Name: obtaining 3d chemical maps by energy filtered transmission electron microscopy tomography
Uploaded: 2018-06-09T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Obtaining 3D Chemical Maps by Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy Tomography at JoVE.com

我们感谢法国高等教育和研究部、各公约 Industrielles 研究所 (CIFRE) 和为他们提供财政支助的新生力量。

1. 样品准备
<ol><li>在砂浆中粉碎样品, 并将其分散在酒精或蒸馏水中;将样品滴放在显微镜网格上, 让它干。 注: 如二氧化硅氧化铝或二氧化钛氧化铝可以是粉末或挤压材料, 并可通过超声波在溶液中粉碎和分散。一般情况下, 对于 ET 分析来说, 网格中的样本浓度很低, 避免了在大角度倾斜网格时的样本叠加和阴影。推荐了支持孔碳或莱西碳薄膜的200网格显微网格。</li>
	<li>使用吸管, 在样品上放?...

<ol>
	<li>Frank, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Electron Tomography - Methods for Three-Dimensional Visualization of Structures in the Cell. , (2006).</li><li>Midgley, P. A., Dunin-Borkowski, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electron+tomography+and+holography+in+materials+science.">Electron tomography and holography in materials science.</a> Nat. Mater. 8, 271-280 (2009).</li><li>Carenco, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+core+contribution+of+transmission+electron+microscopy+to+functional+nanomaterials+engineering.">The core contribution of transmission electron microscopy to functional nanomaterials engineering.</a> Nanoscale. 8 (3), 1260-1279 (2016).</li><li>Radon, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uber+die+Bestimmung+von+Funktionen+durch+ihre+Integralwerte+langs+gewisser+Mannigfaltigkeiten.">Uber die Bestimmung von Funktionen durch ihre Integralwerte langs gewisser Mannigfaltigkeiten.</a> Akad. Wiss. 69, 262-277 (1917).</li><li>Radermacher, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Radon+transform+techniques+for+alignment+and+three-dimensional+reconstruction+from+random+projections.">Radon transform techniques for alignment and three-dimensional reconstruction from random projections.</a> Scanning Microscopy. 11, 171-177 (1997).</li><li>Roiban, L., Sorbier, L., Pichon, C., Pham-Huu, C., Drillon, M., Ersen, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D-TEM+investigation+of+the+nanostructure+of+a+&#948;-Al2O3+catalyst+support+decorated+with+Pd+nanoparticles.">3D-TEM investigation of the nanostructure of a &#948;-Al2O3 catalyst support decorated with Pd nanoparticles.</a> Nanoscale. 4 (3), 946-954 (2012).</li><li>Georgescu, D., Roiban, L., Ersen, O., Ihiawakrim, D., Baia, L., Simon, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+on+Ag+doped+porous+TiO2+nanostructures:+a+comprehensive+study+of+their+structural+and+morphological+characteristics.">Insights on Ag doped porous TiO2 nanostructures: a comprehensive study of their structural and morphological characteristics.</a> RSC Adv. 2 (12), 5358 (2012).</li><li>Shakeri, M., Roiban, L., Yazerski, V., Prieto, G., Gebbink, M. J. M. G., de Jongh, P. E., de Jong, K. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+and+Sizing+Nanoreactors+To+Confine+Metal+Complexes+for+Enhanced+Catalytic+Performance.">Engineering and Sizing Nanoreactors To Confine Metal Complexes for Enhanced Catalytic Performance.</a> ACS Catal. 4 (10), 3791-3796 (2014).</li><li>Midgley, P. A., Weyland, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+electron+microscopy+in+the+physical+sciences:+the+development+of+Z-contrast+and+EFTEM+tomography.">3D electron microscopy in the physical sciences: the development of Z-contrast and EFTEM tomography.</a> Ultramicroscopy. 96 (3-4), 413-431 (2003).</li><li>Ersen, O., Florea, I., Hirlimann, C., Pham-Huu, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+nanomaterials+with+3D+electron+microscopy.">Exploring nanomaterials with 3D electron microscopy.</a> Mater. Today. 18 (7), 395-408 (2015).</li><li>Lepinay, K., Lorut, F., Pantel, R., Epicier, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+3D+tomography+of+28nm+high+K+metal+gate+transistor:+STEM+XEDS+experimental+method+and+results.">Chemical 3D tomography of 28nm high K metal gate transistor: STEM XEDS experimental method and results.</a> Micron. 47, 43-49 (2013).</li><li>Roiban, L., Sorbier, L., Pichon, C., Bayle-Guillemaud, P., Werckmann, J., Drillon, M., Ersen, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-Dimensional+Chemistry+of+Multiphase+Nanomaterials+by+Energy-Filtered+Transmission+Electron+Microscopy+Tomography.">Three-Dimensional Chemistry of Multiphase Nanomaterials by Energy-Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy Tomography.</a> Microsc. Microanal. 18 (05), 1118-1128 (2012).</li><li>Roiban, L., Sorbier, L., Hirlimann, C., Ersen, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3+D+Chemical+Distribution+of+Titania-Alumina+Catalyst+Supports+Prepared+by+the+Swing-pH+Method.">3 D Chemical Distribution of Titania-Alumina Catalyst Supports Prepared by the Swing-pH Method.</a> ChemCatChem. 8 (9), 1651-1657 (2016).</li><li>Egerton, R. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy in the Electron Microscope. , (2011).</li><li>Messaoudi, C., Aschman, N., Cunha, M., Oikawa, T., Sorzano, C. O. S., Marco, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-Dimensional+Chemical+Mapping+by+EFTEM-TomoJ+Including+Improvement+of+SNR+by+PCA+and+ART+Reconstruction+of+Volume+by+Noise+Suppression.">Three-Dimensional Chemical Mapping by EFTEM-TomoJ Including Improvement of SNR by PCA and ART Reconstruction of Volume by Noise Suppression.</a> Microscopy and Microanalysis. 19 (6), 1669-1677 (2013).</li><li>Pettersen, E. F., Goddard, T. D., Huang, C. C., Couch, G. S., Greenblatt, D. M., Meng, E. C., Ferrin, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=UCSF+Chimera-A+visualization+system+for+exploratory+research+and+analysis.">UCSF Chimera-A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis.</a> Journal of Computational Chemistry. 25 (13), (2004).</li><li>Roiban, L., Ersen, O., Hirlimann, C., Drillon, M., Chaumonnot, A., Lemaitre, L., Gay, A. S., Sorbier, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-Dimensional+Analytical+Surface+Quantification+of+Heterogeneous+Silica-Alumina+Catalyst+Supports.">Three-Dimensional Analytical Surface Quantification of Heterogeneous Silica-Alumina Catalyst Supports.</a> ChemCatChem. 9 (18), 3503-3512 (2017).</li><li>Kremer, J. R., Mastronarde, D. N., McIntosh, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computer+visualization+of+three-dimensional+image+data+using+IMOD.">Computer visualization of three-dimensional image data using IMOD.</a> J Struct Biol. 116 (1), 71-76 (1996).</li><li>Align RGB planes. ImageJ Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://ImageJ.net/Align_RGB_planes">https://ImageJ.net/Align_RGB_planes</a> (2018)</li><li>MessaoudiI, C., Boudier, T., Sorzano, C., Marco, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TomoJ:+tomography+software+for+three-dimensional+reconstruction+in+transmission+electron+microscopy.">TomoJ: tomography software for three-dimensional reconstruction in transmission electron microscopy.</a> BMC Bioinf. 8 (1), 288 (2007).</li><li>Saxton, W. O., Baumeister, W., Hahn, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+reconstruction+of+imperfect+two-dimensional+crystals.">Three-dimensional reconstruction of imperfect two-dimensional crystals.</a> Ultramicroscopy. 13 (1-2), 57-70 (1984).</li></ol>

本文的目的是描述如何利用 EFTEM 层析技术获得3D 化学地图。这个协议是完全原创的, 是由作者开发的。
此处描述的 EFTEM 层析成像有以下几个缺点: (i) 仅能分析电子束电阻的样品, 因为获得过滤图像所需的时间很长。(二) EFTEM 层析成像对衍射对比度敏感。(三) 许多对齐方式是手动执行的。为了获得3D 化学图, 零损耗量和化学量需要在一个单一的坐标系中。这就要求所有的倾斜系...

功能材料的性能取决于其3D 参数。为了充分理解其性质, 增强其功能, 对3D 的形态和化学分布进行分析是十分重要的。电子层析成像1 (ET) 是最好的技术提供这一信息在纳米级2,3。它包括旋转样本在一个大的角度范围和记录一个图像在每个角度的步骤。利用所得到的倾斜级数, 采用基于氡变换4、5的数学算法重建试样体积。选择卷中的灰度级别有助于在3D 中对样本进行建模, 并量化3D 参数, 如粒子定位6和尺寸分布7、孔位置和尺寸分布8等.
一般情况下, ET 是通过电子显微镜进行的, 将样品倾斜到最大可能的角度, 最好是在任一方向70°。在每个倾斜角度, 样本的投影被记录成图像倾斜系列。该倾斜系列是对齐的, 用于重建样本的体积, 将被分割和量化。由于样品不能从90°旋转到 + 90°, 因此由于盲记录角, 重建的体积在正交轴9上有一个各向异性的分辨率。
ET 可以在不同的成像模式下进行。采用光亮场 tem 模式 (BF tem) 研究了非晶态材料、生物样品、聚合物或具有复杂形状的催化剂支持。图像分析是基于对元件10密度的灰度级的区分 (一个稠密分量将比打火机更暗,即较轻的分量)。采用扫描 TEM 模式 (HAADF) 的高角度环形暗场对晶体样品进行分析。该信号提供化学信息作为原子数的函数;样品的一个重的组分将显示更加明亮的一个打火机9。其他模式, 如能量色散 x 射线光谱学 (EDX), 收集 x 射线发射的材料11, 和能量过滤成像模式 (EFTEM)12,13, 也可以评估3D 化学分布在样本中。
在 EFTEM 成像中, 2D 化学图可以用电子能量谱仪记录 TEM。光谱仪通过将电子作为能量的函数分散而充当磁性棱镜。由电子产生的图像取决于与特定原子相互作用而失去的能量。如果在不同倾角下计算出相同的2D 化学图, 则得到了倾斜系列的化学投影, 可用于重建3D 化学量。
并非所有的材料都可以通过 EFTEM 层析成像来分析。该技术是保留的样品与薄弱或无序的材料。然而, 它可以用于分析在使用其他成像技术时很难区分的光元素。此外, 为了获得可靠的2D 化学图, 材料的厚度需要小于平均自由路径的电子通过材料14。在这种情况下, 单电子与单个原子相互作用的概率最大。用两种方法计算2D 化学图。第一个, 最常用的是 "三窗法", 其中两个过滤的能量窗口被记录在分析的元素的电离边缘之前, 第三个在电离边缘13之后。前两个图像用于估计背景, 这是推断使用幂定律在第三个窗口的位置, 并从中减去。所得到的图像是样品体积中分析化学元素3D 分布的投影。第二种方法称为 "跳跃比";它只使用两个能量过滤的图像, 一个之前和一个后电离边缘。这种方法是定性的, 因为最终的图像只通过执行两个图像之间的比例, 并没有解释背景能量变化。
通过 EFTEM 与 ET 的结合, 可以得到过滤能量的解析层析成像。EFTEM 层析成像和原子探针层析成像 (APT) 是互补技术。与 APT 相比, EFTEM 层析成像是一种非破坏性的特征分析, 不需要复杂的样品制备。它可用于对独特的纳米颗粒进行各种表征。EFTEM 层析成像可以分析绝缘材料, 而易需要在最起码的激光协助下测量它们。APT 在原子尺度上运行, 而 EFTEM 层析成像则能以较低的分辨率进行充分的执行。EFTEM 层析成像仅适用于在实验期间抵抗光束降解的样品。为了在所有倾斜的角度记录所有的过滤图像, 样品可以暴露在电子束上长达2小时。此外, 为了在2D 地图上记录一个最大的化学信号, 在高光束强度下, 可能需要更长的博览会工期。在这种情况下, 光束敏感样品遭受剧烈的形态和化学变化。因此, 必须在实验前建立对电子束样品灵敏度的精确测量。此外, EFTEM 层析成像是根据需要记录尽可能多的断层的结果, 以确定样本中化学元素的空间位置和性质.然而, EFTEM 层析成像可以为样品的3D 化学分布提供重要的信息, 例如催化剂支持, 以便为其催化应用建模提出新的见解。
今天可以使用专门的软件来选择能量区间, 记录过滤的能量窗口图像, 并在不同的倾斜角度计算化学图。它们允许在 EFTEM 模式下倾斜采样、跟踪、聚焦和记录过滤图像。2D 化学图可以计算, 然后倾斜系列可以被排列, 化学容量用迭代算法计算, 并且最后系列可以被分割和定量15,16。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>JEOL 2100f</td>
			<td>JEOL</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Electron microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tridiem Gatan Imaging Filter (GIF)</td>
			<td>Gatan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Post colum energy filter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital micrograph</td>
			<td>Gatan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gatan EFTEM tomography plugin</td>
			<td>Gatan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Dedicated software to record filtered tilt series for EFTEM tomograohy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tomoj</td>
			<td>Imagej plugin http://www.cmib.fr/en/download/softwares/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Free software developed by Currie Institute in Paris, France for electron tomography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EFTEM-Tomoj</td>
			<td>Imagej plugin http://www.cmib.fr/en/download/softwares/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Free software developed by Currie Institute in Paris, France , for EFTEM imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imod</td>
			<td>http://bio3d.colorado.edu/imod/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Free software developed by University of Colorado, USA for electron tomography</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Imagej</td>
			<td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Free software developed by National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA for images treatment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Merge channels</td>
			<td>https://imagej.net/Color_Image_Processing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fonction in Imagej allowing to give different colors to volumes while they are overlapped</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Slicer</td>
			<td>https://www.slicer.org/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Free software developed by a large consortium lead by Ron Kikinis , Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, SUA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chimera</td>
			<td>https://www.cgl.ucsf.edu/chimera/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Free software developed by the Resource for Biocomputing, Visualization, and Informatics at the University of California, San Francisco,for data segmentation, cuatification and visualisation of 3D models</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>silica alumina support of catalyst</td>
			<td>IFPEN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>sample prepared for eleboration of this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>titania alumina support of catalyst</td>
			<td>IFPEN</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>sample prepared for eleboration of this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>alcohol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>water</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Au nanoparticles of 5 nm</td>
			<td>BBI Solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Holey carbn film 200 mesh microscopy grid</td>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDX sepctrometer</td>
			<td>Oxford Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

obtaining 3d chemical maps by energy filtered transmission electron microscopy tomography

能量过滤透射电子显微成像 (EFTEM 层析成像) 可以提供三维 (3D) 的材料化学地图的纳米尺度。EFTEM 层析成像可以分离出很难用其他成像技术区分的化学元素。这里描述的实验协议说明了如何创建3D 化学图来理解材料的化学分布和形貌。给出了数据分割的样本准备步骤。该协议允许在纳米样品中对化学元素进行3D 分布分析。然而, 应该指出的是, 目前, 3D 化学地图只能为不敏感的样品生成, 因为过滤图像的记录需要长时间的曝光时间到一个强烈的电子束。应用该协议对两种不同的异构催化剂的组分的化学分布进行了定量分析。在第一次研究中, 分析了钛-氧化铝支架中铝和钛的化学分布。用摆动 pH 法制备样品。第二, 用溶胶-粉末和机械混合法制备了硅-氧化铝支架中铝和硅的化学分布。

本协议的应用示例见参考13。EFTEM 层析技术用于分析二氧化钛催化剂的支持。为了提高 MoS2纳米粒子活性相的催化活性, 在加氢脱硫 (HDS) 等应用中, 重要的是在支撑面上的二氧化钛具有优势, 并且与活性相接触。众所周知, 二氧化钛比氧化铝具有更小的比表面积。该研究的目的是建立氧化铝支持的二氧化钛 (因此, 创建一个增强的特定表面), 然后测试...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Obtaining 3D Chemical Maps by Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy Tomography at JoVE.com

Obtaining 3D Chemical Maps by Energy Filtered Transmission Electron Microscopy Tomography

通过能量过滤透射电镜成像获得3D 化学图

本文介绍了一种结合能量滤波成像和电子层析成像实现3D 化学图的协议。研究了由其它成像技术难以区分的元素所形成的两种催化剂载体的化学分布。每个应用包括映射重叠的化学元素-分别间隔-电离边缘。

Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy tomography (EFTEM tomography) can provide three-dimensional (3D) chemical maps of materials at a ...

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Chemistry

Quantitative Detection of Trace Explosive Vapors by Programmed Temperature Desorption Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector

定量检测痕量爆炸物蒸气通过程序升温脱附 - 气相色谱 - 电子捕获检测器

The direct liquid deposition of solution standards onto sorbent-filled thermal desorption tubes is used for the quantitative analysis of trace explosive ...

科研

化学

1,3,5-Triphenylbenzene and Corannulene as Electron Receptors for Lithium Solvated Electron Solutions

1,3,5-三苯和碗烯作为电子受体锂溶剂化电子解决方案

The authors report on conductivity studies carried out on lithium solvated electron solutions (LiSES) prepared using two types of polyaromatic ...

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

一种简单，低成本和强大的系统来测量氢气与水溶液化学反应放出的音量

There is a growing research interest in the development of portable systems which can deliver hydrogen on-demand to proton exchange membrane (PEM) ...

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

（2<em&gt;ž</em&gt;，4<em&gt;电子</em&gt;） - 通过电子缺陷烯烃与烯丙基乙酸酯的烯化反应制备二烯酰胺

Direct cross-coupling between two alkenes via vinylic C-H bond activation represents an efficient strategy for the synthesis of butadienes with high ...

Quantifying X-Ray Fluorescence Data Using MAPS

利用地图量化 X 射线荧光数据

The quantification of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy maps by fitting the raw spectra to a known standard is crucial for evaluating chemical ...

Liquid-cell Transmission Electron Microscopy for Tracking Self-assembly of Nanoparticles

用于跟踪纳米粒子自组装的液体细胞透射电子显微镜

Drying a nanoparticle dispersion is a versatile way to create self-assembled structures of nanoparticles, but the mechanism of this process is not fully ...

Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis

透射电镜 hFOB 1.19 和 Saos-2 细胞产生的能量色散 X 射线显微分析

This video presents the use of transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (TEM-EDX) to compare the state of minerals in ...

Using Graphene Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy to Study in Situ Nanocrystal Etching

Using Graphene Liquid Cell Transmission Electron Microscopy to Study in Situ Nanocrystal Etching

用石墨烯液细胞透射电镜研究原位纳米晶蚀刻

Graphene liquid cell electron microscopy provides the ability to observe nanoscale chemical transformations and dynamics as the reactions are occurring in ...

Preparation of Graphene-Supported Microwell Liquid Cells for In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy

Preparation of Graphene-Supported Microwell Liquid Cells for In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy

石墨烯支持的微井液体细胞制备,用于原位透射电子显微镜

The fabrication and preparation of graphene-supported microwell liquid cells (GSMLCs) for in situ electron microscopy is presented in a stepwise protocol. ...

Photodeposition of Pd onto Colloidal Au Nanorods by Surface Plasmon Excitation

通过表面等离子体激发将 Pd 光沉积到胶体 Au 纳米棒上

A protocol is described to photocatalytically guide Pd deposition onto Au nanorods (AuNR) using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Excited plasmonic hot ...