Name: hand-held clinical photoacoustic imaging system for real-time non-invasive small animal imaging
Uploaded: 2017-10-16T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hand-held Clinical Photoacoustic Imaging System for Real-time Non-invasive Small Animal Imaging at JoVE.com

Forfatterne ønsker å erkjenne økonomisk støtte fra Tier 1 forskningsstipend finansiert av utdanningsdepartementet i Singapore (RG48/16: M4011617) og Tier 2 forskningsstipend finansiert av utdanningsdepartementet i Singapore (ARC2/15: M4020238). Forfatterne ønsker å erkjenne Dr. Rhonnie Østerrike Dienzo for hans hjelp med dyr håndtering.

alle dyreforsøk ble utført godkjente retningslinjer og forskriftene av institusjonelle Animal Care og bruk av Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (dyr Protokollnummer ARF-SBS / Nie-A0263).
 1. håndholdte Real-time klinisk PA og oss Imaging System <ol><li>skjematisk av de håndholdte kliniske PAI systemet 33 vises i figur 1a. Det består av en optisk parametrisk oscillator (OPO) laser pumpes av en frekvens doblet nanosekund p...

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	<li>Yun, S. H., Kwok, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Light+in+diagnosis,+therapy+and+surgery.">Light in diagnosis, therapy and surgery.</a> Nat. Biomed. Eng. 1, 0008 (2017).</li><li>Tseng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+accuracy+of+preoperative+breast+MRI+for+breast+cancer.">Clinical accuracy of preoperative breast MRI for breast cancer.</a> J. Surg. Oncol. , (2017).</li><li>Baran, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+propagation-based+x-ray+phase-contrast+tomography+for+breast+cancer+imaging.">Optimization of propagation-based x-ray phase-contrast tomography for breast cancer imaging.</a> Phys. Med. Biol. 62 (6), 2315 (2017).</li><li>Huzarski, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Screening+with+magnetic+resonance+imaging,+mammography+and+ultrasound+in+women+at+average+and+intermediate+risk+of+breast+cancer.">Screening with magnetic resonance imaging, mammography and ultrasound in women at average and intermediate risk of breast cancer.</a> Hered. Cancer Clin. Pract. 15 (1), 4 (2017).</li><li>Upputuri, P. K., Pramanik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+toward+preclinical+and+clinical+translation+of+photoacoustic+tomography:+a+review.">Recent advances toward preclinical and clinical translation of photoacoustic tomography: a review.</a> J. Biomed. Opt. 22 (4), 041006 (2017).</li><li>Wang, L. 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K., Moothanchery, M., Pramanik, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pulsed+laser+diode+photoacoustic+tomography+(PLD-PAT)+system+for+fast+in+vivo+imaging+of+small+animal+brain.">Pulsed laser diode photoacoustic tomography (PLD-PAT) system for fast in vivo imaging of small animal brain.</a> Proc Spie. , (2017).</li><li>Fakhrejahani, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+report+on+the+first+prototype+of+a+photoacoustic+tomography+system+with+dual+illumination+for+breast+cancer+imaging.">Clinical report on the first prototype of a photoacoustic tomography system with dual illumination for breast cancer imaging.</a> PLoS One. 10 (10), e0139113 (2015).</li><li>Wang, L. V., Hu, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoacoustic+Tomography:+In+Vivo+Imaging+from+Organelles+to+Organs.">Photoacoustic Tomography: In Vivo Imaging from Organelles to Organs.</a> Science. 335 (6075), 1458-1462 (2012).</li><li>Pan, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+photoacoustic+imaging+of+angiogenesis+with+integrin-targeted+gold+nanobeacons.">Molecular photoacoustic imaging of angiogenesis with integrin-targeted gold nanobeacons.</a> FASEB J. 25 (3), 875-882 (2011).</li><li>Erpelding, T. 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Chem. B. 4 (9), 1696-1703 (2016).</li><li>Huang, S., Kannadorai, R. K., Chen, Y., Liu, Q., Wang, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+narrow-bandgap+benzobisthiadiazole+derivative+with+high+near-infrared+photothermal+conversion+efficiency+and+robust+photostability+for+cancer+therapy.">A narrow-bandgap benzobisthiadiazole derivative with high near-infrared photothermal conversion efficiency and robust photostability for cancer therapy.</a> Chem. Comm. 51 (20), 4223-4226 (2015).</li><li>Wu, D., Huang, L., Jiang, M. S., Jiang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contrast+Agents+for+Photoacoustic+and+Thermoacoustic+Imaging:+A+Review.">Contrast Agents for Photoacoustic and Thermoacoustic Imaging: A Review.</a> Int. J. Mol. Sci. 15 (12), 23616-23639 (2014).</li><li>Pramanik, M., Swierczewska, M., Green, D., Sitharaman, B., Wang, L. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single-walled+carbon+nanotubes+as+a+multimodal-thermoacoustic+and+photoacoustic-contrast+agent.">Single-walled carbon nanotubes as a multimodal-thermoacoustic and photoacoustic-contrast agent.</a> J. Biomed. Opt. 14 (3), 034018 (2009).</li><li>Kim, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Programmable+Real-time+Clinical+Photoacoustic+and+Ultrasound+Imaging+System.">Programmable Real-time Clinical Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging System.</a> Sci. Rep. 6, 35137 (2016).</li><li>McMasters, K. 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Opt. 15 (4), 046010 (2010).</li><li>Garcia-Uribe, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual-Modality+Photoacoustic+and+Ultrasound+Imaging+System+for+Noninvasive+Sentinel+Lymph+Node+Detection+in+Patients+with+Breast+Cancer.">Dual-Modality Photoacoustic and Ultrasound Imaging System for Noninvasive Sentinel Lymph Node Detection in Patients with Breast Cancer.</a> Sci. Rep. 5, 15748 (2015).</li><li>Kim, C., Song, K. H., Gao, F., Wang, L. 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Foreløpig er kostnaden for screening, diagnose og behandling av kreft svært høy. Det er ulike imaging modaliteter som brukes for cancer screening og diagnose. Mange av disse Bildeteknikker har imidlertid begrensninger inkludert store maskin størrelse, invasiv diagnose, uvennlighet pasienter, for dyrt, kravet av ioniserende stråling, eller bruk av radioaktivt kontrast agenter. Derfor er en effektiv, bekostning effektiv, sanntid bildebehandling og guiding system mye nødvendig. Kombinert USA og PA imaging er en teknik...

For å oppdage og iscenesettelse av kreft, ulike imaging teknikker er tilgjengelige. Noen av de brukte tenkelig modalitetene er magnetisk resonans imaging (MRI), røntgen tomografi (CT), røntgen, ultralyd (US), fantes et positron utslipp tomografi (PET), fluorescens imaging, etc.1,2, 3 , 4. men noen av de eksisterende Bildeteknikker er enten invasiv, har skadelige stråling eller er tregt, dyrt, klumpete eller uvennlig til pasienter. Dermed er det et konstant behov for å utvikle nye raske og kostnadseffektiv Bildeteknikker for diagnostikk og behandling5.
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) er en ny bildeenhet teknikk, som kombinerer rik optisk kontrast med ultralyd høyoppløselig på dypere tenkelig dybde5,6,7,8, 9. I PAI brukes en kort laser puls for vev bestråling. Lyset blir absorbert av vev som fører til en liten temperaturøkning. På grunn av thermoelastic ekspansjon genereres trykkbølger (i form av akustiske bølger) i vevet. De genererte akustiske bølgene (også kjent som photoacoustic (PA) bølger) kjøpt med en bredbånds ultralyd svinger (UST) utenfor vev grensen. Disse ervervet PA signalene kan brukes til å rekonstruere PA bilder, avslørende strukturelle og funksjonelle informasjonen i vevet. PAI har en rekke programmer, inkludert: blod fartøy bildebehandling, sentinel lymfeknute bildebehandling, hjerne blodkar bildebehandling, svulst bildebehandling, molekylær bildebehandling, etc.10,11,12, 13,14,15 PAI har mange programmer på grunn av sine fordeler, nemlig: dypere gjennomtrenging dyp, god romlig oppløsning og høy bløtvev kontrast. Kontrasten i PAI kan endogene fra blod, melanin, etc. Når endogene kontrasten ikke er sterk nok, som eksogene kontrast agenter organisk fargestoffer, nanopartikler, kvante prikker, etc.16,17,18,19, 20 , 21 kan brukes for å forbedre kontrasten.
Selv om PAI har mange fordeler i forhold til andre Bildeteknikker, er klinisk oversettelse fortsatt en stor utfordring. Viktigste begrensningene store natur lasere brukes, de fleste av USTs brukes for datainnsamling er ikke kompatibel med klinisk amerikanske systemer og ikke-tilgjengeligheten av kommersielt tilgjengelig klinisk amerikanske imaging-systemer som gir tilgang til rå kanal data. Bare nylig kommersielle klinisk amerikanske maskiner med tilgang til rådata har blitt tilgjengelig22. I dette arbeidet, har vi som mål å demonstrere gjennomførbarheten av PAI med en håndholdt oppsett ved hjelp av en klinisk amerikanske plattform. Vi ønsker å demonstrere dette ved å vise ikke-invasiv avbilding av sentinel lymfeknuter (SLNs) i en liten dyr modell.
Invasiv bryst tumorer er en av de viktigste årsakene til kreftdødsfall blant kvinner. Diagnostisering og staging brystkreft tidlig er avgjørende for å avgjøre behandling strategier, som spiller en viktig rolle i prognosen for pasienten. For bryst brukt kreft oppsetning sentinel lymph node biopsies (SLNB) er vanligvis23,24. SLN er primære lymfeknute hvor å finne kreftceller er den høyeste på grunn av metastasering. SLNBs involverer injeksjonsbruk en farge eller et radioaktivt tracer, etterfulgt av kutte åpne området med et lite innsnitt, og deretter finne SLN visuelt ved fargestoffer eller ved hjelp av en Geiger-teller, i tilfelle en radioaktiv tracer. Etter identifikasjon fjernes noen SLN for histopathological studier24,25. Positiv SLNB indikerer at svulsten har metastasized til nærliggende lymfeknuter og kanskje til andre organer. Negative SLNB angir at sannsynligheten for metastasering er ubetydelig26. SLNB har mange komplikasjoner knyttet til den som arm nummenhet, lymphedema, etc.27 å eliminere SLNB forbindes komplikasjoner, en ikke-invasiv tenkelig teknikk er nødvendig.
For SLN kartlegging i små dyr og mennesker, har PA imaging blitt undersøkt grundig ved hjelp av ulike kontrast agenter15,28,29,30,31 , 32. imidlertid den som brukes for tiden kan ikke brukes i et klinisk scenario som påpekt tidligere. En annen bekymring tas er den kirurgiske prosedyren involvert i SLNB28. Tilpasse minimal invasiv prosedyrer for tynn nål aspirasjon biopsi var (FNAB) nødvendig å redusere gjenopprettingstiden og bivirkninger av pasientene. I dette arbeidet, en klinisk amerikanske systemet ble brukt for kombinert USA og PA imaging ble brukt. For brukervennlighet i klinisk oppsett, en skreddersydde håndholdte holderen for bolig optisk fiber og UST ble utformet. Methylene Blåfarge (MB) ble brukt for å identifisere og tilordne SLNs. i tillegg til å eliminere komplikasjoner knyttet SLNB kirurgi, ikke-invasiv sanntid nål sporing er også demonstrert.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Q-switched Nd:YAG laser</td>
			<td>Continuum</td>
			<td>Surelite</td>
			<td>Pump laser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical parametric oscillator</td>
			<td>Continuum</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OPO laser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clinical ultrasound imaging system</td>
			<td>Alpinion</td>
			<td>E-CUBE 12R</td>
			<td>Dual modal ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Linear array ultrasound transducer</td>
			<td>Alpinion</td>
			<td>L3-12</td>
			<td>128 element linear array transducer with centre frequency of 8.5 MHz, fractional bandwidth of 95%,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bifurcated optical fiber</td>
			<td>CeramOptec</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td>To couple the light from the laser to the handheld fiber holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lens</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LB1869</td>
			<td>Focus light from the laser to the optical fiber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound gel</td>
			<td>Progress/parker acquasonic gel</td>
			<td>PA-GEL-CLEA-5000</td>
			<td>Acoustic coupling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Processing software</td>
			<td>Mathworks</td>
			<td>Matlab</td>
			<td>Home made program using Matlab</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic Machine</td>
			<td>medical plus pte ltd</td>
			<td>Non-Rebreathing Anaesthesia machine with oxygen concentrator.</td>
			<td>Supplies oxygen and isoflurane to animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulse Oxymeter portable</td>
			<td>Medtronic</td>
			<td>PM10N with veterinary sensor</td>
			<td>Monitors the pulse oxymetry of the animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal distributor</td>
			<td>In Vivos Pte Ltd, Singapore</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Animal distributor that supplies small animals for research purpose.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Breathing mask</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used along with animal holder to supply anesthesia mixture to the animal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>chicken breast tissue</td>
			<td>Pasar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to add depth to mimic human imaging scenario</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>23G needle</td>
			<td>BD Precisionglide</td>
			<td>23G,1 and half inch</td>
			<td>Used for realtime needle guidance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Holder for the fiber optic cable</td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To hold the input end of the bifurcated cable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Handheld probe</td>
			<td>Custom made 3D printed</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>With two slots for the two output ends of the optical fiber and one slot for the ultrasound transducer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methylene blue (10 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Sterop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Contrast agent for PA imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser tuning software</td>
			<td>Surelite OPO PLUS</td>
			<td>SLOPO</td>
			<td>Software to tune the wavelength of OPO laser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photodiode</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>SP05/M</td>
			<td>To detect the laser pulse to trigger the ultrasound system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Photodiode bias module</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>PBM42</td>
			<td>To amplify the photodiode signal to tigger ultrasound signal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Depilatory cream</td>
			<td>Reckitt Benckiser</td>
			<td>Veet</td>
			<td>Used to remove hair from the imaging area</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser power meter</td>
			<td>Ophir</td>
			<td>Starlite, p/n: 7Z01565</td>
			<td>Used to measure the laser power</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

hand-held clinical photoacoustic imaging system for real-time non-invasive small animal imaging

Oversettelsen av photoacoustic imaging i klinikken er en stor utfordring. Håndholdt sanntid klinisk photoacoustic imaging-systemer er svært sjeldne. Her rapporterer vi et kombinert photoacoustic og klinisk ultralyd imaging system ved å integrere en ultralyd sonde med lys levering for liten dyr bildebehandling. Dette viser vi av viser sentinel lymfeknute tenkelig i små dyr med minimal invasiv sanntid nål veiledning. En klinisk ultralyd plattform med tilgang til rå kanaldata gjør at integrering av photoacoustic imaging fører til en håndholdt sanntid klinisk photoacoustic tenkelig system. Methylene blåfarge ble brukt for sentinel lymfeknute bildebehandling på 675 nm bølgelengde. I tillegg ble nål veiledning med dobbelt sperrende ultralyd og photoacoustic imaging vist ved hjelp av tenkelig system. Dybde imaging opptil 1,5 cm ble demonstrert med en 10 Hz laser på en photoacoustic imaging bildefrekvens på 5 bilder per sekund.

<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56649/56649fig1.jpg"> 
Figur 1: systembeskrivelse. (a) skjematisk fremstilling av PAI system med dobbelt sperrende klinisk amerikanske systemet. OPO - optisk parametrisk oscillator, av - optisk fiber bunt, FH - fiber holderen, USM - kliniske amerikanske maskinen. Fiber abonnenten integrerer UST og to produksjon optisk fiber bunt. Anestesi maskinen isoflurane og oksygen til å holde dyr under na...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Hand-held Clinical Photoacoustic Imaging System for Real-time Non-invasive Small Animal Imaging at JoVE.com

Hand-held Clinical Photoacoustic Imaging System for Real-time Non-invasive Small Animal Imaging

Håndholdt klinisk Photoacoustic tenkelig System for sanntid ikke-invasiv liten dyr Imaging

En klinisk håndholdte photoacoustic tenkelig system vil bli demonstrert for sanntid ikke-invasiv liten dyr bildebehandling.

Translation of photoacoustic imaging into the clinic is a major challenge. Handheld real-time clinical photoacoustic imaging systems are very rare. Here, ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy

Optical microscopy, providing valuable insights at the cellular and organelle levels, has been widely recognized as an enabling biomedical technology. As ...

Wideband Optical Detector of Ultrasound for Medical Imaging Applications

Wideband optisk detektor av ultralyd for Medical Imaging Applications

Optical sensors of ultrasound are a promising alternative to piezoelectric techniques, as has been recently demonstrated in the field of optoacoustic ...

Universal Hand-held Three-dimensional Optoacoustic Imaging Probe for Deep Tissue Human Angiography and Functional Preclinical Studies in Real Time

Universal Håndholdt Tredimensjonal Optoacoustic Imaging Probe for Deep Tissue Menneskelig angiografi og Funksjonell prekliniske studier i Real Time

The exclusive combination of high optical contrast and excellent spatial resolution makes optoacoustics (photoacoustics) ideal for simultaneously ...

Using Cell-substrate Impedance and Live Cell Imaging to Measure Real-time Changes in Cellular Adhesion and De-adhesion Induced by Matrix Modification

Ved hjelp av Cell-substrat Impedans og Live Cell Imaging å måle sanntid Endringer i Cellular Grep og De-adhesjon indusert av Matrix Modification

Cell-matrix adhesion plays a key role in controlling cell morphology and signaling. Stimuli that disrupt cell-matrix adhesion (e.g., myeloperoxidase and ...

Real-time Monitoring of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Ablation of In Vitro Canine Livers Using Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focused Ultrasound (HMIFU)

Real-time Monitoring of High Intensity Focused Ultrasound HIFU Ablation of In Vitro Canine Livers Using Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focused Ultrasound HMIFU

Sanntidsovervåking av High Intensity fokusert ultralyd (HIFU) Ablation av<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Canine Livers Bruke Harmonic Motion Imaging for fokusert ultralyd (HMIFU)

Harmonic Motion Imaging for Focused Ultrasound (HMIFU) is a technique that can perform and monitor high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation. An ...

Multimodal Imaging and Spectroscopy Fiber-bundle Microendoscopy Platform for Non-invasive, In Vivo Tissue Analysis

Multimodal Imaging and Spectroscopy Fiber-bundle Microendoscopy Platform for Non-invasive, In Vivo Tissue Analysis

Multimodal Imaging og spektroskopi Fiber-bundle Microendoscopy plattform for ikke-invasiv,<em&gt; I Vivo</em&gt; Vevet analyse

Recent fiber-bundle microendoscopy techniques enable non-invasive analysis of in vivo tissue using either imaging techniques or a combination of ...

Switchable Acoustic and Optical Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy for In Vivo Small-animal Blood Vasculature Imaging

Switchable Acoustic and Optical Resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy for In Vivo Small-animal Blood Vasculature Imaging

Byttbar akustisk og optisk oppløsning Photoacoustic Microscopy for<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Små dyr blodprodusering av blodkar

Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is a fast-growing invivo imaging modality that combines both optics and ultrasound, providing penetration beyond the ...

A High-performance Compact Photoacoustic Tomography System for In Vivo Small-animal Brain Imaging

A High-performance Compact Photoacoustic Tomography System for In Vivo Small-animal Brain Imaging

Et høyytelses kompakt fotoakustisk tomografisystem for<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Små dyrs hjernedannelse

In vivo small-animal imaging has an important role to play in preclinical studies. Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is an emerging hybrid imaging modality ...

A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking

En protokoll for sanntids 3D enkelt partikkel sporing

Real-time three-dimensional single particle tracking (RT-3D-SPT) has the potential to shed light on fast, 3D processes in cellular systems. Although ...

Targeting Neuronal Fiber Tracts for Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy Using Interactive, Patient-Specific Models

Målretting Neuronal Fiber Tracts for dypt hjernen stimulering terapi bruker interaktive, pasient-spesifikke modeller

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), which involves insertion of an electrode to deliver stimulation to a localized brain region, is an established therapy for ...