dot1+is+important+for+telomeric+silencing+and+Sir+protein+association.">Lysine methylation within the globular domain of histone H3 by Dot1 is important for telomeric silencing and Sir protein association.</a> Genes Dev. 16, 1518-1527 (2002).</li><li>Kebede, A. F., Schneider, R., Daujat, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+types+and+sites+of+histone+modifications+emerge+as+players+in+the+transcriptional+regulation+contest.">Novel types and sites of histone modifications emerge as players in the transcriptional regulation contest.</a> FEBS J. 282, 1658-1674 (2015).</li><li>Roidl, D., Hacker, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+methylation+during+neural+development.">Histone methylation during neural development.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 356, 539-552 (2014).</li><li>Mersfelder, E. L., Parthun, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+tale+beyond+the+tail:+histone+core+domain+modifications+and+the+regulation+of+chromatin+structure.">The tale beyond the tail: histone core domain modifications and the regulation of chromatin structure.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 2653-2662 (2006).</li><li>van Leeuwen, F., Gafken, P. R., Gottschling, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dot1p+Modulates+Silencing+in+Yeast+by+Methylation+of+the+Nucleosome+Core.">Dot1p Modulates Silencing in Yeast by Methylation of the Nucleosome Core.</a> Cell. 109, 745-756 (2002).</li><li>Jones, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+histone+H3K79+methyltransferase+Dot1L+is+essential+for+mammalian+development+and+heterochromatin+structure.">The histone H3K79 methyltransferase Dot1L is essential for mammalian development and heterochromatin structure.</a> PLoS Genet. 4, e1000190 (2008).</li><li>Woo Park, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RE-IIBP+Methylates+H3K79+and+Induces+MEIS1-mediated+Apoptosis+via+H2BK120+Ubiquitination+by+RNF20.">RE-IIBP Methylates H3K79 and Induces MEIS1-mediated Apoptosis via H2BK120 Ubiquitination by RNF20.</a> Sci. Rep. 5, 12485 (2015).</li><li>Vlaming, H., van Leeuwen, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+upstreams+and+downstreams+of+H3K79+methylation+by+DOT1L.">The upstreams and downstreams of H3K79 methylation by DOT1L.</a> Chromosoma. , (2016).</li><li>Jones, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+histone+H3K79+methyltransferase+Dot1L+is+essential+for+mammalian+development+and+heterochromatin+structure.">The histone H3K79 methyltransferase Dot1L is essential for mammalian development and heterochromatin structure.</a> PLoS Genet. 4, e1000190 (2008).</li><li>Feng, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+mammalian+erythropoiesis+requires+the+Dot1L+methyltransferase.">Early mammalian erythropoiesis requires the Dot1L methyltransferase.</a> Blood. 116, 4483-4491 (2010).</li><li>Cattaneo, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DOT1L-mediated+H3K79me2+modification+critically+regulates+gene+expression+during+cardiomyocyte+differentiation.">DOT1L-mediated H3K79me2 modification critically regulates gene expression during cardiomyocyte differentiation.</a> Cell Death Differ. 23, 555-564 (2016).</li><li>Zhang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histone+modification+mapping+in+human+brain+reveals+aberrant+expression+of+histone+H3+lysine+79+dimethylation+in+neural+tube+defects.">Histone modification mapping in human brain reveals aberrant expression of histone H3 lysine 79 dimethylation in neural tube defects.</a> Neurobiol. Dis. 54, 404-413 (2013).</li><li>B&#252;ttner, N., Johnsen, S. A., K&#252;gler, S., Vogel, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Af9/Mllt3+interferes+with+Tbr1+expression+through+epigenetic+modification+of+histone+H3K79+during+development+of+the+cerebral+cortex.">Af9/Mllt3 interferes with Tbr1 expression through epigenetic modification of histone H3K79 during development of the cerebral cortex.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 7042-7047 (2010).</li><li>Roidl, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DOT1L+Activity+Promotes+Proliferation+and+Protects+Cortical+Neural+Stem+Cells+from+Activation+of+ATF4-DDIT3-Mediated+ER+Stress+In+Vitro.">DOT1L Activity Promotes Proliferation and Protects Cortical Neural Stem Cells from Activation of ATF4-DDIT3-Mediated ER Stress In Vitro.</a> Stem Cells Dayt. Ohio. 34, 233-245 (2016).</li><li>Robinson, J. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrative+genomics+viewer.">Integrative genomics viewer.</a> Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 24-26 (2011).</li><li>Langmead, B., Salzberg, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+gapped-read+alignment+with+Bowtie+2.">Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2.</a> Nat. Methods. 9, 357-359 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Model-based+Analysis+of+ChIP-Seq+(MACS).">Model-based Analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS).</a> Genome Biol. 9, R137 (2008).</li><li>Ram&#237;rez, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=deepTools2:+a+next+generation+web+server+for+deep-sequencing+data+analysis.">deepTools2: a next generation web server for deep-sequencing data analysis.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 44, W160-W165 (2016).</li><li>Roidl, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Histone modifications during cerebral cortex development. , (2015).</li><li>Turner, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ChIP+with+Native+Chromatin:+Advantages+and+Problems+Relative+to+Methods+Using+Cross-Linked+Material.">ChIP with Native Chromatin: Advantages and Problems Relative to Methods Using Cross-Linked Material.</a> Mapping Protein/DNA Interactions by Cross-Linking. , (2001).</li><li>Dincman, T. A., Beare, J. E., Ohri, S. S., Whittemore, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+cortical+mouse+oligodendrocyte+precursor+cells.">Isolation of cortical mouse oligodendrocyte precursor cells.</a> J. Neurosci. Methods. 209, 219-226 (2012).</li></ol>

Det finns två stora sätt att utföra kromatin immunoprecipitation för att upptäcka genomisk beläggningen i Histon modifieringar, transkriptionsfaktorer, Histon kodläsare, författare eller suddgummin. En är infödda ChIP metod använder nuclease rötas, infödda kromatin för immunoprecipitation, och den andra är den presenterade metoden använder PFA-fast, klippt kromatin, där nucleosomes och andra DNA-anslutna proteiner kovalent bundna till DNA 39. infödda ChIP med dess höga antikropp...

De sensoriska, motoriska och kognitiva funktionerna i hjärnan är mycket komplexa och känsliga för fysiska och miljömässiga förändringar. Hjärnan består av tre allmänna delar av hind-, mid-, och framhjärnan, som förbinds djupt. Inom framhjärnan, kan telencephalon delas in i en dorsal telencephalon (DT) och en ventral telencephalon (VT). DT av möss består av sex kortikala skikt som bildas mellan E11.5 och E18.5 i en ”inside-out” sätt1. VT innehåller de ganglieblockerande eminenser i utveckling, som senare bildar den basala ganglier2,3. Flera celltyper kan klassificeras i däggdjur centrala nervsystemet såsom nervceller, astrocyter och oligodendrocyter4, som utvecklas i en temporo-spatial sätt5. Först ger de neurala stamceller (NPC) upphov till olika typer av nervceller, interneuroner i VT och projektion nervceller i DT, och senare vidare till gliaceller (t.ex., astrocyter6). Under kortikala utveckling, det mest ytliga lagret (lager jag), som innehåller Cajal-Retzius celler, bildas först. Sedan, mellan E12.5 och E14.5, NPCs skapa djupare neuronala lager (VI, V) medan mellan 14,5 och 16,5, stamfäder ge upphov till övre lagret (IV-II) nervceller7,8. Neuronala identitet anges genom olika morphogen-inducerad temporo-spatial transkriptionell program och dessutom epigenetiska program2.
Lillhjärnan, som är inblandade i finmotorik samordning, ligger i hindbrain och utvecklas mellan E10 och ungefär P20 i möss9. Den innehåller cerebellar cortex och cerebellär kärnor10. Adult cerebellar cortex består av tre lager, det yttersta molekylära lagret, det Purkinje cell-lagret och den innersta korniga lagret som innehåller granulat nervceller10. Cerebellär granule celler är de minsta nervcellerna och utgör cirka 80 procent av alla neuroner i ryggradsdjur hjärnan11. De utvecklas från prekursorer ligger i zonen för externa germinal och migrera genom Purkinje celler lagret till sin destination12. Som i telencephalon, utvecklingen av lillhjärnan regleras av flera viktiga morphogens, definieras som har särskilda och utrymme-tidsberoende funktioner och initiera transkriptionell program10.
Utvecklingen av kortikala och cerebellär lager styrs av transkriptionell uttryck av specifika morphogens och därmed av kromatin staten av DNA. I en förenklad vy, kan kromatin stater delas in i euchromatin som transcriptionally aktiv och Heterokromatin som transcriptionally tyst regioner. Nukleosomens som den grundläggande enheten av kromatin innehåller två kopior av varje core Histon H2A, H2B, H3 och H4, omgiven av 147 baspar i DNA13. Histoner modifieras högt post-translationally av metylering, acetylering, fosforylering, ubikvitinering, sumoylation, ADP-ribosylering, deaminering och prolin isomerization14,15. Histon lysin metylering anses vara den mest stabila Histon modifiering som styr transkription, replikation, rekombination16, DNA-skada svar17och genomisk prägling18. Lysines kan vara mono-, di- eller tri-metylerat19 och visas inte bara på tillgängliga Histon svansar, utan också inom domänen klotformiga av histoner20. Särskilda methylations vid H3K4 och H3K36 är främst förknippas med euchromatin, särskilda methylations på H3K9, H3K27 eller H4K20 finns huvudsakligen i heterochromatic regioner, även om alla rester ligger inom Histon svans14, 19,21. H3K79 metylering ligger inom domänen Histon klotformig och har associerats med transkriptionell aktivitet, men också med transcriptionally inert genomisk regioner22. Ändringen är evolutionärt bevarade eftersom det har observerats i jäst, kalv bräss, kyckling och mänskliga23. H3K79 mono, di och trimethylation (H3K79me1, me2, me3) är katalyseras av Histon metyltransferaser DOT1L24,25 och den nukleära ange domän-innehållande Protein 2 (Nsd2)26. DOT1L är inblandad i spridning, DNA-reparation och cellular reprograming27. Förlust av Dot1l i möss leder till en prenatal död runt de utvecklingsstadier E10.528,29. Under hjärtat utveckling och myocardiocyte differentiering är DOT1L viktigt för gen uttryck förordning30. I det centrala nervsystemet, DOT1L funktion kan vara inblandade i neuralrörsdefekter utveckling31, är involverade i undertrycka Tbr1-uttryck under framhjärnan utveckling32, och kanske fungerar i regleringen av ER-stress svar gener33. Den innehållsberoende aktivera eller förtränga åtgärder av H3K79me, särskilt med i vivo situationer som utvecklingen av det centrala nervsystemet, är hittills bara delvis förstod32. Eftersom H3K79 metylering är beläget i domänen klotformiga av Histon 3, är det koalisera mindre tillgängliga jämfört med ändringar på flexibla Histon svansar23. För att förstå funktionen av H3K79 metylering, behövs tillförlitliga och reproducerbara analysmetoder för att bestämma dess läge och genomisk miljö. I detta metoder papper presentera vi isoleringsmetoder olika neurala stamfäder (CPC för cortex) och CGNPs för lillhjärnan, effektiv DOT1L hämmare behandling och en ChIP metod att analysera H3K79 metylering via qPCR eller sekvensering vid annan tidpunkt punkter under kortikala och cerebellär utveckling. För en översikt av protokollet och dess möjligheter, se figur 1.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-GAPDH</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab8245</td>
			<td>Category: Antibody 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Immunoblot dilution 1:5000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-H3</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab1791</td>
			<td>Category: Antibody 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Immunoblot dilution 1:3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-H3K79me2</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>pAb-051-050</td>
			<td>Category: Antibody 
			Abbreviation/Comment: ChIP antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-H3K79me2</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab-051-050</td>
			<td>Category: Antibody 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Immunoblot dilution 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-rabbit-IgG</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>C15410206</td>
			<td>Category: Antibody 
			Abbreviation/Comment: ChIP Ctrl antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Tubulin alpha</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab108629</td>
			<td>Category: Antibody 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Immunoblot dilution 1:3000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Apo-Transferrin (1 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T1147</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27 Supplement (50x)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioanalyzer</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies</td>
			<td>G2940CA</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For analysis of sheared chromatin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bioruptor NextGen</td>
			<td>Diagenode</td>
			<td>B01020001</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Ultrasonicator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Boric acid pH 8.4</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B6768</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC culturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CFX Connect RT PCR Detection System</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1855201</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP Analysis 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Detection system for qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM-F12</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11320-033</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dynabeads Protein A</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10001D</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Magnetic beads, for ChIP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EPZ-5676</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>S7062</td>
			<td>Category: DOT1L inhibition 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For DOT1L inhibition in cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid</td>
			<td>SERVA</td>
			<td>39760.01</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum 10% (v/v)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10082147</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC isolation and CGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5767</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CGNP isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glutathione (1.25 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G4251</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycine</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3187</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GoTaq mastermix</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A6002</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP Analysis 
			Abbreviation/Comment: DNA polymerase master mix for qPCR</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hank&#8217;s Balanced Salt Solution</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14025-100</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: HBSS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine (200 mM)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L2020</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC culturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>L4408</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: LiCl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2 supplement</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop 3300</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>3300</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Fluorospectrometer for DNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEB Next Ultra DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>E7645S</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP Analysis 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Kit for Library preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEBNext Multiplex Oligos for Illumina</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>E7335</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP Analysis 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Oligos for Library preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NP-40 Alternative</td>
			<td>Calbiochem</td>
			<td>492016</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>335</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: PFA, for cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin-Neomycin 1% (v/v)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15640055</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: PSN, for CCM and CGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: PBS, for CPC isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PicoGreen Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>P11496</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP Analysis 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Visualizing dye for DNA quantification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-D-lysine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P6407</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CGNP isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-ornithine hydrobromide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P3655</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC culturing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>AM9640G</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: KCl, for CGM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4693159001</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3115879001</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiagen MinElute</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28004</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: Kit for DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R6513</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SGC0946</td>
			<td>Selleckchem</td>
			<td>S7079</td>
			<td>Category: DOT1L inhibition 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For DOT1L inhibition in cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>8551.1</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: for Elution buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>9265</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: NaCl, for ChIP buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium deoxycholate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>30970</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecylsulfate</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>183</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: SDS, for ChIP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sonic hedgehock (SHH)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>SRP6004</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CGNP isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superoxide dismutase (1mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S7571</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>9090</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: TRIS, for ChIP buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA 0,05% (w/v)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>59417C</td>
			<td>Category: Cell culture 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween20</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>28320</td>
			<td>Category: ChIP 
			Abbreviation/Comment: For bead preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Other Lab devices: Neubauer counting chamber, Incubator, Rotator, Shaker, Disection set, Water bath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CCM: Cortical cell medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CGM: CGNP cell culture medium</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and cultivation of neural progenitors followed by chromatin-immunoprecipitation of histone 3 lysine 79 dimethylation mark

Hjärnans utveckling är en komplex process som styrs på ett temporo-spatial sätt av lutningar av morphogens och olika transkriptionell program. Dessutom har epigenetiska kromatin ändringar, som Histon metylering, en viktig roll för att etablera och upprätthålla viss cell öden inom denna process. Den stora majoriteten av Histon metylering sker på flexibla Histon svansen, som är tillgänglig för Histon modifierare, suddgummin och Histon läsaren proteiner. Däremot H3K79 metylering ligger i domänen klotformiga av Histon 3 och är inblandad i olika utvecklings funktioner. H3K79 metylering är evolutionärt bevarade och finns i ett brett spektrum av arter från Homo sapiens till Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Förändringen inträffar i olika cellpopulationer inom organismer, inklusive neurala progenitorceller. Platsen för H3K79 metylering i domänen klotformiga av Histon 3 gör det svårt att bedöma. Här presenterar vi metoder att isolera och kultur kortikala progenitor cells (CPC) från embryonala kortikala hjärnvävnad (E11.5-E14.5) eller cerebellär granulat neuron stamfäder (CGNPs) från postnatal vävnad (P5-P7), och att effektivt immunoprecipitate H3K79me2 för kvantitativ PCR (qPCR) och genome-wide sekvensering.

Systematik av neurala stamceller isolering, odling, H3K79me2 ChIP och ChIP analysmetoder: Figur 1 visar ett flödesschema för att utföra H3K79me2 ChIP av kortikala stamceller vid olika tidpunkter under embryonala hjärnans utveckling eller cerebellär granulat neuron stamfäder i postnatal stadier. Som ett första steg, hjärnan har isoleras telencephalon (mellan E11.5 och E14.5) eller lillhjärnan (P5-P7) har som ska hämtas. Det är möjl...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark at JoVE.com

Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark

Isolering och odling av neurala föräldraparets följt av kromatin-Immunoprecipitation Histon 3 lysin 79 Dimethylation varumärke

Vi presenterar en effektiv och reproducerbar metod för att isolera och kultur neurala stamceller från embryonala och postnatal hjärnvävnad för kromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) av Histon 3 lysin 79 dimethylation (H3K79me2) - en Histon mark ligger inom den klotformig domän Histon 3.

Brain development is a complex process, which is controlled in a temporo-spatial manner by gradients of morphogens and different transcriptional programs. ...

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

Neuroscience

Unit 2

Analyzing Gene Expression and Function

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Production of Chick Embryo Extract for the Cultivation of Murine Neural Crest Stem Cells

Produktion av Chick Embryo Extract för odling av murina neurala celler Crest Stem

The neural crest arises from the neuro-ectoderm during embryogenesis and persists only temporarily. Early experiments already proofed pluripotent ...

Physiological, Morphological and Neurochemical Characterization of Neurons Modulated by Movement

Fysiologiska, morfologiska och neurokemiska karakterisering av nervceller moduleras av Movement

The role of individual neurons and their function in neuronal circuits is fundamental to understanding the neuronal mechanisms of sensory and motor ...

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Dorsal Root Ganglia Tissue following Axonal Injury

Kromatin Immunoprecipitation från dorsalrotsganglier vävnad efter axonal skada

Axons in the central nervous system (CNS) do not regenerate while those in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) do regenerate 
to a limited extent after ...

Detection of Microregional Hypoxia in Mouse Cerebral Cortex by Two-photon Imaging of Endogenous NADH Fluorescence

Detektion av Microregional hypoxi i mus Cerebral Cortex med två-foton Imaging av endogen NADH fluorescens

The brain's ability to function at high levels of metabolic demand depends on continuous oxygen supply through blood flow and tissue oxygen diffusion. ...

Reproducible Mouse Sciatic Nerve Crush and Subsequent Assessment of Regeneration by Whole Mount Muscle Analysis

Reproducerbar Mouse ischiasnerv krossa och påföljande bedömningen av Regeneration av Whole Mount Muscle Analys

Regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is widely studied both for its relevance to human disease and to understand the robust regenerative ...

Isolation and Culture of Rat Embryonic Neural Cells: A Quick Protocol

Isolering och kultur råttembryonala neurala celler: En snabb protokoll

We are describing a quick method to dissociate and culture hippocampal or cortical neurons from E15-17 rat embryos. The procedure can be applied ...

Isolation and Culture of Neural Crest Cells from Embryonic Murine Neural Tube

Isolering och odling av neurallistceller från embryonala Murine Neural Tube

The embryonic neural crest (NC) is a multipotent progenitor population that originates at the dorsal aspect of the neural tube, undergoes an epithelial to ...

An Optimized Procedure for Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting (FACS) Isolation of Autonomic Neural Progenitors from Visceral Organs of Fetal Mice

An Optimized Procedure for Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting FACS Isolation of Autonomic Neural Progenitors from Visceral Organs of Fetal Mice

Ett optimerat förfarande för fluorescens-aktiverad cellsortering (FACS) Isolering av autonom neural progenitorer från viscerala organ för Fetala Möss

During development neural crest (NC)-derived neuronal progenitors migrate away from the neural tube to form autonomic ganglia in visceral organs like the ...

Promotion of Survival and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells with Fibrin and Growth Factor Cocktails after Severe Spinal Cord Injury

Främjande av överlevnad och differentiering av neurala stamceller med fibrin och tillväxtfaktor Cocktails efter svåra Ryggmärgsskada

Neural stem cells (NSCs) can self-renew and differentiate into neurons and glia. Transplanted NSCs can replace lost neurons and glia after spinal cord ...

A Quantitative Cell Migration Assay for Murine Enteric Neural Progenitors

En kvantitativ cellmigrationsassay för Murina Enter Neural stamfäder

Neural crest cells (NCC) are a transient and multipotent cell population that originates from the dorsal neural tube and migrates extensively throughout ...