Name: a simple planting technique for re-establishing trees where frequent inundation occurs
Uploaded: 2018-01-26T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs at JoVE.com

这项研究由南佛罗里达水管理区的沼泽地系统评估科资助和进行。

1. 准备和运输到种植地点
<ol><li>获得2或3加仑 (7 或 11 L) 本地生长的当地树木 (在塑料盆) 的树苗, 商业泥煤袋子 (测量 0.3 x 0.46 x 0.6 m3), 树和灌木肥料尖峰, 布基胶带, 聚氯乙烯 (PVC) 管子 (2 到 3 m 长度, 0.8 在 (2.1 cm) 直径, 附表 40), 箱刀, 垃圾袋, 和一个金属杆或钢筋 (1 到2米长, 1.3 厘米直径) 刺穿泥炭袋。适用于沼泽地的潜在树种有番)、榕奥利亚、和宏虫.强烈推荐佩戴工?...

<ol>
	<li>Sklar, F. H., van der Valk, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Tree Islands of the Everglades. , (2002).</li><li>Wetzel, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maintaining+tree+islands+in+the+Florida+Everglades:+nutrient+redistribution+is+the+key.">Maintaining tree islands in the Florida Everglades: nutrient redistribution is the key.</a> Front Ecol Environ. 3 (7), 370-376 (2005).</li><li>Aich, S., Ewe, S. M. L., Gu, B., Dreschel, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evaluation+of+peat+loss+from+an+Everglades+tree+island,+Florida,+USA.">An evaluation of peat loss from an Everglades tree island, Florida, USA.</a> Mires and Peat. 14 (2014), 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Dreschel, T. W., Cline, E. A., Hill, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Everglades+tree+island+restoration:+testing+a+simple+tree+planting+technique+patterned+after+a+natural+process.">Everglades tree island restoration: testing a simple tree planting technique patterned after a natural process.</a> Restor Ecol. , (2017).</li><li>Stanturf, J. A., Conner, W. H., Gardiner, E. S., Schweitzer, C. J., Ezell, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recognizing+and+Overcoming+Difficult+Site+Conditions+for+Afforestation+of+Bottomland+Hardwoods.">Recognizing and Overcoming Difficult Site Conditions for Afforestation of Bottomland Hardwoods.</a> Ecol Restor. 22 (3), 183-193 (2004).</li><li>Sharitz, R., Barton, C. D., DeSteven, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tree+Plantings+in+Depression+Wetland+Restorations+Show+Mixed+Success+(South+Carolina).">Tree Plantings in Depression Wetland Restorations Show Mixed Success (South Carolina).</a> Ecol Restor. 24 (2), 114-115 (2006).</li><li>Brandt, L. A., Portier, K. M., Kitchens, W. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterns+of+Change+in+Tree+Islands+in+Arthur+R.+Marshall+Loxahatchee+National+Wildlife+Refuge+from+1950-1991.">Patterns of Change in Tree Islands in Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge from 1950-1991.</a> Wetlands. 20 (1), 1-14 (2000).</li><li>Armentano, T. V., Jones, D. T., Ross, M. S., Gamble, B. W., Sklar, F. H., van der Valk, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vegetation+pattern+and+process+in+tree+islands+of+the+southern+Everglades+and+adjacent+areas.">Vegetation pattern and process in tree islands of the southern Everglades and adjacent areas.</a> Tree Islands of the Everglades. , 225-281 (2002).</li><li>Jones, D. T., Sah, J. P., Ross, M. S., Oberbauer, S. F., Hwang, B., Jayachandran, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+and+physiological+responses+of+twelve+tree+species+common+in+Everglades+tree+islands+to+simulated+hydrologic+regimes.">Growth and physiological responses of twelve tree species common in Everglades tree islands to simulated hydrologic regimes.</a> Wetlands. 26 (3), 830-844 (2006).</li><li>Stoffella, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+and+growth+responses+of+eight+Everglades+tree+species+along+an+experimental+hydrological+gradient+on+two+tree+island+types.">Survival and growth responses of eight Everglades tree species along an experimental hydrological gradient on two tree island types.</a> Appl Veg Sci. 13 (4), 439-449 (2010).</li><li>Aich, S., Dreschel, T. W., Cline, E., Sklar, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+a+geographic+information+system+(GIS)+to+document+research+in+an+Everglades+physical+Model.">The development of a geographic information system (GIS) to document research in an Everglades physical Model.</a> J Environ Sci Eng. 5 (2011), 289-302 (2011).</li><li>Weinbaum, S. A., Johnson, R. S., DeJong, T. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Causes+and+Consequences+of+Overfertilization+in+Orchards.">Causes and Consequences of Overfertilization in Orchards.</a> HortTechnology. 2 (1), 112-121 (1992).</li></ol>

这一建议的方法, 种植树木岛屿允许增加海拔和部署的树木从一个汽船, 而无需建设道路, 以填补每个地点。这就最大限度地减少了实施林木种植的成本和干扰。
这项技术的一个问题是, 把大量的 PVC 管、塑料袋和塑料盆放在曾经是树岛的沼泽特征上的美学和环境问题。目前的做法是在足够长的树建立 (大约3年) 后拆除塑料, 并妥善处理或回收塑料碎片。
塑?...

天然树种重新退化的湿地树岛是可能通过种子散布如果有附近的岛屿与多样性的树种1,2。根据 Sklar 和 van der Valk1恢复严重消退的树木岛可能是可能的, "通过提高他们的头的海拔, 虽然这样的努力将是昂贵的和劳动密集型。目前, 在大沼泽地水源涵养区 (WCA) 的退化 (也称为 "幽灵") 树岛附近有很少的当地 (可取的) 树木--2 a (五 WCAs 中的一个, 用来储存水, 防止周围城市的洪水泛滥,农业地区) 为 recolonizing 退化的树群岛提供所需的种子3。
为了提高一个下沉的树木岛的海拔, 重新造林, 适当的填充将不得不运往岛上。这就要求为卡车修建道路, 或为驳船建造水路, 从而造成大沼泽地的严重损失, 代价巨大。一个简单, 低成本的技术是需要重新填充退化的树木岛与当地树种, 将提供海拔 (减少 hydroperiod), 并改善生存的可变水文地方病的大沼泽地4。
这些弹出式 ups 的大小可以方便运输到种植地点。这比传统的填土区和植树的方法更具优势, 因为这可能需要兴建道路以供运输。这一技术减少了植树活动的生态影响。此外, 这些弹出式 ups 有能力漂浮的初始六月后, 部署, 允许建立树苗。在传统的植树方案下, 如果水位上升, 树木在建立时可能会遇到水淹压力增加的情况。
一些设计进行了测试, 并确定了更大的弹出高度 (袋方向), 一棵树肥料穗增加养分, 和种植弹出与单树苗达到最佳配置的部署后, 湿地退化树岛4。虽然其他研究人员描述了植树以恢复森林湿地的面积5,6, 根据我们的知识, 没有任何的种植技术描述增加海拔减少 hydroperiod。
这个过程模仿了漂浮的沼泽地树海岛的形成从泥煤打破从基岩和漂浮到表面。旱地植物可以建立一个 "弹出" 或漂浮的树岛, 最终移动和定居到泥炭表面, 成为所谓的 "电池" 树岛1,7。
大沼泽地树岛树种有不同的耐受洪水的生长和生存8,9,10。在一项受控研究中, 琼斯et al.显示了 hydroperiod 对大沼泽地树岛物种生存的重要性9。Stoffella et al.发现, 相对海拔 (对水面) 有不同的和深刻的影响种植本地树种的生存和生长, 由于每个物种的具体耐受性泛滥10。树种可以选择的特定条件存在。这里描述的植树技术可以提供额外的海拔, 因此, 以前森林地区的树木种子来源已经丧失海拔, 现在受淹没环境, 对当地树种有害。
以前的森林地区, 经验延长 hydroperiods 可能受益于这种方法, 重新引入木本物种到这些地区。这项技术提供了海拔, 从而减少了 hydroperiod。此外, 树木将建立土壤 (根和叶生物量), 并提供一个种子来源, 继续殖民化的地区。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>One or Two Gallon Native Tree Saplings in plastic pots.</td>
			<td>Local Native Plant Nurseries</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Obtain native tree saplings grown from locally obtained seed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Commercial Peat Bags. 5 cubic ft.</td>
			<td>Lambert</td>
			<td>Lambert Canadian Sphagnum Peat Moss (6649801115)</td>
			<td>Product description: Lambert peat moss is an excellent soil amendment because of its capacity to retain water, aerate the soil and it is completely natural. All of Lambert&#39;s peat moss packages carry the OMRI (Organic Material Review Institute) logo, which indicates that they are approved for use in organic production. Size: 5.5 cu.ft.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vigoro Tree Spikes (Tree and Shrub Fertilizer Spikes, 15-Count)</td>
			<td>Vigoro, Swiss Farms Products Inc.</td>
			<td>Model # 154205</td>
			<td>GUARANTEED ANALYSIS (%) TOTAL IN PRODUCT (ppm): Total Nitrogen (N) 12.0000; Available Phosphoric Acid (P2O5) 5.0000; Soluble Potash (K2O) 7.0000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PVC Pipe: 1/2 in schedule 40</td>
			<td>JM Eagle</td>
			<td>Model # 67447</td>
			<td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duct Tape, 1-7/8 in x 12 yds</td>
			<td>MSC Industrial Supply</td>
			<td>Gorilla Heavy-Duty Duct Tape, Model# 60012</td>
			<td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal Rod (Rebar 1.3 cm diameter, 1.2 m long)</td>
			<td>Weyerhaeuser</td>
			<td>Model # 35616</td>
			<td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Box Cutter</td>
			<td>Stanley</td>
			<td>Model # STHT10273</td>
			<td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Work Gloves</td>
			<td>Firm Grip</td>
			<td>Model # 3101-96</td>
			<td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trash Bags (42 gallon)</td>
			<td>HUSKY</td>
			<td>Model # HK42WC050B</td>
			<td>Any manufacturer or supplier will do.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple planting technique for re-establishing trees where frequent inundation occurs

在过去的一个世纪里, 许多沼泽地树的岛屿已经失去了海拔, 它们的大部分树木已经死亡, 以至于现在都被草本植物覆盖。该协议描述了一种简单、经济高效的植树技术, 用于恢复退化的湿地树岛。设计是仿照一个自然的大沼泽地过程, 创造漂浮的泥炭岛, 这使得树木的生存和生长在水淹的条件, 往往导致树木岛屿的发展。商业上可用的泥炭袋被用作生长和建立盆栽乡土树苗的培养基。弹出式配置最初漂浮, 并提供额外的海拔, 以减少淹没, 与一个单一的本地树种树苗和单一的树肥料穗。在为期3年的研究涉及105流行的 ups, 大多数植物存活 (80%) 和许多蓬勃发展。确定这种技术是否能在退化的树岛上建立树, 需要更长的研究和广泛的野外试验。

使用此技术的研究4在一个0.32 公里的2沼泽地物理模型11中进行, 在一个山脊上模拟一个幽灵树岛上的测试。在这项研究中, 两个袋方向的高度 (低: 0.3 米, 高: 0.46 米), 一个对两个树苗每袋生长, 测试以及使用的树木肥料穗, 以促进生存和增长。使用了三种树苗: 奥利亚、F. 虫、和.对于每种物种, 5 复制4治疗和2套?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs at JoVE.com

A Simple Planting Technique for Re-establishing Trees Where Frequent Inundation Occurs

该协议描述了一个简单, 成本效益高的树木种植技术, 以恢复退化的沼泽地树岛的经验淹没。设计创造了一个岛屿 (弹出), 最初漂浮和增加海拔, 以促进树木的生存和生长在洪水条件下。

常淹发生的重构树简易造林技术

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