Name: building up a high-throughput screening platform to assess the heterogeneity of her2 gene amplification in breast cancers
Uploaded: 2017-12-05T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Building Up a High-throughput Screening Platform to Assess the Heterogeneity of HER2 Gene Amplification in Breast Cancers at JoVE.com

Deze studie werd goedgekeurd door de institutionele evaluatie Boards uit IRCCS Ca' Granda Foundation, Policlinico ziekenhuis, Milan, Italië.
1. de selectie van patiënten en weefsel Specimens
<ol><li>Ophalen van de archivering slides van alle gevallen te worden geanalyseerd, met inbegrip van alle beschikbare haematoxyline en eosine (H & E) en IHC dia's uit de oorspronkelijke diagnose en, indien aanwezig, een H & E van niet-neoplastische borstweefsel (b.v., chirurgische marge) evene...

<ol>
	<li>Allison, K. H., Dintzis, S. M., Schmidt, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+of+HER2+heterogeneity+by+fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization+according+to+CAP+expert+panel+recommendations:+time+for+a+new+look+at+how+to+report+heterogeneity.">Frequency of HER2 heterogeneity by fluorescence in situ hybridization according to CAP expert panel recommendations: time for a new look at how to report heterogeneity.</a> Am J Clin Pathol. 136 (6), 864-871 (2011).</li><li>Montemurro, F., Scaltriti, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomarkers+of+drugs+targeting+HER-family+signalling+in+cancer.">Biomarkers of drugs targeting HER-family signalling in cancer.</a> J Pathol. 232 (2), 219-229 (2014).</li><li>Wolff, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recommendations+for+human+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor+2+testing+in+breast+cancer:+American+Society+of+Clinical+Oncology/College+of+American+Pathologists+clinical+practice+guideline+update.">Recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 testing in breast cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists clinical practice guideline update.</a> J Clin Oncol. 31 (31), 3997-4013 (2013).</li><li>Ng, C. K., Pemberton, H. N., Reis-Filho, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Breast+cancer+intratumor+genetic+heterogeneity:+causes+and+implications.">Breast cancer intratumor genetic heterogeneity: causes and implications.</a> Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 12 (8), 1021-1032 (2012).</li><li>Vance, G. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+heterogeneity+in+HER2+testing+in+breast+cancer:+panel+summary+and+guidelines.">Genetic heterogeneity in HER2 testing in breast cancer: panel summary and guidelines.</a> Arch Pathol Lab Med. 133 (4), 611-612 (2009).</li><li>Murthy, S. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+HER2/Neu+status+by+fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization+in+immunohistochemistry-equivocal+cases+of+invasive+ductal+carcinoma+and+aberrant+signal+patterns:+a+study+at+a+tertiary+cancer+center.">Assessment of HER2/Neu status by fluorescence in situ hybridization in immunohistochemistry-equivocal cases of invasive ductal carcinoma and aberrant signal patterns: a study at a tertiary cancer center.</a> Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 54 (3), 532-538 (2011).</li><li>Ohlschlegel, C., Zahel, K., Kradolfer, D., Hell, M., Jochum, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HER2+genetic+heterogeneity+in+breast+carcinoma.">HER2 genetic heterogeneity in breast carcinoma.</a> J Clin Pathol. 64 (12), 1112-1116 (2011).</li><li>Chang, M. C., Malowany, J. I., Mazurkiewicz, J., Wood, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term='Genetic+heterogeneity'+in+HER2/neu+testing+by+fluorescence+in+situ+hybridization:+a+study+of+2,522+cases.">'Genetic heterogeneity' in HER2/neu testing by fluorescence in situ hybridization: a study of 2,522 cases.</a> Mod Pathol. 25 (5), 683-688 (2012).</li><li>Bartlett, A. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneous+HER2+gene+amplification:+impact+on+patient+outcome+and+a+clinically+relevant+definition.">Heterogeneous HER2 gene amplification: impact on patient outcome and a clinically relevant definition.</a> Am J Clin Pathol. 136 (2), 266-274 (2011).</li><li>Seol, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intratumoral+heterogeneity+of+HER2+gene+amplification+in+breast+cancer:+its+clinicopathological+significance.">Intratumoral heterogeneity of HER2 gene amplification in breast cancer: its clinicopathological significance.</a> Mod Pathol. 25 (7), 938-948 (2012).</li><li>Hanna, W. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HER2+in+situ+hybridization+in+breast+cancer:+clinical+implications+of+polysomy+17+and+genetic+heterogeneity.">HER2 in situ hybridization in breast cancer: clinical implications of polysomy 17 and genetic heterogeneity.</a> Mod Pathol. 27 (1), 4-18 (2014).</li><li>Sanguedolce, F., Bufo, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HER2+assessment+by+silver+in+situ+hybridization:+where+are+we+now?.">HER2 assessment by silver in situ hybridization: where are we now?.</a> Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 15 (3), 385-398 (2015).</li><li>Fusco, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Contrasting+Role+of+p16Ink4A+Patterns+of+Expression+in+Neuroendocrine+and+Non-Neuroendocrine+Lung+Tumors:+A+Comprehensive+Analysis+with+Clinicopathologic+and+Molecular+Correlations.">The Contrasting Role of p16Ink4A Patterns of Expression in Neuroendocrine and Non-Neuroendocrine Lung Tumors: A Comprehensive Analysis with Clinicopathologic and Molecular Correlations.</a> PLoS One. 10 (12), e0144923 (2015).</li><li>Albanghali, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Construction+of+tissue+microarrays+from+core+needle+biopsies+-+a+systematic+literature+review.">Construction of tissue microarrays from core needle biopsies - a systematic literature review.</a> Histopathology. 68 (3), 323-332 (2016).</li><li>Navani, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Manual+evaluation+of+tissue+microarrays+in+a+high-throughput+research+project:+The+contribution+of+Indian+surgical+pathology+to+the+Human+Protein+Atlas+(HPA)+project.">Manual evaluation of tissue microarrays in a high-throughput research project: The contribution of Indian surgical pathology to the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) project.</a> Proteomics. 16 (8), 1266-1270 (2016).</li><li>Fusco, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HER2+in+gastric+cancer:+a+digital+image+analysis+in+pre-neoplastic,+primary+and+metastatic+lesions.">HER2 in gastric cancer: a digital image analysis in pre-neoplastic, primary and metastatic lesions.</a> Mod Pathol. 26 (6), 816-824 (2013).</li><li>Amin, M. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. , (2017).</li><li>Lakhani, S. R., Ellis, I. O., Schnitt, S. J., Tan, P. H., van de Vijver, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> WHO Classification of Tumours of the Breast. , (2012).</li><li>Kononen, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+microarrays+for+high-throughput+molecular+profiling+of+tumor+specimens.">Tissue microarrays for high-throughput molecular profiling of tumor specimens.</a> Nat Med. 4 (7), 844-847 (1998).</li><li>Fusco, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolving+quandaries:+basaloid+adenoid+cystic+carcinoma+or+breast+cylindroma?+The+role+of+massively+parallel+sequencing.">Resolving quandaries: basaloid adenoid cystic carcinoma or breast cylindroma? The role of massively parallel sequencing.</a> Histopathology. 68 (2), 262-271 (2016).</li><li>Fusco, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+events+in+the+progression+of+adenoid+cystic+carcinoma+of+the+breast+to+high-grade+triple-negative+breast+cancer.">Genetic events in the progression of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast to high-grade triple-negative breast cancer.</a> Mod Pathol. 29 (11), 1292-1305 (2016).</li><li>Fusco, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recurrent+NAB2-STAT6+gene+fusions+and+oestrogen+receptor-&#945;+expression+in+pulmonary+adenofibromas.">Recurrent NAB2-STAT6 gene fusions and oestrogen receptor-&#945; expression in pulmonary adenofibromas.</a> Histopathology. 70 (6), 906-917 (2017).</li><li>Hammond, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=American+Society+of+Clinical+Oncology/College+Of+American+Pathologists+guideline+recommendations+for+immunohistochemical+testing+of+estrogen+and+progesterone+receptors+in+breast+cancer.">American Society of Clinical Oncology/College Of American Pathologists guideline recommendations for immunohistochemical testing of estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer.</a> J Clin Oncol. 28 (16), 2784-2795 (2010).</li><li>Fusco, N., Bosari, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HER2+aberrations+and+heterogeneity+in+cancers+of+the+digestive+system:+Implications+for+pathologists+and+gastroenterologists.">HER2 aberrations and heterogeneity in cancers of the digestive system: Implications for pathologists and gastroenterologists.</a> World J Gastroenterol. 22 (35), 7926-7937 (2016).</li><li>Dowsett, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+Ki67+in+breast+cancer:+recommendations+from+the+International+Ki67+in+Breast+Cancer+working+group.">Assessment of Ki67 in breast cancer: recommendations from the International Ki67 in Breast Cancer working group.</a> J Natl Cancer Inst. 103 (22), 1656-1664 (2011).</li><li>Dekker, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determining+sensitivity+and+specificity+of+HER2+testing+in+breast+cancer+using+a+tissue+micro-array+approach.">Determining sensitivity and specificity of HER2 testing in breast cancer using a tissue micro-array approach.</a> Breast Cancer Res. 14 (3), R93 (2012).</li><li>De Sio, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+MALDI-Mass+Spectrometry+Imaging+method+applicable+to+different+formalin-fixed+paraffin-embedded+human+tissues.">A MALDI-Mass Spectrometry Imaging method applicable to different formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded human tissues.</a> Mol Biosyst. 11 (6), 1507-1514 (2015).</li></ol>

We beschikken hier over de laboratorium-strategieën uit te voeren SISH analyses van het HER2 -gen en de bijbehorende centromeer in high yield TMAs van ongelijkmatig verwerkte borstkankers gedetailleerde. Deze methode is rendabel en in de meeste laboratoria voor de studie van HER2 gene amplificatie heterogeniteit in grote cohorten van borst kanker ontvangen formulier pathologie archieven kan worden uitgevoerd.
Vanwege het klinische belang van HER2 in borstkanker en de uitdagi...

HER2 is een oncogen dat overexpressie en versterkt in 15-30% van alle invasieve borst kanker1,2. HER2 overexpressie is afgeleid door de aanwezigheid van > 10% cellen met sterke membraan immunohistochemische (IHC) kleuring (3 +), terwijl de versterking van het gen kan worden beoordeeld wanneer de verhouding van de HER2/centromeer ≥2 is ofwel dat het exemplaaraantal gene ≥6, op te tellen bij minste 20 cellen door in situ hybridisatie (ISH)3.
Intra-tumor genetische heterogeniteit is wijd beschreven in kanker van de borst, wordt een potentieel negatieve bijdrage aan de evaluatie van biomarkers en behandelingen reactie4. Volgens het College van Amerikaanse pathologen (GLB), HER2 heterogeniteit bestaat als HER2 wordt versterkt > 5% en < 50% van het infiltreren van tumor cellen5. Helaas, de werkelijke incidentie van HER2 ruimtelijke heterogeniteit in kanker van de borst blijft een onderwerp van controverse tussen de pathologen, met sommige auteurs onderhouden dat het is een uiterst zeldzaam evenement en anderen suggereren dat tot 40% van de gevallen zijn HER2-heterogene1,5,6,7,8,9,10. Ondanks de biologische mechanismen die ten grondslag liggen aan deze voorwaarde zijn niet nog volledig opgehelderd, de prognostische en klinische effecten van intra-tumor HER2 heterogeniteit zijn cruciaal voor borst kanker patiënten11.
Onlangs, helder-veld moleculaire technieken, zoals chromogenic ISH (CISH) en zilveren ISH (SISH), opgedoken als betrouwbare methoden voor het detecteren van HER2 heterogeniteit in FFPE weefsels, met een aantal voordelen ten opzichte van TL ISH (vis)12. Helaas blijft de bulk analyse van individuele gevallen onpraktisch in groot-cohort onderzoeken. Verschillende groepen hebben gesuggereerd dat de combinatie van histochemie, IHC en ISH met TMA technologieën een waardevolle strategie in de studie van biologie van kanker13,14,15,16 vertegenwoordigen kan. Met deze wijd goedgekeurde methode kunnen weefselmonsters van verschillende patiënten worden geanalyseerd gelijktijdig, minimaliseren van de weefsels en reagentia werkzaam en daardoor de bevordering van de uniforme analyse van een groot aantal gevallen14. Er zijn echter geen protocollen beschikbaar voor de gelijktijdige hoog-productie moleculaire karakterisering van meerdere weefselmonsters die onderging verschillende verwerking in termen van reagentia, fixatie tijden en conserveringsmethoden werknemer, bijvoorbeeld als archivering blokken.
Gezien de prognostische en klinische implicaties van HER2 tot ruimtelijke heterogeniteit in borstkanker, ontwikkelden we een geïntegreerde moleculaire platform om te beoordelen in grote reeks ongelijkmatig verwerkte gevallen. Hier, schilderen we de laboratorium-strategieën om te genereren en analyseren van de intra-tumor heterogeniteit van versterking van de HER2 in high yield TMAs van borstkanker door middel van SISH. Het volgende protocol is ontwikkeld voor tumoren meten van > 5 mm (> pT1b volgens het TNM-2017)17. Voor kleinere letsels, is het aan te raden de analyses uitvoeren met full-face seriële secties. Onze procedure zorgt voor de gelijktijdige IHC en SISH analyse van maximaal 30 kanker van de borst, met een gemiddelde van 6 vlakken (bereik 4-8) voor elk geval. Over het geheel genomen zal 180 weefsel kernen van 1 mm in diameter, met 500 µm tussen de kernen, en 2 mm tussen het raster en de randen worden gegenereerd voor elk TMA-blok.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1127">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Surgipath Paraplast</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany, EU</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">39601006</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Tissue embedding medium, 56 &#176;C melting point</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Eosin Y&#160; 1% water solution</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Bio Optica, Milan, Italy, EU</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">510002</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Eosin yellowish, water-soluble</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Carazzi&#8217;s hematoxylin</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Bio Optica, Milan, Italy, EU</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">506012</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Alum hematoxylin ripened using potassium iodate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Diamond quality</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Laboindustria, Arzergrande, Italy, EU</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">33533</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">26x76 mm microscope slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">Leica CV Mount</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany, EU</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">14046430011</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Mounting medium, with no monomers, based on polymers of butylmethacrylate in xylene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">FLEX IHC microscope slides</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Agilent Technologies (Dako),&#160; Santa Clara, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">K8020</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Coated microscope slides for adhesion of FFPE for use in IHC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:297px;">BenchMark ULTRA</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">N750-BMKU-FS</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Slide staining system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">CONFIRM anti-Estrogen Receptor (ER) (SP1) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">790-4324</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Primary antibody, ready-to-use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">CONFIRM anti-Progesterone Receptor (PR) (1E2) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">790-2223</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Primary antibody, ready-to-use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">CONFIRM anti-Ki-67 (30-9) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">790-4286</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Primary antibody, ready-to-use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">PATHWAY HER2 (4B5) Rabbit Monoclonal Primary Antibody</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">790-4493</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Primary antibody, ready-to-use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">ultraView Universal DAB Detection Kit</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">760-500</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Indirect, biotin-free system for detecting mouse IgG, mouse IgM and rabbit primary antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">INFORM HER2 Dual ISH DNA Probe Cocktail</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">780-4422</td>
			<td rowspan="3" style="width:383px;">INFORM HER2 Dual ISH assay - Dual color in situ hybridization FDA approved automated assay for determining HER2 gene status in breast cancer patients&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">ultraView Silver ISH DNP Detection Kit</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">800-098</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">ultraView Red ISH DIG Detection Kit</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">800-505</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">ISH Protease 3</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">780-4149</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Used in the ISH process to remove protein that surrounds the target DNA sequences of interest</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Hematoxylin</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">760-2021</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Modified Gill&#39;s hematoxylin counterstain reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Hematoxylin II Counterstaining</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">790-2208</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Modified Meyer&#39;s hematoxylin counterstain reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">Bluing reagent</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">760-2037</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Aqueous solution of buffered lithium carbonate for bluing hematoxylin stained sections on glass slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">HybReady</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">780-4409</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Formamide-based buffer for ISH assays</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">EZ Prep (10x)</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">950-102</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Concentrate solution for paraffin removal from tissue samples during IHC and ISH reactions, and to dilute 1:10.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;width:297px;">SSC Buffer (10X)</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">950-110</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Sodium Chloride Sodium Citrate buffer solution is used for stringency washes and to rinse slides between staining steps and provide a stable aqueous environment for the in situ hybridization reactions. Dilute 1:5.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:297px;">ULTRA LCS</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">650-210</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Prediluted (ready-to-use) coverslip solution used as a barrier between the aqueous reagents and the air to prevent evaporation in the IHC and ISH reactions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">Reaction Buffer (10x)</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">950-300</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Tris based buffer solution (pH 7.6 &#177; 0.2) to rinse slides between staining steps during IHC and ISH. Dilute 1:10.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">ULTRA Cell Conditioning (ULTRA CC2)</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">950-223</td>
			<td rowspan="2" style="width:383px;">Pretreatment steps in the processing of tissue samples during IHC and ISH. Ready to use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">ULTRA Cell Conditioning (ULTRA CC1)</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">950-224</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">ultraView Silver Wash II</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Ventana medical system, Tucson, AZ, USA</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">780-003</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Ready-to-use solution to rinse slides between IHC and ISH staining steps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Microtome</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany, EU</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">RM 2255</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Automated rotary microtome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Multistainer</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany, EU</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">ST 5020</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Workstation for automated staining and coverslipping</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:297px;">Minicore 1</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Alphelys, Plaisir, France, EU</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">00-MICO-1</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Semi-automatic arrayer for TMA contruction with TMA Designer 2 embedded software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:297px;">Aperio ScanScope CS2</td>
			<td style="width:328px;">Leica Biosystems, Wetzlar, Germany, EU</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">K080254</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Image capture device - digital pathology scanner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tissue-Tek III Uni-Cassette</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek Europe B.V</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">4135</td>
			<td>Cassette</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:297px;">Tissue-Tek Paraform Standard Base Mold</td>
			<td>Sakura Finetek Europe B.V</td>
			<td style="width:120px;">7055</td>
			<td>Stainless-Steel base metal mold</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

building up a high-throughput screening platform to assess the heterogeneity of her2 gene amplification in breast cancers

Gerichte therapieën tegen de menselijke epidermale groeifactor receptor 2 (HER2) hebben de uitkomst van patiënten met kanker van de borst van de HER2-positieve radicaal veranderd. Een minderheid van de gevallen wordt echter een heterogene verdeling van de HER2-positieve cellen, die grote klinische uitdagingen genereert weergegeven. Tot op heden hebben geen betrouwbare en gestandaardiseerde protocollen voor de karakterisering en de kwantificering van de heterogene gen HER2 versterking in grote cohorten voorgesteld. Hier presenteren we een high-throughput methodologie om te beoordelen gelijktijdig de HER2-status over verschillende topografische gebieden van meerdere kanker van de borst. In het bijzonder, illustreren we de procedure laboratorium voor de bouw van verbeterde weefsel microarrays (TMAs) integratie van een gerichte toewijzing van de tumoren. Alle parameters van de TMA zijn speciaal geoptimaliseerd voor het zilver in situ hybridisatie (SISH) van formaline-vaste paraffine-ingebedde (FFPE) borstweefsels. Analyse van Immunohistochemical van de prognostische en voorspellende biomarkers (dat wil zeggen, ER, PR, Ki67 en HER2) moet worden uitgevoerd met gebruikmaking van geautomatiseerde procedures. Een aangepaste SISH protocol is geïmplementeerd zodat een moleculaire analyse van hoge kwaliteit over meerdere weefsels die onderging verschillende procedures voor fixatie, verwerking en opslag. In deze studie bieden wij een bewijs-van-principe dat specifieke opeenvolgingen van DNA gelokaliseerde gelijktijdig op topografische vlakken van meerdere en ongelijkmatig verwerkte borstkankers met behulp van een efficiënte en kosteneffectieve methode zou kunnen zijn.

Globaal, 444 invasieve borst kanker in 15 TMAs specifiek geoptimaliseerd voor ISH analyses zijn opgenomen. Onder de 2,664 plekken bemonsterd, 2,651 (99,5%) waren van de vertegenwoordiger van de eerder geselecteerde gebieden en daarom vatbaar voor latere analyses. Intra-tumor heterogeniteit werd bepaald door middel van IHC en SIH, met een nadruk op de heterogene distributies van HER2-positieve klonen in de topografische vlakken van de tumoren. Tabel 3 toont de biologische ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Building Up a High-throughput Screening Platform to Assess the Heterogeneity of HER2 Gene Amplification in Breast Cancers at JoVE.com

Building Up a High-throughput Screening Platform to Assess the Heterogeneity of HER2 Gene Amplification in Breast Cancers

Heterogene verdeling van de HER2-positieve cellen kan worden waargenomen in een subset van kanker van de borst en genereert klinische dilemma's. Hier introduceren we een betrouwbare en voordelige protocol definiëren, meten en vergelijken van HER2 intra-tumor genetische heterogeniteit in een groot aantal ongelijkmatig verwerkte borstkankers.

Het opbouwen van een High-throughput Screening Platform te beoordelen van de heterogeniteit van de HER2-gen Amplification in kanker van de borst

Targeted therapies against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) have radically changed the outcome of patients with HER2-positive breast ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

An In vitro Model to Study Heterogeneity of Human Macrophage Differentiation and Polarization

Een<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Model te Heterogeniteit van Human Macrophage Differentiatie en Polarisatie Studie

Monocyte-derived macrophages represent an important cell type of the innate immune system. Mouse models studying macrophage biology suffer from the ...

A Microscopic Phenotypic Assay for the Quantification of Intracellular Mycobacteria Adapted for High-throughput/High-content Screening

Een microscopische fenotypische test voor de kwantificering van intracellulaire mycobacteriën aangepast voor screening met hoge doorvoer/hoge inhoud

Despite the availability of therapy and vaccine, tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the most deadly and widespread bacterial infections in the world. Since ...

High-throughput Screening for Broad-spectrum Chemical Inhibitors of RNA Viruses

High-throughput screening voor Breed-spectrum Chemische Remmers van RNA-virussen

RNA viruses are responsible for major human diseases such as flu, bronchitis, dengue, Hepatitis C or measles. They also represent an emerging threat ...

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

High-throughput Gene Tagging in Trypanosoma brucei

High-throughput Gene Tagging in<em&gt; Trypanosoma brucei</em

Improvements in mass spectrometry, sequencing and bioinformatics have generated large datasets of potentially interesting genes. Tagging these proteins ...

A Fluorescence-based Lymphocyte Assay Suitable for High-throughput Screening of Small Molecules

Een fluorescentie gebaseerde lymfocyt Assay geschikt voor high-throughput screening van kleine moleculen

High-throughput screening (HTS) is currently the mainstay for the identification of chemical entities capable of modulating biochemical reactions or ...

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

A High-throughput Platform for the Screening of Salmonella spp./Shigella spp.

Een High-throughput Platform voor de Screening van Salmonella spp. /Shigella spp.

Fecal-oral transmission of acute gastroenteritis occurs from time to time, especially when people who handled food and water are infected by Salmonella ...

High-throughput Measurement of Plasma Membrane Resealing Efficiency in Mammalian Cells

High-throughput meting van plasmamembraan opnieuw verzegelen efficiëntie bij zoogdiercellen

In their physiological environment, mammalian cells are often subjected to mechanical and biochemical stresses that result in plasma membrane damage. In ...

A High-throughput Assay to Assess and Quantify Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation

Een High-throughput Assay voor het beoordelen en kwantificeren van neutrofiele extracellulaire Trap vorming

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are immunogenic extracellular DNA structures that can be released by neutrophils upon a wide variety of triggers. ...

High-throughput Screening of Chemical Compounds to Elucidate Their Effects on Bacterial Persistence

High-throughput screening van chemische verbindingen om hun effecten op bacteriële persistentie op te helderen

Bacterial persisters are defined as a small subpopulation of phenotypic variants with the capability of tolerating high concentrations of antibiotics. ...

High-Throughput Transcriptome Analysis for Investigating Host-Pathogen Interactions

Transcriptoomanalyse met hoge doorvoer voor het onderzoeken van gastheer-pathogeeninteracties

Pathogens can cause a wide variety of infectious diseases. The biological processes induced by the host in response to infection determine the severity of ...