Name: methodology for biomimetic chemical neuromodulation of rat retinas with the neurotransmitter glutamate in vitro
Uploaded: 2017-12-19T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro at JoVE.com

पेपर में प्रस्तुत किए गए इस कार्य को नेशनल साइंस फाउंडेशन, इमर्जिंग फ्रंटियर्स इन रिसर्च एंड इनोवेशन (NSF-EFRI) प्रोग्राम ग्रांट नंबर ०९३८०७२ द्वारा सपोर्ट किया गया । इस पत्र की सामग्री पूरी तरह से लेखकों की जिंमेदारी है और जरूरी नहीं कि NSF के सरकारी विचारों का प्रतिनिधित्व करते हैं । लेखक भी अपने काम डिजाइनिंग के लिए डॉ Samsoon Inayat धंयवाद और रासायनिक उत्तेजना के लिए प्रारंभिक प्रायोगिक सेटअप परीक्षण और श्री अश्विन रघुनाथन अपने काम के लिए डिजाइन, निर्माण, और मल्टीपोर्ट microfluidic में इस्तेमाल किया डिवाइस के मूल्यांकन के लिए इच्छा इस अध्ययन ।

सभी पशु प्रयोगों को प्रयोगशाला पशुओं की देखभाल और उपयोग के लिए राष्ट्रीय अनुसंधान परिषद के गाइड द्वारा उल्लिखित दिशानिर्देशों के अनुसार आयोजित किया गया था । पशु हैंडलिंग और इच्छामृत्यु प्रोटोकॉल क?...

<ol>
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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+reprogramming+in+retinal+degeneration.">Neural reprogramming in retinal degeneration.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 48, 3364-3371 (2007).</li><li>Jones, B. W., Kondo, M., Terasaki, H., Lin, Y., McCall, M., Marc, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+remodeling.">Retinal remodeling.</a> Jpn J Ophthalmol. 56, 289-306 (2012).</li><li>Soto, F., Kerschensteiner, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+remodeling+of+neuronal+circuits+in+early+retinal+degeneration.">Synaptic remodeling of neuronal circuits in early retinal degeneration.</a> Front Cell Neurosci. 9, (2015).</li><li>Trenholm, S., Awatramani, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origins+of+spontaneous+activity+in+the+degenerating+retina.">Origins of spontaneous activity in the degenerating retina.</a> Front Cell Neurosci. 9, (2015).</li><li>Euler, T., Schubert, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+Independent+Oscillatory+Networks+in+the+Degenerating+Retina.">Multiple Independent Oscillatory Networks in the Degenerating Retina.</a> Front Cell Neurosci. 9, (2015).</li><li>Boye, S. E., Boye, S. L., Lewin, A. S., Hauswirth, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Comprehensive+Review+of+Retinal+Gene+Therapy.">A Comprehensive Review of Retinal Gene Therapy.</a> Mol Ther. 21, 509-519 (2013).</li><li>Schwartz, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+retinal+pigment+epithelium+in+patients+with+age-related+macular+degeneration+and+Stargardt's+macular+dystrophy:+follow-up+of+two+open-label+phase+1/2+studies.">Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium in patients with age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt's macular dystrophy: follow-up of two open-label phase 1/2 studies.</a> The Lancet. 385, 509-516 (2015).</li><li>Reh, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoreceptor+Transplantation+in+Late+Stage+Retinal+Degeneration.">Photoreceptor Transplantation in Late Stage Retinal Degeneration.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 57, (2016).</li><li>Zrenner, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fighting+blindness+with+microelectronics.">Fighting blindness with microelectronics.</a> Sci Transl Med. 5, (2013).</li><li>Humayun, M. 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C., Dagnelie, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+functional+performance+of+the+Argus+II+retinal+prosthesis.">The functional performance of the Argus II retinal prosthesis.</a> Expert Rev Med Devices. 11, 23-30 (2014).</li><li>Stingl, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artificial+vision+with+wirelessly+powered+subretinal+electronic+implant+alpha-IMS.">Artificial vision with wirelessly powered subretinal electronic implant alpha-IMS.</a> P R Soc B. 280, (2013).</li><li>Rizzo, J. 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B., Humayun, M. S., Weiland, J. D., Suzuki, S., D'Anna, S. A., de Juan, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-Term+Histological+and+Electrophysiological+Results+of+an+Inactive+Epiretinal+Electrode+Array+Implantation+in+Dogs.">Long-Term Histological and Electrophysiological Results of an Inactive Epiretinal Electrode Array Implantation in Dogs.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 40, 2073-2081 (1999).</li><li>Peterman, M. C., Noolandi, J., Blumenkranz, M. S., Fishman, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localized+chemical+release+from+an+artificial+synapse+chip.">Localized chemical release from an artificial synapse chip.</a> PNAS. 101, 9951-9954 (2004).</li><li>Finlayson, P. G., Iezzi, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamate+stimulation+of+retinal+ganglion+cells+in+normal+and+s334ter-4+rat+retinas:+a+candidate+for+a+neurotransmitter-based+retinal+prosthesis.">Glutamate stimulation of retinal ganglion cells in normal and s334ter-4 rat retinas: a candidate for a neurotransmitter-based retinal prosthesis.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 51, 3619-3628 (2010).</li><li>Inayat, S., Rountree, C. M., Troy, J. B., Saggere, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+stimulation+of+rat+retinal+neurons:+feasibility+of+an+epiretinal+neurotransmitter-based+prosthesis.">Chemical stimulation of rat retinal neurons: feasibility of an epiretinal neurotransmitter-based prosthesis.</a> J Neural Eng. 12, 016010 (2015).</li><li>Rountree, C. M., Inayat, S., Troy, J. B., Saggere, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+stimulation+of+the+retina+with+subretinally+injected+exogenous+neurotransmitter:+A+biomimetic+alternative+to+electrical+stimulation.">Differential stimulation of the retina with subretinally injected exogenous neurotransmitter: A biomimetic alternative to electrical stimulation.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 38505 (2016).</li><li>Ray, A., Sun, G. J., Chan, L., Grzywacz, N. M., Weiland, J., Lee, E. -. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphological+alterations+in+retinal+neurons+in+the+S334ter-line3+transgenic+rat.">Morphological alterations in retinal neurons in the S334ter-line3 transgenic rat.</a> Cell Tissue Res. 339, 481-491 (2010).</li><li>Martinez-Navarrete, G., Seiler, M. J., Aramant, R. B., Fernandez-Sanchez, L., Pinilla, I., Cuenca, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinal+degeneration+in+two+lines+of+transgenic+S334ter+rats.">Retinal degeneration in two lines of transgenic S334ter rats.</a> Exp Eye Res. 92, 227-237 (2011).</li><li>. Sigma Aldrich Ames Medium Product Information Sheet Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/1/a1420pis.pdf">https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/content/dam/sigma-aldrich/docs/Sigma/Product_Information_Sheet/1/a1420pis.pdf</a> (2017)</li><li>Reinhard, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Step-By-Step+instructions+for+retina+recordings+with+perforated+multi+electrode+arrays.">Step-By-Step instructions for retina recordings with perforated multi electrode arrays.</a> PLoS ONE. 9, e106148 (2014).</li><li>Izumi, Y., Kirby, C. O., Benz, A. M., Olney, J. W., Zorumski, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=M&#252;ller+cell+swelling,+glutamate+uptake,+and+excitotoxic+neurodegeneration+in+the+isolated+rat+retina.">M&#252;ller cell swelling, glutamate uptake, and excitotoxic neurodegeneration in the isolated rat retina.</a> Glia. 25, 379-389 (1999).</li><li>Tunnicliff, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glutamate+uptake+by+chick+retina.">Glutamate uptake by chick retina.</a> Biochem J. 150, 297-299 (1975).</li><li>Schwartz, E. A., Tachibana, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophysiology+of+glutamate+and+sodium+co-transport+in+a+glial+cell+of+the+salamander+retina.">Electrophysiology of glutamate and sodium co-transport in a glial cell of the salamander retina.</a> J Physiol (Lond). 426, 43-80 (1990).</li><li>Muller, A., Maurin, L., Bonne, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Free+radicals+and+glutamate+uptake+in+the+retina.">Free radicals and glutamate uptake in the retina.</a> Gen Pharmacol- Vasc S. 30, 315-318 (1998).</li><li>Dhingra, N. K., Kao, Y. -. H., Sterling, P., Smith, R. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contrast+threshold+of+a+brisk-transient+ganglion+cell+in+vitro.">Contrast threshold of a brisk-transient ganglion cell in vitro.</a> J of Neurophysiol. 89, 2360-2369 (2003).</li><li>Ahlers, M. T., Ammerm&#252;ller, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+system+for+precise+temperature+control+of+isolated+nervous+tissue+under+optical+access:+Application+to+multi-electrode+recordings.">A system for precise temperature control of isolated nervous tissue under optical access: Application to multi-electrode recordings.</a> J of Neurosci Methods. 219, 83-91 (2013).</li><li>Feke, G. T., Tagawa, H., Deupree, D. M., Goger, D. G., Sebag, J., Weiter, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+flow+in+the+normal+human+retina.">Blood flow in the normal human retina.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 30, 58-65 (1989).</li><li>Purves, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Retina.">The Retina.</a> Neuroscience. , (2001).</li></ol>

यहां प्रस्तुत विधि एक अनूठा तंत्रिका उत्तेजना प्रतिमान दर्शाता है, जिसमें रेटिना ंयूरॉंस रासायनिक इन विट्रो मेंरेटिना की उपसतह में देशी न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर रसायन इंजेक्शन द्वारा उत्तेजित कर रहे ?...

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Microelectrode array, perforated layout</td>
			<td>Multi Channel Systems, GmbH</td>
			<td>60pMEA200/30iR-Ti-pr</td>
			<td>http://www.multichannelsystems.com/products/microelectrode-arrays/60pmea20030ir-ti</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEA amplifier</td>
			<td>Multi Channel Systems, GmbH</td>
			<td>MEA1060-Inv</td>
			<td>http://www.multichannelsystems.com/products/mea1060-inv</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottom perfusion groundplate for pMEA</td>
			<td>Multi Channel Systems, GmbH</td>
			<td>MEA1060-Inv-(BC)-PGP</td>
			<td>http://www.multichannelsystems.com/products/mea1060-inv-bc-pgp</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-axis Motorized Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA</td>
			<td>MP-285</td>
			<td>https://www.sutter.com/MICROMANIPULATION/mp285.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator Control System</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA</td>
			<td>MPC-200</td>
			<td>https://www.sutter.com/MICROMANIPULATION/mpc200.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gantry style micromanipulator stand with linear slide</td>
			<td>Sutter Instruments, Novato, CA</td>
			<td>MT-75/LS</td>
			<td>https://www.sutter.com/STAGES/mt75.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8-channel Programmable Multichannel Pressure Injector</td>
			<td>OEM: MicroData Instrument, S. Plainfield, NJ 
			Vendor: Harvard Apparatus UK</td>
			<td>PM-8000 or PM-8</td>
			<td>OEM: http://www.microdatamdi.com/pm8000.htm 
			Vendor: https://www.harvardapparatus.co.uk/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/product_11555_10001_39808_-1_HAUK_ProductDetail</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Axopatch 200A Integrating Patch Clamp Amplifier</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA</td>
			<td>Axopatch 200A</td>
			<td>Axopatch 200A has been replaced with a newer model Axopatch 200B: 
			https://www.moleculardevices.com/systems/axon-conventional-patch-clamp/axopatch-200b-amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Patch clamp headstage</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA</td>
			<td>CV 201A</td>
			<td>http://mdc.custhelp.com/app/answers/detail/a_id/16554/~/axopatch-200a%3A-selection-cv-headstage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum waste kit</td>
			<td>ALA Scientific Instruments, Farmingdale, NY</td>
			<td>VMK</td>
			<td>http://alascience.com/product/vacuum-waste-kit/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette holder</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT</td>
			<td>QSW-A10P</td>
			<td>https://www.warneronline.com/product_info.cfm?id=915</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pre-pulled 10 &#956;m tip diameter glass micropipettes</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL</td>
			<td>TIP10TW1</td>
			<td>https://www.wpiinc.com/products/laboratory-supplies/make-selection-pre-pulled-glass-pipettes-plain/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zoom stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>Nikon, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>SMZ-745T</td>
			<td>https://www.nikoninstruments.com/Products/Stereomicroscopes-and-Macroscopes/Stereomicroscopes/SMZ745</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope boom stand with dual linear ball bearing arm</td>
			<td>Old School Industries, Inc., Dacono, CO</td>
			<td>OS1010H-16BB</td>
			<td>http://www.osi-incorp.com/productdisplay/dual-linear-ball-bearing-arm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zoom Stereo Microscope with C-LEDS Hybrid LED Stand</td>
			<td>Nikon, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>SMZ-445</td>
			<td>https://www.nikoninstruments.com/Products/Stereomicroscopes-and-Macroscopes/Stereomicroscopes/SMZ445</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope system</td>
			<td>Nikon, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>Eclipse Ti-E</td>
			<td>https://www.nikoninstruments.com/Products/Inverted-Microscopes/Eclipse-Ti-E</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ames medium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>A1420</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/a1420</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Glutamic Acid (Glutamate)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>G5667</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/mm/100291</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>S8761</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/s8761</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm Petri dish (10 mm tall)</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>FB0875713A</td>
			<td>60 mm clear petri dish; https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/fisherbrand-petri-dishes-clear-lid-12/fb0875713a</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jewelers #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL</td>
			<td>555227F</td>
			<td>https://www.wpiinc.com/products/laboratory-supplies/555227f-jewelers-5-forceps-11cm-straight-titanium/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard Scalpel Blad #24</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL</td>
			<td>500247</td>
			<td>https://www.wpiinc.com/products/laboratory-supplies/500247-standard-scalpel-blade-24/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Handle #4</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL</td>
			<td>500237</td>
			<td>https://www.wpiinc.com/products/laboratory-supplies/500237-scalpel-handle-4-14cm/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas Tubingen Dissection Scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments, Sarasota, FL</td>
			<td>503378</td>
			<td>https://www.wpiinc.com/products/laboratory-supplies/503378-vannas-tubingen-scissors-8cm-straight-german-steel/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon mesh kit</td>
			<td>Warner Instruments, Hamden, CT</td>
			<td>NYL/MESH</td>
			<td>https://www.warneronline.com/product_info.cfm?id=1173</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Harp slice grid</td>
			<td>ALA Scientific Instruments, Farmingdale, NY</td>
			<td>HSG-5AD</td>
			<td>http://alascience.com/product/standard-harp-slice-grids/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ag/AgCl reference electrode pellet</td>
			<td>Multi Channel Systems, GmbH</td>
			<td>P1060</td>
			<td>http://www.multichannelsystems.com/products/p1060</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 Channel Valve Controlled Gravity Perfusion System</td>
			<td>ALA Scientific Instruments, Farmingdale, NY</td>
			<td>VC3-4xG</td>
			<td>http://alascience.com/product/4-channel-valve-controlled-gravity-perfusion-system/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zyla 5.5 sCMOS microscope camera</td>
			<td>Andor Technology, Belfast, UK</td>
			<td>Zyla 5.5 sCMOS</td>
			<td>http://www.andor.com/scientific-cameras/neo-and-zyla-scmos-cameras/zyla-55-scmos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver wire (50 &#956;m diameter)</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>AA44461G5</td>
			<td>https://www.fishersci.com/shop/products/silver-wire-0-05mm-0-002-in-dia-annealed-99-99-metals-basis-3/aa44461g5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tygon microbore tubing (1.6 mm diameter)</td>
			<td>Cole Parmer, Vernon Hills , IL</td>
			<td>EW-06419-01</td>
			<td>https://www.coleparmer.com/i/tygon-microbore-tubing-0-020-x-0-060-od-100-ft-roll/0641901</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tilting Tool Holder with Steel Cannula</td>
			<td>ALA Scientific Instruments, Farmingdale, NY</td>
			<td>TILTPORT</td>
			<td>One each of these were utilized for top perfusion and suction; http://alascience.com/product/tilting-tool-holder-with-steel-cannula/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roscolux #26 Light Red Filter Sheet</td>
			<td>Rosco Laboratories Inc., 52 Harbor View, Stamford, CT</td>
			<td>R2611</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: http://us.rosco.com/en/products/catalog/roscolux 
			Vendor: https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/43957-REG/Rosco_RS2611_26_Filter_Light.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smith &#38; Wesson Galaxy Red Flashlight</td>
			<td>Smith &#38; Wesson, 2100 Roosevelt Avenue, Springfield, MA</td>
			<td>4588</td>
			<td>Manufacturer: https://www.smith-wesson.com/ 
			Vendor: http://www.mypilotstore.com/mypilotstore/sep/4588</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MC_Rack Software</td>
			<td>Multi Channel Systems, GmbH</td>
			<td>MC_Rack</td>
			<td>http://www.multichannelsystems.com/software/mc-rack</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Labview Software</td>
			<td>National Instruments, Austin, TX</td>
			<td>LabVIEW</td>
			<td>http://www.ni.com/labview/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-Elements: Basic Research Software</td>
			<td>Nikon, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td>NIS-Elements BR</td>
			<td>https://www.nikoninstruments.com/Products/Software/NIS-Elements-Basic-Research</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

methodology for biomimetic chemical neuromodulation of rat retinas with the neurotransmitter glutamate in vitro

Photoreceptor अपक्षयी रोगों रेटिना में Photoreceptor कोशिकाओं के प्रगतिशील नुकसान के माध्यम से अपूरणीय अंधापन का कारण है । रेटिना कृत्रिम photoreceptor अपक्षयी रोगों है कि कृत्रिम रूप से रोगियों में सुबोध दृश्य धारणा को प्राप्त करने की आशा में जीवित रेटिना न्यूरॉन्स उत्तेजक द्वारा दृष्टि बहाल करने के लिए चाहते हैं के लिए एक उभरते उपचार कर रहे हैं. वर्तमान रेटिना कृत्रिम इलेक्ट्रोड की एक सरणी का उपयोग करने के लिए बिजली रेटिना को उत्तेजित लेकिन उच्च तीक्ष्णता, रोगियों के लिए प्राकृतिक दृष्टि बहाल करने में पर्याप्त शारीरिक बाधाओं का सामना करने के रोगियों के लिए सीमित दृष्टि बहाल करने में सफलता का प्रदर्शन किया है. रासायनिक neurostimulation देशी न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर का उपयोग कर विद्युत उत्तेजना के लिए एक biomimetic विकल्प है और बिजली neurostimulation का उपयोग रेटिना कृत्रिम के साथ जुड़े मौलिक सीमाओं बाईपास सकता है. विशेष रूप से, रासायनिक neurostimulation न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर के बहुत कम मात्रा में इंजेक्शन द्वारा रोगियों के लिए तुलनीय या बेहतर दृश्य acuities के साथ और अधिक प्राकृतिक दृष्टि बहाल करने की क्षमता है, रेटिना द्वारा इस्तेमाल संचार के एक ही प्राकृतिक एजेंटों रासायनिक synapses, वर्तमान विद्युत कृत्रिम की तुलना में बहुत महीन संकल्प पर । हालांकि, एक अपेक्षाकृत बेरोज़गार उत्तेजना प्रतिमान के रूप में, वहां इन विट्रो मेंरेटिना की रासायनिक उत्तेजना को प्राप्त करने के लिए कोई प्रोटोकॉल की स्थापना की है । इस काम का उद्देश्य के लिए जांचकर्ताओं जो रेटिना या इसी तरह के तंत्रिका ऊतकों के रासायनिक neuromodulation की क्षमता का अध्ययन करना चाहते है के लिए रेटिना की रासायनिक उत्तेजना को पूरा करने के लिए एक विस्तृत रूपरेखा प्रदान करना है इन विट्रो। इस काम में, हम प्रयोगात्मक सेटअप और पद्धति का वर्णन प्रकाश में लाने के लिए रेटिना नाड़ीग्रंथि सेल (RGC) स्पाइक प्रतिक्रियाओं के समान दृश्य हल्की प्रतिक्रियाओं में जंगली-प्रकार और photoreceptor-पतित wholemount चूहे रेटिना का नियंत्रित मात्रा में इंजेक्शन द्वारा micropipettes ग्लास और एक कस्टम मल्टीपोर्ट microfluidic डिवाइस का उपयोग कर उपरेटिना अंतरिक्ष में न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर ग्लूटामेट. इस पद्धति और प्रोटोकॉल काफी सामांय है neuromodulation अंय न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर या यहां तक कि अंय तंत्रिका ऊतकों का उपयोग कर के लिए अनुकूलित किया जाना है ।

इस प्रोटोकॉल के लिए रासायनिक दोनों सामांय, जंगली प्रकार के रेटिना के रूप में अच्छी तरह से photoreceptor पतित रेटिना को उत्तेजित करने के लिए इस्तेमाल किया जा सकता है, पर्याप्त सेलुलर photoreceptors के नुकसान ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro at JoVE.com

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro

इस प्रोटोकॉल न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर ग्लूटामेट के साथ इन विट्रो में wholemount चूहा रेटिना के रासायनिक neurostimulation के एक फार्म की जांच के लिए एक उपंयास विधि का वर्णन । रासायनिक neurostimulation photoreceptor अपक्षयी रोगों की वजह से अपरिवर्तनीय अंधापन के इलाज के लिए रेटिना न्यूरॉन्स के पारंपरिक विद्युत neurostimulation के लिए एक आशाजनक विकल्प है.

Biomimetic रासायनिक Neuromodulation के लिए क्रियाविधि इन विट्रो में न्यूरोट्रांसमीटर ग्लूटामेट के साथ चूहा रेटिना

Photoreceptor degenerative diseases cause irreparable blindness through the progressive loss of photoreceptor cells in the retina. Retinal prostheses are ...

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Bioengineering

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro

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We have developed a microfluidic device that mimics the delivery and systemic clearance of drugs to heterogeneous three-dimensional tumor tissues in ...

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