Name: assessment of antibody-based drugs effects on murine bone marrow and peritoneal macrophage activation
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Larsen er modtageren af University of British Columbia 4-årige stipendium (4YF) graduate studentship award. L.M.S. er modtageren af en canadisk sammenslutning af gastroenterologi / Crohns og Colitis Canada / CIHR nye Investigator løn Award og er en biomedicinsk lærd af Michael Smith Foundation for sundhedsforskning. Dette arbejde blev støttet af en Project Grant fra canadiske blod tjenester, i samarbejde med den canadiske institutter for sundhedsforskning (yde # CIHR2016-LS).

Alle metoder beskrevet her er blevet godkendt af institutionelle Animal Care og brug udvalg (IACUC) på University of British Columbia.
1. knoglemarven makrofag afledning og aktivering med antistoffer
<ol>
	<li>Udføre eutanasi ved hjælp af CO2 kvælning.<ol>
		<li>Sted musen i induktion kammer. Aflive mus med 5% isofluran anæstesi, 60-90 s, indtil immobile og vejrtrækning er dyb og langsom.</li>
		<li>Slukke for isofluran anæstesi og administrere 6-8 L/min. af CO2 ...

<ol>
	<li>Murray, P. J., Wynn, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+and+pathogenic+functions+of+macrophage+subsets.">Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 11 (11), 723-737 (2011).</li><li>Martinez, F. O., Gordon, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+M1+and+M2+paradigm+of+macrophage+activation:+time+for+reassessment.">The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment.</a> F1000Prime Rep. 6, 13 (2014).</li><li>Mosser, D. M., Edwards, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+the+full+spectrum+of+macrophage+activation.">Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 8 (12), 958-969 (2008).</li><li>Edwards, J. P., Zhang, X., Frauwirth, K. A., Mosser, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biochemical+and+functional+characterization+of+three+activated+macrophage+populations.">Biochemical and functional characterization of three activated macrophage populations.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 80 (6), 1298-1307 (2006).</li><li>Mosser, D. M., Zhang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activation+of+murine+macrophages.">Activation of murine macrophages.</a> Curr Protoc Immunol. , (2008).</li><li>Gallo, P., Gon&#231;alves, R., Mosser, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+influence+of+IgG+density+and+macrophage+Fc+(gamma)+receptor+cross-linking+on+phagocytosis+and+IL-10+production.">The influence of IgG density and macrophage Fc (gamma) receptor cross-linking on phagocytosis and IL-10 production.</a> Immunol Lett. 133 (2), 70-77 (2010).</li><li>Vos, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anti-tumor+necrosis+factor-&#945;+antibodies+induce+regulatory+macrophages+in+an+Fc+region-dependent+manner.">Anti-tumor necrosis factor-&#945; antibodies induce regulatory macrophages in an Fc region-dependent manner.</a> Gastroenterology. 140 (1), 221-230 (2011).</li><li>Kozicky, L. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immunoglobulin+skews+macrophages+to+an+anti-inflammatory,+IL-10-producing+activation+state.">Intravenous immunoglobulin skews macrophages to an anti-inflammatory, IL-10-producing activation state.</a> J Leukoc Biol. 98 (6), 983-994 (2015).</li><li>Sutterwala, F. S., Noel, G. J., Salgame, P., Mosser, D. 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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immune+globulin+in+autoimmune+and+inflammatory+diseases.">Intravenous immune globulin in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.</a> N Engl J Med. 368 (8), 777 (2013).</li><li>Andersson, J., Skans&#233;n-Saphir, U., Sparrelid, E., Andersson, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immune+globulin+affects+cytokine+production+in+T+lymphocytes+and+monocytes/macrophages.">Intravenous immune globulin affects cytokine production in T lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages.</a> Clin Exp Immunol. 104, 10-20 (1996).</li><li>Saito, S., Matsuura, M., Hirai, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+lipopolysaccharide-induced+interleukin-12+production+by+activation+of+repressor+element+GA-12+through+hyperactivation+of+the+ERK+pathway.">Regulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-12 production by activation of repressor element GA-12 through hyperactivation of the ERK pathway.</a> Clin Vaccine Immunol. 13 (8), 876-883 (2006).</li><li>Cao, S., Zhang, X., Edwards, J. P., Mosser, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NF-kappaB1+(p50)+homodimers+differentially+regulate+pro-+and+anti-inflammatory+cytokines+in+macrophages.">NF-kappaB1 (p50) homodimers differentially regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages.</a> J Biol Chem. 281 (36), 26041-26050 (2006).</li><li>Neurath, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+targets+for+mucosal+healing+and+therapy+in+inflammatory+bowel+diseases.">New targets for mucosal healing and therapy in inflammatory bowel diseases.</a> Mucosal Immunol. 7 (1), 6-19 (2014).</li><li>Bryant, A., Moore, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rituximab+and+its+potential+for+the+treatment+of+rheumatoid+arthritis.">Rituximab and its potential for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.</a> Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2 (2), 207-212 (2006).</li><li>Weiner, L. M., Surana, R., Wang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoclonal+antibodies:+versatile+platforms+for+cancer+immunotherapy.">Monoclonal antibodies: versatile platforms for cancer immunotherapy.</a> Nat Rev Immunol. 10 (5), 317-327 (2010).</li><li>Louis, K. S., Siegel, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+viability+analysis+using+trypan+blue:+manual+and+automated+methods.">Cell viability analysis using trypan blue: manual and automated methods.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 740, 7-12 (2011).</li><li>Liu, Z. Q., Mahmood, T., Yang, P. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Western+blot:+technique,+theory+and+trouble+shooting.">Western blot: technique, theory and trouble shooting.</a> N Am J Med Sci. 6 (3), 160 (2014).</li><li>Nolan, T., Hands, R. E., Bustin, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantification+of+mRNA+using+real-time+RT-PCR.">Quantification of mRNA using real-time RT-PCR.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (3), 1559-1582 (2006).</li><li>Lucas, M., Zhang, X., Prasanna, V., Mosser, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERK+activation+following+macrophage+FcgammaR+ligation+leads+to+chromatin+modifications+at+the+IL-10+locus.">ERK activation following macrophage FcgammaR ligation leads to chromatin modifications at the IL-10 locus.</a> J Immunol. 175 (1), 469-477 (2005).</li><li>Murray, P. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+activation+and+polarization:+nomenclature+and+experimental+guidelines.">Macrophage activation and polarization: nomenclature and experimental guidelines.</a> Immunity. 41 (1), 14-20 (2014).</li><li>Anderson, C. F., Gerber, J. S., Mosser, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulating+macrophage+function+with+IgG+immune+complexes.">Modulating macrophage function with IgG immune complexes.</a> J Endotoxin Res. 8 (6), 477-481 (2002).</li><li>Sutterwala, F. S., Noel, G. J., Clynes, R., Mosser, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+suppression+of+interleukin-12+induction+after+macrophage+receptor+ligation.">Selective suppression of interleukin-12 induction after macrophage receptor ligation.</a> J Exp Med. 185 (11), 1977-1985 (1997).</li><li>Riquelme, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IFN-&#947;-induced+iNOS+expression+in+mouse+regulatory+macrophages+prolongs+allograft+survival+in+fully+immunocompetent+recipients.">IFN-&#947;-induced iNOS expression in mouse regulatory macrophages prolongs allograft survival in fully immunocompetent recipients.</a> Mol Ther. 21 (2), 409-422 (2013).</li><li>Vos, A. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversing+lipopolysaccharide+toxicity+by+ligating+the+macrophage+Fc+gamma+receptors.">Reversing lipopolysaccharide toxicity by ligating the macrophage Fc gamma receptors.</a> J Immunol. 166 (11), 6861-6868 (2001).</li><li>Durandy, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intravenous+immunoglobulins--understanding+properties+and+mechanisms.">Intravenous immunoglobulins--understanding properties and mechanisms.</a> Clin Exp Immunol. 158, 2-13 (2009).</li><li>Jolles, S., Sewell, W. A., Misbah, S. 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Makrofag aktivering stater spiller en vigtig rolle i både væv homøostase og sygdom22. Makrofager kan have forskellige og overlappende aktivering stater, afhængigt af signaler i deres mikromiljø3. De har forskellige roller i alle faser af den inflammatoriske reaktion: forsvar mod patogener, sår healing og væv tilbagelevering og også har en særskilt anti-inflammatoriske aktiveringstilstanden, der er vigtige for at slukke det inflammatoriske respons2...

Makrofager er medfødte immun celler, som spiller flere roller i immunresponset infektion eller skade. Makrofager er ansvarlig for at indlede en immunrespons på infektion eller væv skader, standse den inflammatoriske respons og fremme en healing svar1. Eksempler på de tre bedste studerede makrofag aktivering stater er: 1) makrofager behandlet med interferon gamma (IFNγ) og bakteriel LPS (LPS), udpeget M (IFNγ + LPS), som bidrager til det inflammatoriske respons; 2) makrofager stimuleret med interleukin 4 (IL-4), M(IL-4), der er forbundet med den helbredende reaktion; 3) makrofager stimuleret med immunkomplekser (IC) og LP'ER, M (IC + LPS), som har evnen til at slukke det inflammatoriske respons2,3. M (IC + LPS) adskiller sig fra M(IL-4) sårheling makrofager og udtrykke ikke enzym arginase (Arg-1) eller FIZZ14. Den bedste markør for disse anti-inflammatoriske makrofager er deres cytokin produktion5. Makrofager har flere roller i at bevare sundhed, men også bidrage til inflammatoriske sygdomme og kræft3. På grund af dette er makrofager en vigtigste terapeutiske mål for behandling af en lang række sygdomme. Det er vigtigt at undersøge virkningerne af antistoffer på deres aktiveringstilstanden at udvikle makrofag-baserede behandlinger for sygdommen.
Dette papir fokuserer på brug af murine knoglemarv afledt makrofager (BMDMs) og peritoneal makrofager at teste effekten af antistof narkotika på inflammatoriske respons in vitro og i vivo. For nylig har der været flere undersøgelser, der viser konsekvenserne af antistoffer på makrofag aktivisering6,7,8. Makrofager Co aktiveret med immunkomplekser, der er antistoffer kompleksbundet med et antigen og LP'ER, en normalt inflammatoriske stimulus, producere meget høje niveauer af anti-inflammatorisk cytokin, IL-10 og meget lave niveauer af det pro-inflammatoriske cytokine, interleukin 12 (IL-12)9. Hertil kommer, infliximab, et monoklonalt antistof mod TNFα, har vist sig for at arbejde, dels ved at inducere anti-inflammatoriske makrofager gennem sin fragment crystallizable (Fc) region7. Vi har rapporteret, at IVIg + LPS fremkalde anti-inflammatoriske makrofag aktivering, der svarer til M (IC + LPS), hvori Co stimuleret makrofager producerer store mængder af IL-10 og lavt beløb af pro-inflammatoriske cytokine subunit Interleukin 12 eller 23 p40 ( Il-12/23p40), interleukin-6 (IL-6) og TNF8. IVIg er et stof består af polyklonale antistoffer, primært IgG, som har været samlet fra mere end 1.000 donorer10blod. Det bruges til at behandle en bred vifte af immunologiske sygdomme, såsom idiopatisk thrombocytopenisk purpura og kronisk demyeliniserende polyneuropati, men dets virkningsmekanisme er ikke helt forstået11. Virkningerne af antistof baseret narkotika på makrofag aktivering kan vurderes ved hjælp af metoder, der beskrives heri.
Virkningerne af specifikke biologics på makrofag aktivering kan testes i BMDMs og peritoneal makrofager. Ved hjælp af disse makrofag kilder tillader vurdering af primærelementer. Indledende test af antistoffer på kulturperler primærelementer kræver mindre tid og monetær investering end andre tidskrævende og dyre sygdomsmodeller. Ved at indsprøjte et stof i en sund mus i vivo, og isolere cellerne og analysere dem ex vivo, kan man bestemme, hvis undersøgelser er berettiget til at vurdere, om behandling med biologiske lægemidler påvirker makrofag aktivering i sygdomsmodeller.
Med kun få undersøgelser teste effekten af biologiske behandlinger på makrofag aktivering in vitro og i vivo direkte, give vores teknikker en fordel over alternative teknikker. Aktuelle teknikker indebærer test biologiske lægemiddel virkninger på blandet celle populationer i vitro, såsom effekten af infliximab i en blandet lymfocyt reaktion (MLR) eller IVIg på menneskelige makrofager i perifert blod mononukleære celler, hvor effekten ikke kan tilskrives en bestemt celle type7,12. Ved hjælp af BMDMs og peritoneal makrofager er en fordel over ved hjælp af cellelinjer, såsom RAW264.7 celler, der ikke producerer den pro-inflammatoriske cytokine, IL-12, som svar på LPS8,13. Test effekt af en antistof-baserede stof på makrofag svar ex vivo har fordele, fordi cytokin svar kan henføres direkte til makrofager, snarere end udlede makrofag svar ved måling af serum cytokin niveauer14 . BMDMs og peritoneal makrofager kan være afledt og isoleret fra genmodificerede mus til at bestemme den specifikke rolle af et protein i anti-inflammatoriske makrofag aktivering. For eksempel har vi brugt Il10 mangelfuld(- / -) BMDMs at demonstrere at IVIg-induceret reduktion af pro-inflammatoriske cytokine produktion er delvist afhængig af IL-108. Et lægemiddel virkningsmekanisme kan undersøges ved hjælp af western blotting, hvor rollen specifikke proteiner og signalering begivenheder kan bestemmes. Kvantitative Polymerasekædereaktionen (qPCR) kan udføres på BMDMs eller peritoneal makrofager at vise mønstre af genekspression, der skyldes antistof aktivering. Sygdomsmodeller i mus kan give oplysninger om den potentielle effekt af antistof-baserede biologiske behandlinger i modeller for sygdomme som inflammatoriske tarm sygdom, reumatoid arthritis, og kræft15,16, 17. men de teknikker, der er beskrevet her vil give oplysninger om virkningsmekanisme af disse biologiske lægemidler ved at bestemme, om de fremkalde anti-inflammatoriske makrofag aktivitet.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1312px;" width="1311">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Iscove&#8217;s modified Dulbecco&#8217;s medium (IMDM)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">12440053</td>
			<td style="width:241px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">12483-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Recombinant murine macrophage colony stimulating factor (MCSF)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Stemcell technologies</td>
			<td>78059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">15140148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Monothioglycerol (MTG)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Sigma</td>
			<td>88640</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">1X red blood cell lysis buffer</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">eBioscience</td>
			<td style="width:408px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Cell dissociation buffer</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">13150016</td>
			<td>Enzyme-Free, Hanks&#39;s-based, EDTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Sigma aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">L 4516</td>
			<td>From E. coli 0127:B8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">IVIg (Gammunex)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Grifols</td>
			<td>Received from BC Children&#39;s Hospital, Transfusion Medicine</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">IVIg (Gammagard liquid)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Baxter Healthcare Corporation</td>
			<td>Received from BC Children&#39;s Hospital, Transfusion Medicine</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">IVIg (Octagam)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Octapharma</td>
			<td>Received from BC Children&#39;s Hospital, Transfusion Medicine</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) (sterile), pH 7.4</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Life technologies</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">10010023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">mouse IL-10 ELISA</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">555252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">mouse IL-12/23p40 ELISA</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">555165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">anti-Erk1/2 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Cell signalling technology</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">9101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">anti-pp38 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Cell signalling technology</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">9211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">anti-GAPDH antibody</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Fitzgerald industries</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">10R-G109A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">26 g needle</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">305110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">1 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">10 mL syringe</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">309604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">15 mL conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">352096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">50 mL conical tube</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">microcentrifuge tube (1.7 mL)</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Diamed</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">SPE155-N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:453px;">75 cm2 tissue culture treated flask</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">353136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Cell scraper</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">BD biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">353085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Forcepts</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td>82027-386</td>
			<td>fine tip, dissecting&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:453px;">Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td>82027-582</td>
			<td>Delicate, 4 1/2&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Brightfield microscope</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Motic</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">AE31</td>
			<td>Inverted phase contrast</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:453px;">Scale&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Mettler&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:408px;">PE 3000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

assessment of antibody-based drugs effects on murine bone marrow and peritoneal macrophage activation

Makrofager er fagocyterende medfødte immun celler, som indlede immunrespons til patogener og bidrage til healing og væv tilbagelevering. Makrofager er lige vigtige i at slukke inflammatoriske respons. Vi har vist at makrofager stimuleret med intravenøs immunglobulin (IVIg) kan producere store mængder af den anti-inflammatoriske cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), og lave niveauer af pro-inflammatoriske cytokiner som reaktion på bakteriel lipopolysaccharides ( LP'ER). IVIg er en polyvalent antistof, primært immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), samlet fra plasma af mere end 1.000 bloddonorer. Det bruges til at supplere antistoffer hos patienter med immun mangler eller at undertrykke immun svar hos patienter med autoimmune eller inflammatoriske betingelser. Infliximab, en terapeutisk anti-tumor nekrose faktor alfa (TNFα) antistof, har også vist sig at aktivere makrofager at producere IL-10 svar på inflammatoriske stimuli. IVIg og andre antistof-baserede biologics kan blive testet for at bestemme deres virkninger på makrofag aktivering. Dette papir beskriver metoder til afledning, stimulation og vurdering af murine knoglemarv makrofager aktiveres af antistoffer i vitro og murine peritoneal makrofager aktiveret med antistoffer in vivo. Endelig vil demonstrere vi brugen af western blotting Bestem bidrag af specifikke celle signalering veje til anti-inflammatoriske makrofag aktivitet. Disse protokoller kan bruges med gensplejsede mus, for at fastlægge effekten af en bestemt de(n) på anti-inflammatorisk makrofag aktivering. Disse teknikker kan også bruges til at vurdere, om specifikke biologics kan fungere ved at ændre makrofager en IL-10-producerende anti-inflammatoriske aktivering tilstand, der reducerer inflammatoriske respons in vivo. Dette kan give oplysninger om rollen af makrofag aktivering i effekten af biologics under sygdomsmodeller i mus, og giver indblik i en potentiel ny virkningsmekanisme i mennesker. Omvendt kan det advarer mod brugen af specifikke antistof-baserede biologics til behandling af smitsomme sygdomme, især hvis makrofager spiller en vigtig rolle i vært forsvar mod denne infektion.

Murine knoglemarv afledt makrofager kan være kulturperler fra hæmatopoietisk celle forstadier i knoglemarven aspirates. Knoglemarven aspirates samles fra lårben og skinneben af en C57BL/6 mus typisk udbytte 107 knoglemarv afledt makrofager, hvilket gør dem en bekvem kilde til makrofager for eksperimenter. BMDMs kan bruges til at teste antistof baseret drug svar når udfordret med en inflammatorisk stimulus i vitro. Figur 1 viser at IVI...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation at JoVE.com

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Antistof-baserede lægemidler har revolutioneret behandling af inflammatoriske sygdomme. Ud over at have direkte virkninger på specifikke mål, kan antistoffer aktivere makrofager at blive anti-inflammatorisk. Denne protokol beskriver hvordan anti-inflammatoriske makrofag aktivering kan være vurderet in vitro ved hjælp af musen knoglemarv makrofager og in vivo med peritoneal makrofager.

Vurdering af antistof-baserede lægemidler virkninger på Murine knoglemarven og Peritoneal makrofag aktivering

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Murine Model of CD40-activation of B cells

Research on B cells has shown that CD40 activation improves their antigen presentation capacity. When stimulated with interleukin-4 and CD40 ligand ...

Generation and Labeling of Murine Bone Marrow-derived Dendritic Cells with Qdot Nanocrystals for Tracking Studies

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) found in peripheral tissues and in immunological organs such as thymus, bone ...

Investigation of Macrophage Polarization Using Bone Marrow Derived Macrophages

Undersøgelse af Makrofag Polarization Brug knoglemarvsafledte makrofager

The article describes a readily easy adaptive in vitro model to investigate macrophage polarization. In the presence of GM-CSF/M-CSF, hematopoietic ...

Bone Marrow-derived Macrophage Production

Bone Marrow-afledt Macrophage Production

Macrophages are critical components of the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are the first line of defense against foreign invaders because ...

Isolation and Intravenous Injection of Murine Bone Marrow Derived Monocytes

Isolation og intravenøs injektion af murine knoglemarv Afledte Monocytter

As a subtype of leukocytes and progenitors of macrophages, monocytes are involved in many important processes of organisms and are often the subject of ...

Tracking Mouse Bone Marrow Monocytes In Vivo

Tracking Mouse Bone Marrow Monocytes In Vivo

Sporing Mouse knoglemarv Monocytter<em&gt; In Vivo</em

Real time multiphoton imaging provides a great opportunity to study cell trafficking and cell-to-cell interactions in their physiological 3-dimensionnal ...

Murine Hind Limb Long Bone Dissection and Bone Marrow Isolation

Murine Hind Limb Lang Bone Dissektion og knoglemarv Isolation

Investigation of the bone and the bone marrow is critical in many research fields including basic bone biology, immunology, hematology, cancer metastasis, ...

Femur Window Chamber Model for In Vivo Cell Tracking in the Murine Bone Marrow

Femur Window Chamber Model for In Vivo Cell Tracking in the Murine Bone Marrow

Femur Window Chamber Model for<em&gt; In vivo</em&gt; Cell Tracking i murine knoglemarv

Bone marrow is a complex organ that contains various hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. These cells are involved in many biological processes, ...

Isolation and Activation of Murine Lymphocytes

Isolering og aktivering af murine lymfocytter

B and T cells, with their extremely diverse antigen-receptor repertoires, have the ability to mount specific immune responses against almost any invading ...

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Particle-bound Bet v 1 Allergen in PM10

Flow cytometri af partikelbundet Bet v 1 Allergen i PM10

Flow cytometry is a method widely used to quantify suspended solids such as cells or bacteria in a size range from 0.5 to several tens of micrometers in ...