Name: spatial and temporal control of t cell activation using a photoactivatable agonist
Uploaded: 2018-04-25T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist at JoVE.com

Vi takke medlemmerne af Huse lab for rådgivning og bistand. Støttet af U.S. National Institutes sundhed (R01-AI087644 til M.H.) og P30-CA008748 til Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center.

1. forberedelse af stimulerende glasoverflader
<ol><li>Frakke otte-brønds chambered daekglas med biotinylated poly-L-lysin (Bio-PLL) fortyndet til 1: 500 i destilleret, deioniseret vand (ddH2O). Inkuber i 30 min. ved stuetemperatur (RT).</li>
	<li>Vask med H2O.</li>
	<li>Tør i 2 timer ved RT.</li>
	<li>Blok Bio-PLL belagt overflader med blokerende buffer (HEPES-bufferet saltvand [10 mM HEPES pH 7,4, 150 mM NaCl], med 2% BSA) for 30 min. ved RT.<ol>
<li>Opløses 5 mg af poly-L-lysin hydrobromid i...

<ol>
	<li>Dustin, M. L., Chakraborty, A. K., Shaw, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+structure+and+function+of+the+immunological+synapse.">Understanding the structure and function of the immunological synapse.</a> Cold Spring Harb.Perspect.Biol. 2, a002311 (2010).</li><li>Liu, X., Huse, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunological+Synapse+Formation:+Cell+Polarity+During+T+Cell-APC+Interaction.">Immunological Synapse Formation: Cell Polarity During T Cell-APC Interaction.</a> Cell Polarity 1. , 247-275 (2015).</li><li>Bunnell, S. C., Kapoor, V., Trible, R. P., Zhang, W., Samelson, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+actin+polymerization+drives+T+cell+receptor-induced+spreading:+A+role+for+the+signal+transduction+adaptor+LAT.">Dynamic actin polymerization drives T cell receptor-induced spreading: A role for the signal transduction adaptor LAT.</a> Immunity. 14, 315-329 (2001).</li><li>Dustin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+into+Function+of+the+Immunological+Synapse+from+Studies+with+Supported+Planar+Bilayers.">Insights into Function of the Immunological Synapse from Studies with Supported Planar Bilayers.</a> Current topics in microbiology and immunology. 340, (2010).</li><li>Chauveau, A., Le Floc'h, A., Bantilan, N. S., Koretzky, G. a., Huse, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diacylglycerol+kinase+&#945;+establishes+T+cell+polarity+by+shaping+diacylglycerol+accumulation+at+the+immunological+synapse.">Diacylglycerol kinase &#945; establishes T cell polarity by shaping diacylglycerol accumulation at the immunological synapse.</a> Sci. Signal. 7, ra82 (2014).</li><li>Huse, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+and+Temporal+Dynamics+of+T+Cell+Receptor+Signaling+with+a+Photoactivatable+Agonist.">Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of T Cell Receptor Signaling with a Photoactivatable Agonist.</a> Immunity. 27, 76-88 (2007).</li><li>Quann, E. J., Merino, E., Furuta, T., Huse, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localized+diacylglycerol+drives+the+polarization+of+the+microtubule-organizing+center+in+T+cells.">Localized diacylglycerol drives the polarization of the microtubule-organizing center in T cells.</a> Nat Immunol. 10, 627-635 (2009).</li><li>Basu, R., Chen, Y., Quann, E. J., Huse, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+variable+hinge+region+of+novel+PKCs+determines+localization+to+distinct+regions+of+the+immunological+synapse.">The variable hinge region of novel PKCs determines localization to distinct regions of the immunological synapse.</a> PLoS One. 9, 1-8 (2014).</li><li>Liu, X., Kapoor, T. M., Chen, J. K., Huse, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diacylglycerol+promotes+centrosome+polarization+in+T+cells+via+reciprocal+localization+of+dynein+and+myosin+II.">Diacylglycerol promotes centrosome polarization in T cells via reciprocal localization of dynein and myosin II.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 110, 11976-11981 (2013).</li><li>Quann, E. J., Liu, X., Altan-Bonnet, G., Huse, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+cascade+of+protein+kinase+C+isozymes+promotes+cytoskeletal+polarization+in+T+cells.">A cascade of protein kinase C isozymes promotes cytoskeletal polarization in T cells.</a> Nat. Immunol. 12, 647-654 (2011).</li><li>Boniface, J. J., Reich, Z., Lyons, D. S., Davis, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermodynamics+of+T+cell+receptor+binding+to+peptide-MHC:+evidence+for+a+general+mechanism+of+molecular+scanning.">Thermodynamics of T cell receptor binding to peptide-MHC: evidence for a general mechanism of molecular scanning.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96, 11446-11451 (1999).</li><li>Garboczi, D. N., Hung, D. T., Wiley, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HLA-A2-peptide+complexes:+refolding+and+crystallization+of+molecules+expressed+in+Escherichia+coli+and+complexed+with+single+antigenic+peptides.">HLA-A2-peptide complexes: refolding and crystallization of molecules expressed in Escherichia coli and complexed with single antigenic peptides.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 89, 3429-3433 (1992).</li><li>Huse, M., Lillemeier, B. F., Kuhns, M. S., Chen, D. S., Davis, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cells+use+two+directionally+distinct+pathways+for+cytokine+secretion.">T cells use two directionally distinct pathways for cytokine secretion.</a> Nat. Immunol. 7, 247-255 (2006).</li><li>Abeyweera, T. P., Merino, E., Huse, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+signaling+blocks+activating+receptor+clustering+and+induces+cytoskeletal+retraction+in+natural+killer+cells.">Inhibitory signaling blocks activating receptor clustering and induces cytoskeletal retraction in natural killer cells.</a> J. Cell Biol. 192, 675-690 (2011).</li><li>Nguyen Duc, T., Huse, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Generalizable+Platform+for+the+Photoactivation+of+Cell+Surface+Receptors.">A Generalizable Platform for the Photoactivation of Cell Surface Receptors.</a> ACS Chem. Biol. 10, 2435-2440 (2015).</li><li>Airan, R. D., Thompson, K. R., Fenno, L. E., Bernstein, H., Deisseroth, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporally+precise+in+vivo+control+of+intracellular+signalling.">Temporally precise in vivo control of intracellular signalling.</a> Nature. 458, 1025-1029 (2009).</li><li>Xu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetic+control+of+chemokine+receptor+signal+and+T-cell+migration.">Optogenetic control of chemokine receptor signal and T-cell migration.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111, 6371-6376 (2014).</li><li>Levskaya, A., Weiner, O. D., Lim, W. A., Voigt, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatiotemporal+control+of+cell+signalling+using+a+light-switchable+protein+interaction.">Spatiotemporal control of cell signalling using a light-switchable protein interaction.</a> Nature. 461, 997-1001 (2009).</li><li>Guntas, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+an+improved+light-induced+dimer+(iLID)+for+controlling+the+localization+and+activity+of+signaling+proteins.">Engineering an improved light-induced dimer (iLID) for controlling the localization and activity of signaling proteins.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 112-117 (2015).</li><li>Wu, Y. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+genetically+encoded+photoactivatable+Rac+controls+the+motility+of+living+cells.">A genetically encoded photoactivatable Rac controls the motility of living cells.</a> Nature. 461, 104-108 (2009).</li><li>Pathak, G. P., Vrana, J. D., Tucker, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetic+control+of+cell+function+using+engineered+photoreceptors.">Optogenetic control of cell function using engineered photoreceptors.</a> Biol. cell/under auspices Eur. Cell Biol. Organ. 105, 59-72 (2014).</li><li>Grusch, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatio-temporally+precise+activation+of+engineered+receptor+tyrosine+kinases+by+light.">Spatio-temporally precise activation of engineered receptor tyrosine kinases by light.</a> EMBO J. 33, 1713-1726 (2014).</li><li>Yi, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Centrosome+repositioning+in+T+cells+is+biphasic+and+driven+by+microtubule+end-on+capture-shrinkage.">Centrosome repositioning in T cells is biphasic and driven by microtubule end-on capture-shrinkage.</a> J. Cell Biol. 202, 779-792 (2013).</li></ol>

I de seneste år opstået lys som et udmærket redskab for spatiotemporally kontrolleret aktivering af cellulære processer. Forskellige metoder er blevet udviklet, hver med tilhørende fordele og ulemper. Systemet beskrives her, som er baseret på decaging af immobiliserede, ekstracellulære ligander, er velegnet til analyse af hurtige, subcellulært, polariseret signaling svar. Denne tilgang er blevet anvendt til at undersøge er dannelse i T celler som beskrevet ovenfor. Derudover har bur ligander til andre receptorer...

T-lymfocytter (T-celler) spiller en central rolle i cellulær immunitet ved at anerkende antigene peptider vises i forbindelse med celleoverfladen MHC. Antigen anerkendelse, hvilket er medieret af TCR, drev differentiering af naive T celler og fremmer levering af cytolytisk og kommunikative svar af effektor populationer. TCR engagement også inducerer dramatiske ændringer i cellulære arkitektur. Inden for minutter gloms T-celler på den side af antigen-præsentere celler (APC), danner en polariseret grænseflade, kendt som immunologiske synapse (IS)1,2. ER potentiates T-celle effektor svar ved at aktivere retningsbestemt frigivelse af cytokiner eller, i tilfælde af cytotoksiske T-lymfocytter (CTL), lytisk proteiner, der ødelægger APC.
TCR engagement af pMHC inducerer den hurtige fosforylering af flere downstream adapter molekyler, herunder Linker til aktivering af T-celler (LAT), som i sidste ende fremmer robust remodellering af synaptic cytoskeleton2. Kortikale trådformede actin (F-actin) drev T celle sprede over APC overflade, og derefter løser ind i en ringformet struktur kendetegnet ved F-actin ophobning på IS periferien og udtynding fra center. F-actin ring dannelse er tæt koblet til omlægning af mikrotubulus organisering center (MTOC, også kaldet centrosome i T-celler) til en position lige under midten af grænsefladen. Begge begivenheder ske inden for få minutter af første antigen anerkendelse og etablere den arkitektoniske sammenhæng i hvilke efterfølgende aktivering begivenheder og effektor svar opstår.
For at studere er dannelsen, har forskellige labs udviklet metoder hvor APC er erstattet af en glasoverflade, der enten indeholder immobiliseret TCR ligander eller understøtter en lipid tolagede at selv indeholder ligander3,4. T-celler danner IS-lignende kontakter på disse overflader, der kan være afbildet af total interne reflection fluorescens mikroskop (JOHANNAS) eller Konfokal mikroskopi, gør det muligt for høj opløsning studier af tidlige T-celle aktivering og er dannelse.
Selv om disse tilgange har tilladt for fremragende visualisering af den færdigsamlede er, opstår meget af den signaling følgende TCR:pMHC ligatur inden for sekunder, komplicerer bestræbelserne på at bestemme rækkefølgen af begivenhederne efter TCR aktivering præcist . For at omgå dette problem, er blevet udviklet en photoactivation tilgang, hvor photoactivatable pMHC anvendes til at opnå spatiotemporelle kontrol af TCR aktivering5,6,7. I dette system, er T-celler knyttet til glasoverflader indeholdende photoactivatable pMHC, der er ikke-stimulerende til TCR indtil bestråles med ultraviolet (UV) lys. UV-bestråling af en micron mellemstore region af overfladen under T-celle fjerner photocage at skabe et stimulerende zone, der kan genkendes af T-celle. Efterfølgende signalering begivenheder og cytoskeletal remodellering er derefter overvåges ved hjælp af genetisk kodet fluorescerende journalister. To photoactivatable versioner af antigene peptider, møl cytokrom c88-103 (MCC) og ægalbumin257-264 (æg), som er fremlagt i forbindelse med klasse II MHC-Ek og klassen jeg MHC H2-Kb, henholdsvis, har været udviklet (figur 1). Dette muliggør analysen af begge CD4+ T-celler specifikke for MCC-I-Ek (udtrykker 5 C. C7, 2B4, eller og TCRs) og CD8+ T-celler specifikke for æg-H2-Kb (udtrykker OT1 TCR).
TCR photoactivation og imaging tilgang i det sidste årti, er blevet udnyttet til at fastsætte den præcise kinetik af tidlige TCR signalering trin og også til at identificere de molekylære veje for polariseret cytoskeletal remodeling5, 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10. For eksempel analysen var medvirkende til bestemmelse af denne centrosome nyorientering mod APC er medieret af en lokaliseret gradient af lipid second messenger diacylglycerol centreret på IS. Det forventes, at denne metode fortsat vil være værdifuld for programmer, der kræver høj opløsning imaging analyse af T cellefunktion.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1152">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Nunc Lab-Tek Chambered Coverglass</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thermofischer Scientific</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">155361</td>
			<td style="width:443px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Poly-L-lysine hydrobromide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P2636</td>
			<td>Will need to make Biotinylated Poly-L-Lysine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EZ-Link NHS-Biotin</td>
			<td>Thermofischer Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">20217</td>
			<td>Will need to make Biotinylated Poly-L-Lysine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Streptavidin</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Thermofischer Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">434301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BirA-500: BirA biotin-protein ligase standard reaction kit</td>
			<td>Avidity</td>
			<td>BirA500</td>
			<td>Will be used to biotinylate proteins</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Biotinylated Hb I-EK&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For protein folding, see reference 6. For biotinylation, use BirA kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Biotinylated NPE-MCC I-EK&#160;</td>
			<td>Anaspec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom NPE-MCC (H-ANERADLIAYL-K(Nvoc)-QATK-OH) can be purchased from Anaspec</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Biotinylated &#945;H2-Kk antibody</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td align="right">553591</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Biotinylated NPE-OVA H2-Kb</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Anaspec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom NPE-OVA (H-SIINFE-K(Nvoc)-L-OH) can be purchased from Anaspec</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">Biotinylated KAVY H2-Db&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Anaspec</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Custom synthesized protein (KAVYDFATL) can be purchased from Anaspec</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Biotinylated ICAM1&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:211px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For protein folding, see reference in protocol. For biotinylation, use BirA kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Hand held UV lamp</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">UVP</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">UVGL-25</td>
			<td>Lamp is held &#60; 1 cm from the sample.&#160; 30 s of 365 light is sufficient for detectable decaging, 20 min for quantitative decaging.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Olympus IX-81 OMAC TIRF system.</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Additional information about the imaging system can be found in Figure 6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:379px;">Mosaic digital diaphragm</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Andor</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:379px;">Slidebook software</td>
			<td style="width:211px;">Intelligent Imaging Innovations</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

spatial and temporal control of t cell activation using a photoactivatable agonist

T-lymfocytter engagere sig i hurtige, polariseret signalering, indtræffer inden for minutter efter TCR aktivering. Dette inducerer dannelsen af de immunologiske synapse, en stereotype celle-celle junction, der regulerer T-celle aktivering og veje mål effektor svar. For at studere disse processer effektivt, er en billeddannelse tilgang, der er skræddersyet til at indfange hurtig, polariseret svar nødvendigt. Denne protokol beskriver et sådant system, som er baseret på et photoactivatable peptid-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC) der er ikke-stimulerende, indtil den udsættes for ultraviolet lys. Målrettet decaging af dette reagens under videomicroscopy eksperimenter giver præcise spatiotemporelle kontrol af TCR aktivering og høj opløsning overvågning af efterfølgende cellulære svar af total interne reflection (JOHANNAS) imaging. Denne tilgang er også kompatibel med genetiske og farmakologiske undertrykkelse af netbårne strategier. Dette giver mulighed for samling af veldefinerede molekylære veje, der forbinder TCR signalering til dannelsen af de polariserede cytoskeletal strukturer, der ligger bag den immunologiske synapse.

Photoactivation og imaging tilgang giver mulighed for observation og letkøbt kvantificering af hurtige, polariseret signaling svar. Til at illustrere sine kapaciteter, gengivet her er et eksperiment, der undersøger den spatiotemporelle korrelation mellem TCR-induceret DAG ophobning og centrosome reorientering. 5C. C7 T celle eksplosionerne var Retroviralt transduced med to fluorescerende reportere: en DAG biosensor indeholdende tandem C1 domæner fra protein kinase C-θ knyttet til norm...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist at JoVE.com

Spatial and Temporal Control of T Cell Activation Using a Photoactivatable Agonist

Rumlige og tidsmæssige kontrol af T-celle aktivering ved hjælp af en Photoactivatable Agonist

Denne protokol beskriver en imaging-baseret metode hen til aktivere T lymfocytter ved hjælp af photoactivatable peptid-MHC, muliggør præcis spatiotemporelle kontrol af T-celle aktivering.

T lymphocytes engage in rapid, polarized signaling, occurring within minutes following TCR activation. This induces formation of the immunological ...

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Kortikal Actin Flow i T-celler kvantificeret ved Spatio-temporale billede Korrelation spektroskopi af Struktureret Illumination Microscopy data

Filamentous-actin plays a crucial role in a majority of cell processes including motility and, in immune cells, the formation of a key cell-cell ...

An In Vitro Model of the Blood-brain Barrier Using Impedance Spectroscopy: A Focus on T Cell-endothelial Cell Interaction

An In Vitro Model of the Blood-brain Barrier Using Impedance Spectroscopy: A Focus on T Cell-endothelial Cell Interaction

en<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Model af blodhjernebarrieren Brug Impedans Spektroskopi: En Fokus på T-celle-endotel Cell Interaction

Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical step in the development of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal ...

Measurement of T Cell Alloreactivity Using Imaging Flow Cytometry

Måling af T-celle alloreaktivitet Brug Imaging flowcytometri

The measurement of immunological reactivity to donor antigens in transplant recipients is likely to be crucial for the successful reduction or withdrawal ...

Highly Multiplexed, Super-resolution Imaging of T Cells Using madSTORM

Meget multiplexeret, superopløselig billeddannelse af T-celler ved hjælp af madSTORM

Imaging heterogeneous cellular structures using single molecule localization microscopy has been hindered by inadequate localization precision and ...

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

In Vivo Assay for Detection of Antigen-specific T-cell Cytolytic Function Using a Vaccination Model

In Vivo Assay til påvisning af Antigen-specifikke T-celle cytolytisk funktion ved hjælp af en Vaccination Model

Current methodologies for antigen-specific killing are limited to in vitro use or utilized in infectious disease models. However, there is not a protocol ...