Name: development of new methods for quantifying fish density using underwater stereo-video tools
Uploaded: 2017-11-20T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools at JoVE.com

这项工作是由自然保护和私人捐助者, 资源遗留基金基金会, 戈登和贝蒂摩尔基金会, 环境防御基金, 加利福尼亚海洋赠款计划, 海洋国家合作研究计划, 和 NOAASaltonstall-肯尼迪格兰特 #13-SWR-008海洋应用研究和探索 (德克罗森, 瑞克 Botman, 安迪 Lauerman 和大卫 Jefferies) 开发, 建造和维护了视频着陆器工具。我们感谢 Jim 西格和 SeaGIS™软件的技术支持。船长和商业渔民 Tim Maricich 和船员船上的 F/V唐娜凯瑟琳提供了支持, 在部署着陆器从2012-2015。感谢所有参与视频数据收集或分析的人 (安妮 Tagini, 唐娜克莱恩, 琥珀佩恩, 布唐尼, 玛丽莎蓬, 丽贝卡米勒, 马特乙烯, 沃尔特兴奋, 史蒂夫 Rienecke, EJ 迪克, 和约翰领域)。

注意: 软件步骤的截图包括在辅助文件中。请注意, 下面介绍的软件步骤特定于所选软件 (请参见材料表)。总体方法可以扩展到任何立体软件平台。
1. 为分析准备立体摄影机素材
注意: 建议使用校准立方体进行校准。校准立方体是一个三维铝框架, 在表面上有精确定位的反射点。与校准软件一起使用时, 校准立方体比棋盘方法<sup clas...

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传统的 MaxN 度量是基于在调查过程中计算出有保证的最小数量的个人的想法。如果在单个视频帧中同时显示一定数量的鱼, 则不会有任何更少的当前, 但由于鱼是移动和异分布的, 因此在单个视频帧中同时看到所有个人的可能性很低.因此, 传统的 MaxN 可能会低估真正的鱼丰度16,17。此外, 已证明传统的 MaxN 可能显示非线性的负偏置关系与增加鱼丰度<sup class...

在美国太平洋沿岸, 许多对商业和休闲底层渔业很重要的物种 (例如, 石斑鱼复合体 (许氏) 和蛇 (Ophiodon 细长)) 都与浮雕, hard-bottom 栖息地1,2,3,4,5。立体声视频下降相机是一个有吸引力的非工具, 使用在岩石生境由于相对容易和简单的操作。各种立体声摄像系统已经开发并部署在南半球, 浅水生态系统6,7,8,9,10, 以及最近, 视频降摄相机作为一种管理工具, 在太平洋沿岸的深海岩石礁环境中获得了牵引力11,12,13。我们试图通过使用立体声摄像系统 (以下简称 "着陆器") 来修改这些现有的立体相机设计, 以便更有效地描述太平洋沿岸浮雕海底的鱼类种群 (见表材料)。使用的着陆器与现有的视频系统不同, 因为摄像头安装在一个中央旋转杆上, 在下落位置14允许完全360°覆盖海底。着陆器每分钟完成一次完全旋转, 这使我们能够快速地描述一个地区的丰度和群落组成, 并获得相同级别的统计能力, 减少登陆者的部署。(有关着陆器配置的详细信息, 请参见斯塔尔 (2016)14 。研究系统的初步试验表明, 在我们的调查中, 八的摄影机旋转足以描述物种丰度和丰富程度。这一决定是通过观察物种丰度和鱼类密度在较长的下降中的收益递减而作出的。我们建议在任何新的系统中进行一项包括更长浸泡时间在内的试验性研究, 以确定特定生态系统/研究物种的最佳浸泡时间。
通过使用配对立体摄像机, 可以计算每个视频测量的总测量面积和绝对鱼密度;然而, 使用旋转相机需要修改传统的鱼类计数指标。固定视频系统通常使用 "MaxN" 作为部署610上的鱼类的保守计数。传统的 MaxN 描述了一个特定物种的鱼的最大数量在一个单一的视频帧一起观察, 以避免重复计数一条鱼已经离开并返回到帧。因此, MaxN 已经估计出已知存在的鱼的最小数量, 并且可能会低估真正的鱼丰度6,10。MaxN 指标被重新定义, 以代表在每一个摄像机的旋转中看到的最大数量的鱼。
对以前的立体声视频方法进行的第二次修改是考虑到各种大小、颜色和形状的种类具有不同的最大可靠识别距离的事实。例如, 像O. 细长这样的大型物种具有明显的细长形状, 而且与小型和隐蔽的物种 (如 Squarespot 石斑鱼 (许氏 hopkinsi) 相比, 可以可靠地识别出更大的距离。这些不同的最大可探测范围改变了着陆器为每个物种取样的有效面积。因为立体声摄像机允许我们将每条鱼放在三维空间中, 精确度很高, 你可以确定每条鱼的测量距离 (即, "Z 距离", 它的命名为 "z-axis", 这是垂直于相机之间绘制的直线。对于每个物种, 95% 的所有个体被观察到的距离 (以后 "95% Z 距离") 被认为是测量区域的半径, 并被用来计算调查的总面积。除 species-specific 特性外, 可还会受到水浊度等环境条件的影响。由于这些因素在时间和空间上都有变化, 所以仅在聚合中使用 95% Z 统计数据是很重要的。虽然对于大型样品来说是非常准确的, 但在调查的地区, 任何一项单项调查都可能有所不同。
下面详述的协议提供了如何创建和使用这些指标的指导。虽然重点是在太平洋沿岸的深水岩石栖息地的特点, 该方法所描述的修改 MaxN 计数很容易适用于任何旋转落相机系统。对鱼类种群进行定性所需的摄像机旋转数量将取决于当地的生态系统动态, 但修改后的 MaxN 的概念化将保持不变。同样, 虽然我们使用3D 摄影测量软件来分析立体声视频, 但是, 只要在三维空间中的鱼的精确位置是可能的, 这里描述的技术很容易在软件平台上应用。此外, 在未来的研究中, 应用 95% Z 距离值的方法可以考虑 species-specific 范围的可探测性和更准确地计算鱼类丰度。

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:201px;">calibration cube</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">SeaGIS</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">http://www.seagis.com.au/hardware.html</td>
			<td style="width:204px;">1000x1000x500 mm is the preferred dimensions. Other methods of calibration are available.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:201px;">CAL calibration software</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">SeaGIS</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">http://www.seagis.com.au/bundle.html</td>
			<td style="width:204px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:201px;">EventMeasure stereo measurement software</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">SeaGIS</td>
			<td style="width:279px;">http://www.seagis.com.au/event.html</td>
			<td style="width:204px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:201px;">Statistical software</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">R Core Team 2017 (v. 3.4.0)</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td style="width:204px;">Bootstrapping code can be found: https://github.com/rfields2017/JoVE-Bootstrap-Function</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:201px;">Spreadsheet Software</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Microsoft Excel</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td style="width:204px;"></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:201px;">2&#160; waterproof cameras</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Deep Sea Power and Light</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td style="width:204px;">HD quality preferred</td>
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		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:201px;">2 depth rated, waterproof lights</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Deep Sea Power and Light : 3000 lumen LED with 5000k color temperature</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td style="width:204px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:201px;">DVR recorder</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Stack LTD DVR</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:201px;">standard PC</td>
			<td style="width:193px;"></td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td>Windows 10 preferred OS</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:201px;">rotating Lander platform</td>
			<td style="width:193px;">Marine Applied Research and Engineering (MARE)</td>
			<td style="width:279px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

development of new methods for quantifying fish density using underwater stereo-video tools

在鱼类生态学研究中使用摄像系统继续作为一种可行的、非的测量鱼长和估计鱼类丰度的方法而得到牵引。我们开发和实施了一个旋转的立体声视频相机工具, 涵盖了一个完整的360度采样, 这将最大程度的采样努力相比, 固定相机工具。各种研究都详细说明了静态、立体摄像系统的能力, 以获得高度精确和精确的鱼类测量;这里的重点是开发方法方法, 用旋转摄像系统来量化鱼的密度。第一种方法是发展对公制 MaxN 的修改, 这通常是在给定的相机测量中观察到的最小鱼数的保守计数。我们重新定义 MaxN 是在任何给定的摄像机系统旋转中观察到的最大鱼数。当采取预防措施, 以避免重复计数, 这种方法的 MaxN 可能更准确地反映真正的丰度比从固定相机。其次, 因为立体声视频允许鱼在三维空间中被映射, 所以每条鱼的距离相机的精确估计可以得到。通过使用观察到的距离的95% 位数从照相机建立 species-specific 区域勘测, 我们解释了不同在可探测性之间, 并且避免稀释密度估计用最大距离一个种类是观察.对这一系列可探测性的核算是准确估计鱼类丰度的关键。这种方法将促进旋转立体视频工具在应用科学和管理环境中的集成。

在2013和2014之间, 我们进行了816调查与旋转立体声视频着陆器 (图 1) 沿中央加利福尼亚海岸和收集 MaxN 和 95% Z 距离 (图 4) 数据在超过20种。由于物种的大小、形状和颜色的相互作用 (图 5), 在有效检测到的物种范围内存在明显的模式。例如, 标志石斑鱼 (许氏 rubrivinctus) 在其两侧有明显的条纹, 允许在?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools at JoVE.com

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

我们描述了一种新的计数鱼类, 并估计相对丰度 (MaxN) 和鱼类密度使用旋转立体摄像系统。我们还演示了如何使用距离相机 (Z 距离), 以估计 species-specific 可探测性。

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Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

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环境科学

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