Name: a method for investigating change blindness in pigeons (columba livia)
Uploaded: 2018-09-07T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia at JoVE.com

作者感谢惠特曼学院比较心理学实验室的成员在数据收集方面的帮助, 包括马克 Arand, 迈克尔巴克, Eva 戴维斯, Kuba 杰弗斯, 布雷特兰伯特, 塔拉麻将, 普拉特, Tvan 陈, 莱拉瓦迪亚, 和帕特里夏 Xi。

这里描述的程序是按照实验室动物福利办公室和美国公共卫生服务政策的人道护理和使用实验动物, 并批准了惠特曼学院的机构动物护理和使用委员会。
1. 减少鸽子的重量
注意: 鸽子的体重减少到 80-85%, 他们的免费喂养体重33 , 以确保鸟类是健康的, 并充分的动机, 为食物工作。
<ol><li>把天真的小鸟放在单独的笼子里, 用无限的水、砂砾?...

<ol>
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这里提出的方法是由认知心理学家通常使用的所谓的 "闪烁范式" 来研究人类的改变失明9。在这项人类研究中, 改变失明在操作上被定义为由 ISI 的存在打断了刺激显示之间的转变而产生的变化检测中的损害。这里描述的鸽子的实施也是如此。此外, 人类倾向于使用串行搜索策略来处理闪烁任务, 考虑一次可能的位置, 并在每个位置成功地识别更改或拒绝该位置并移动到另一个。这?...

认知心理学在我们的认知过程中反复表现出惊人的、常常令人惊讶的缺陷。一些比较显著的例子包括但不限于错误记忆1、次优决策启发式2和错误统计推理3。最近添加的这个列表是改变失明的现象。改变失明是一个持续的注意力不集中的问题, 在这种情况下, 你没有注意到对环境的显著变化。在一个示范4, 实验者有一个邦联的方法, 个人要求的方向。在他们的谈话中, 工人们在两人之间传递了一扇门, 短暂中断了视觉接触, 并提供了一个机会去交换邦联的另一个人。在这次偷偷摸摸的交流之后, 大多数个人没有注意到他们的谈话搭档不再是同一个人。这种失败是令人惊讶的, 因为瞬间的变化似乎是可能引起我们注意的重要事件的信号。
为了更好地了解改变失明发生的方式和原因, 研究人员把它带进实验室, 并开发了几个巧妙的程序5,6,7,8研究它在更多的受控条件。一个特别成功的方法被称为 "闪烁任务"9。在这个过程中, 实验者通过删除一个特征来编辑照片, 然后将图像呈现给参与者, 在原始版本和修改版之间快速交替。参与者很快发现了差异。但是, 如果在连续的图像之间插入了一个简短的空白字段 (生成一个为其命名过程的闪烁显示), 则更改检测难度更大, 从而导致精度和响应时间变慢。这个过程是有吸引力的, 因为它提供了一个精确的测量变化盲目性, 很容易操作的具体方面的显示, 如大小, 突出, 或时间的变化。
闪烁范式已被证明是一个强大的工具, 学习的知觉和注意在人类10。效果惊人的强大和持久。对于简单动画11中唯一对象的更改, 以及直接查看更改位置12, 可能会发生更改失明。即使经验与改变失明和知觉的现象不消灭它13。此外, 改变失明是相当多样的, 可以诱发的一些不同的事件, 如眼睛扫视5, mudsplashes14, 电影削减7, 或视觉闭塞4。在听觉15和触觉16模式中出现了一个平行现象, 表明它可能不是唯一的视觉刺激, 可能是一个更普遍的关注现象。
当然, 人类不是唯一利用注意力的动物。举个例子, 鸽子展示了许多人类同样的注意力能力。他们可以选择特定的特点, 以优先处理 (当他们使用搜索图像来寻找特定的食物目标)17,18。他们可以直接注意到特定区域或空间位置19。他们可以转移他们的注意力在组织20,21层级层次。他们还可以在刺激显示的不同方面,22,23之间划分注意力。看来, 鸽子拥有许多同样的能力, 使人们对人类的注意力很有用。如果改变失明与某些固有的注意力限制有关, 我们可能会期望看到鸽子 (或者其他动物) 的平行改变失明效应。此外, 最近有多次成功的研究使用鸽子进行的变化检测, 实施广泛不同的方法24,25,26,27, 28。
最近的研究29,30,31,32已经适应了闪变范式调查鸽子的改变失明, 并产生了平行人类改变失明的结果。本报告描述了在操作室中实现此过程的简单方法。与人类版本的任务一样, 很容易分离和操作刺激演示的特定方面, 以调查它们对改变检测和改变失明的影响。因此, 这一程序应成为研究鸟类注意的局限性的宝贵工具, 以及它们与人类关注的局限性的相似程度。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Environment Cublicle</td>
			<td>BRS/LVE</td>
			<td>SEC-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pigeon Intelligence Panel</td>
			<td>BRS/LVE</td>
			<td>PIP-016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grain Feeder</td>
			<td>BRS/LVE</td>
			<td>GFM-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pigeon Pecking Key</td>
			<td>BRS/LVE</td>
			<td>PPK-001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus projector</td>
			<td>BRS/LVE</td>
			<td>IC-901</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED Lamp</td>
			<td>Martek Industries, Cherry Hill NJ</td>
			<td>1820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>I/O module</td>
			<td>Acces IO</td>
			<td>USB-IDIO-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>Optiplex 3040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Visual C++</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White Carneau pigeons</td>
			<td>Double-T Farm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method for investigating change blindness in pigeons (columba livia)

改变失明是一种视觉注意的现象, 在某些特定情况下, 视觉显示的变化会被忽视。虽然已经制定了许多实验室程序来产生人类的改变失明, 但闪变范式已经成为一种特别有效的方法。在闪变范式中, 两个可视显示相互交替呈现。如果连续显示通过短的相互刺激间隔 (ISI) 隔开, 则更改检测将受到损害。程序的简单性和清晰的、基于性能的变化盲操作定义使闪变范式非常适合使用非人类动物进行比较研究。事实上, 已经制定了一个变种, 可以实施在操作室, 以研究改变失明的鸽子。结果表明, 如果两个连续的显示器在时间上被空白 ISI 所分离, 鸽子和人类一样, 在检测变化的位置时会更差。此外, 鸽子的变化检测与一个活跃的, 按位置的搜索过程是一致的, 需要选择性的注意。因此, 闪烁任务有可能有助于调查鸽子的选择性空间注意的动态与人类相比。这也说明了改变失明现象并不排斥人类的视觉知觉, 而是可能是选择性注意的一般结果。最后, 虽然人们普遍赞赏和理解注意的有用方面, 但也必须承认, 它们可能伴随着诸如改变失明等具体缺陷, 而且这些缺陷在广泛的上下文范围。

兴趣的主要结果是在与没有 ISI 的试验之间的准确性差异。特别是, 在闪变范式中, 改变盲的操作定义大大降低了与 isi 相对于没有 isi 的试验相比的试验的变化检测准确性。此效果可以在图 3中看到, 显示以前发布的数据29。在这个实验中, 鸽子发现了由颜色元素组成的刺激 (图 1左侧所描述的类型) 的变化。如图?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia at JoVE.com

A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia

一种调查鸽子变盲的方法 (科伦巴)

改变失明是一种视觉注意的现象, 在某些特定情况下, 视觉显示的变化会被忽视。该协议描述了在闪烁范式上的变化, 用于调查与鸽子研究有关的变化盲。

Change blindness is a phenomenon of visual attention, whereby changes to a visual display go unnoticed under certain specific circumstances. While many ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons (Columba Livia)

Measuring Sensitivity to Viewpoint Change with and without Stereoscopic Cues

The speed and accuracy of object recognition is compromised by a change in viewpoint; demonstrating that human observers are sensitive to this ...

科研

行为学

A Method for Investigating Age-related Differences in the Functional Connectivity of Cognitive Control Networks Associated with Dimensional Change Card Sort Performance

针对调查中的认知控制网络与关联维度变化卡片分类性能的功能连通性年龄相关性差异的方法

The ability to adjust behavior to sudden changes in the environment develops gradually in childhood and adolescence. For example, in the Dimensional ...

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Investigating Causal Brain-behavioral Relationships and their Time Course

经颅磁刺激对调查因果脑 - 行为关系及其时间进程

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a safe, non-invasive brain stimulation technique that uses a strong electromagnet in order to temporarily ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

A Pressure Injection System for Investigating the Neuropharmacology of Information Processing in Awake Behaving Macaque Monkey Cortex

对调查信息处理的神经药理学清醒行为猕猴皮质压力喷射系统

The top-down modulation of feed-forward cortical information processing is functionally important for many cognitive processes, including the modulation ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

心理跟踪方法来衡量儿童和成人的口味偏好

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

Investigating Motor Skill Learning Processes with a Robotic Manipulandum

调查运动技能的学习过程与机器人Manipulandum

Skilled reaching tasks are commonly used in studies of motor skill learning and motor function under healthy and pathological conditions, but can be ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

测试环境线索对交配行为的影响的方法<em&gt;黑腹果蝇</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

A Behavioral Assay for Investigating the Role of Spatial Memory During Instinctive Defense in Mice

一种研究空间记忆在小鼠本能防御中作用的行为分析法

Evolution has selected a repertoire of defensive behaviors that are essential for survival across all animal species. These behaviors are often ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

一种诱导大鼠抑郁症状行为的新方法

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...