Name: immobilization of caenorhabditis elegans to analyze intracellular transport in neurons
Uploaded: 2017-10-18T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons at JoVE.com

作者对 Dr. 麻子杉本 (东北大学) 的有益讨论深表谢意。wyIs251是 Dr. 康沈 (斯坦福大学) 的一份慷慨礼物。mnIs17由 CGC 提供, 由 NIH 研究基础设施项目办公室 (P40 OD010440) 出资。这项工作得到了 jsp KAKENHI 赠款 #17H05010 和 #16H06536 和第一三基金会, 脑科学基金会和内基金会的支持。

1. 样品制备 <ol> <li> 使用转基因方法生成转基因的 线虫的兴趣 18 。或者, 从 线虫 遗传学中心获得合适的菌株 (CGC)。为了可视化突触囊泡前体的轴突转运, 请使用转基因线 wyIs251 [ Pmig-13::gfp::rab-3 ] 7 。要观察 IFT, 获得转基因线 mnIs17 [ osm-6::gfp ] 19 。这些菌株在本协议中使用. 
	注: 无论是外阵列, ?...

<ol>
	<li>Hirokawa, N., Niwa, S., Tanaka, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+motors+in+neurons:+transport+mechanisms+and+roles+in+brain+function,+development,+and+disease.">Molecular motors in neurons: transport mechanisms and roles in brain function, development, and disease.</a> Neuron. 68 (4), 610-638 (2010).</li><li>Holzbaur, E. L., Scherer, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microtubules,+axonal+transport,+and+neuropathy.">Microtubules, axonal transport, and neuropathy.</a> N Engl J Med. 365 (24), 2330-2332 (2011).</li><li>Kamiya, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+diversity+of+axonemal+dyneins+as+studied+in+Chlamydomonas+mutants.">Functional diversity of axonemal dyneins as studied in Chlamydomonas mutants.</a> Int Rev Cytol. 219, 115-155 (2002).</li><li>Scholey, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraflagellar+transport+motors+in+cilia:+moving+along+the+cell's+antenna.">Intraflagellar transport motors in cilia: moving along the cell's antenna.</a> J Cell Biol. 180 (1), 23-29 (2008).</li><li>Rosenbaum, J. L., Witman, G. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intraflagellar+transport.">Intraflagellar transport.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 3 (11), 813-825 (2002).</li><li>Ishikawa, H., Marshall, W. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ciliogenesis:+building+the+cell's+antenna.">Ciliogenesis: building the cell's antenna.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 12 (4), 222-234 (2011).</li><li>Niwa, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autoinhibition+of+a+Neuronal+Kinesin+UNC-104/KIF1A+Regulates+the+Size+and+Density+of+Synapses.">Autoinhibition of a Neuronal Kinesin UNC-104/KIF1A Regulates the Size and Density of Synapses.</a> Cell Rep. 16 (8), 2129-2141 (2016).</li><li>Snow, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+anterograde+intraflagellar+transport+motors+cooperate+to+build+sensory+cilia+on+C.+elegans+neurons.">Two anterograde intraflagellar transport motors cooperate to build sensory cilia on C. elegans neurons.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 6 (11), 1109-1113 (2004).</li><li>Ou, G., Blacque, O. E., Snow, J. J., Leroux, M. R., Scholey, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+coordination+of+intraflagellar+transport+motors.">Functional coordination of intraflagellar transport motors.</a> Nature. 436 (7050), 583-587 (2005).</li><li>Zhou, R., Niwa, S., Homma, N., Takei, Y., Hirokawa, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=KIF26A+is+an+unconventional+kinesin+and+regulates+GDNF-Ret+signaling+in+enteric+neuronal+development.">KIF26A is an unconventional kinesin and regulates GDNF-Ret signaling in enteric neuronal development.</a> Cell. 139 (4), 802-813 (2009).</li><li>Zhao, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Charcot-Marie-Tooth+disease+type+2A+caused+by+mutation+in+a+microtubule+motor+KIF1Bbeta.">Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2A caused by mutation in a microtubule motor KIF1Bbeta.</a> Cell. 105 (5), 587-597 (2001).</li><li>Niwa, S., Tanaka, Y., Hirokawa, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=KIF1Bbeta-+and+KIF1A-mediated+axonal+transport+of+presynaptic+regulator+Rab3+occurs+in+a+GTP-dependent+manner+through+DENN/MADD.">KIF1Bbeta- and KIF1A-mediated axonal transport of presynaptic regulator Rab3 occurs in a GTP-dependent manner through DENN/MADD.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 10 (11), 1269-1279 (2008).</li><li>Zhou, R., Niwa, S., Guillaud, L., Tong, Y., Hirokawa, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+molecular+motor,+KIF13A,+controls+anxiety+by+transporting+the+serotonin+type+1A+receptor.">A molecular motor, KIF13A, controls anxiety by transporting the serotonin type 1A receptor.</a> Cell Rep. 3 (2), 509-519 (2013).</li><li>Klassen, M. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Arf-like+small+G+protein,+ARL-8,+promotes+the+axonal+transport+of+presynaptic+cargoes+by+suppressing+vesicle+aggregation.">An Arf-like small G protein, ARL-8, promotes the axonal transport of presynaptic cargoes by suppressing vesicle aggregation.</a> Neuron. 66 (5), 710-723 (2010).</li><li>Mondal, S., Ahlawat, S., Koushika, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+microfluidic+devices+for+in+vivo+imaging+of+C.+elegans,+Drosophila+and+zebrafish.">Simple microfluidic devices for in vivo imaging of C. elegans, Drosophila and zebrafish.</a> J Vis Exp. (67), (2012).</li><li>Chai, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live+imaging+of+cellular+dynamics+during+Caenorhabditis+elegans+postembryonic+development.">Live imaging of cellular dynamics during Caenorhabditis elegans postembryonic development.</a> Nat Protoc. 7 (12), 2090-2102 (2012).</li><li>Kim, E., Sun, L., Gabel, C. V., Fang-Yen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+imaging+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans+using+nanoparticle-mediated+immobilization.">Long-term imaging of Caenorhabditis elegans using nanoparticle-mediated immobilization.</a> PLoS One. 8 (1), 53419 (2013).</li><li>Berkowitz, L. A., Knight, A. L., Caldwell, G. A., Caldwell, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+stable+transgenic+C.+elegans+using+microinjection.">Generation of stable transgenic C. elegans using microinjection.</a> J Vis Exp. (18), (2008).</li><li>Collet, J., Spike, C. A., Lundquist, E. A., Shaw, J. E., Herman, R. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+osm-6,+a+gene+that+affects+sensory+cilium+structure+and+sensory+neuron+function+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Analysis of osm-6, a gene that affects sensory cilium structure and sensory neuron function in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 148 (1), 187-200 (1998).</li><li>Brenner, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genetics+of+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The genetics of Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Genetics. 77 (1), 71-94 (1974).</li><li>Niwa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nephronophthisis-related+gene+ift-139+is+required+for+ciliogenesis+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">The nephronophthisis-related gene ift-139 is required for ciliogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 31544 (2016).</li><li>Maeder, C. I., San-Miguel, A., Wu, E. Y., Lu, H., Shen, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+neuron-wide+analysis+of+synaptic+vesicle+precursor+trafficking.">In vivo neuron-wide analysis of synaptic vesicle precursor trafficking.</a> Traffic. 15 (3), 273-291 (2014).</li><li>Wu, Y. E., Huo, L., Maeder, C. I., Feng, W., Shen, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+balance+between+capture+and+dissociation+of+presynaptic+proteins+controls+the+spatial+distribution+of+synapses.">The balance between capture and dissociation of presynaptic proteins controls the spatial distribution of synapses.</a> Neuron. 78 (6), 994-1011 (2013).</li><li>Dwyer, N. D., Adler, C. E., Crump, J. G., L'Etoile, N. D., Bargmann, C. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polarized+dendritic+transport+and+the+AP-1+mu1+clathrin+adaptor+UNC-101+localize+odorant+receptors+to+olfactory+cilia.">Polarized dendritic transport and the AP-1 mu1 clathrin adaptor UNC-101 localize odorant receptors to olfactory cilia.</a> Neuron. 31 (2), 277-287 (2001).</li><li>Fang-Yen, C., Gabel, C. V., Samuel, A. D., Bargmann, C. I., Avery, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laser+microsurgery+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Laser microsurgery in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 107, 177-206 (2012).</li><li>Kumar, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Caenorhabditis+elegans+Kinesin-3+motor+UNC-104/KIF1A+is+degraded+upon+loss+of+specific+binding+to+cargo.">The Caenorhabditis elegans Kinesin-3 motor UNC-104/KIF1A is degraded upon loss of specific binding to cargo.</a> PLoS Genet. 6 (11), 1001200 (2010).</li><li>Zheng, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+vesicle+protein+SAM-4+regulates+the+processivity+of+synaptic+vesicle+transport.">The vesicle protein SAM-4 regulates the processivity of synaptic vesicle transport.</a> PLoS Genet. 10 (10), 1004644 (2014).</li><li>Blacque, O. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+WD+repeat-containing+protein+IFTA-1+is+required+for+retrograde+intraflagellar+transport.">The WD repeat-containing protein IFTA-1 is required for retrograde intraflagellar transport.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 17 (12), 5053-5062 (2006).</li><li>Evans, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+modulation+of+IFT+kinesins+extends+the+sensory+repertoire+of+ciliated+neurons+in+Caenorhabditis+elegans.">Functional modulation of IFT kinesins extends the sensory repertoire of ciliated neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans.</a> J Cell Biol. 172 (5), 663-669 (2006).</li><li>Shaner, N. C., Steinbach, P. A., Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+guide+to+choosing+fluorescent+proteins.">A guide to choosing fluorescent proteins.</a> Nat Methods. 2 (12), 905-909 (2005).</li><li>Bindels, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=mScarlet:+a+bright+monomeric+red+fluorescent+protein+for+cellular+imaging.">mScarlet: a bright monomeric red fluorescent protein for cellular imaging.</a> Nat Methods. 14 (1), 53-56 (2017).</li><li>Prevo, B., Mangeol, P., Oswald, F., Scholey, J. M., Peterman, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+differentiation+of+cooperating+kinesin-2+motors+orchestrates+cargo+import+and+transport+in+C.+elegans+cilia.">Functional differentiation of cooperating kinesin-2 motors orchestrates cargo import and transport in C. elegans cilia.</a> Nat Cell Biol. 17 (12), 1536-1545 (2015).</li><li>Robison, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detyrosinated+microtubules+buckle+and+bear+load+in+contracting+cardiomyocytes.">Detyrosinated microtubules buckle and bear load in contracting cardiomyocytes.</a> Science. 352 (6284), 0659 (2016).</li><li>Hayashi, S., Okada, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+superresolution+fluorescence+imaging+with+spinning+disk+confocal+microscope+optics.">Ultrafast superresolution fluorescence imaging with spinning disk confocal microscope optics.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 26 (9), 1743-1751 (2015).</li></ol>

关于现有方法的限制 本文所描述的方法进行了优化, 以观察快速事件, 如轴突运输和 IFT。因此, 固定化比较长的潜伏期更有优先权。虽然我们已经能够观察贩运活动至少20分钟没有明显的摄动, 这种方法可能并不总是适合观察慢事件需要更长的观察, 如轴突伸长和细胞迁移。对于较长的观测, 需要通过减少琼脂糖的百分比 (即, 增加水以避免干燥和减少可能造成损坏的压力) 来优?...

活细胞成像是分析细胞内转运的重要工具。在神经元细胞生物学中, 用活细胞成像分析轴突转运是了解神经元功能和形态发生1的必要条件。轴突运输缺陷的基础上几个神经退行性疾病2。驱动超家族蛋白和蛋白进行轴突转运 anterogradely 和逆行, 分别为1,2。
纤毛是另一个细胞室, 其中微管网络和贩卖机械是高度发达的3。蛋白质合成机械没有在纤毛中定位, 这意味着纤毛蛋白必须从细胞质输送到纤毛的尖端。纤毛特异性驱动和蛋白, 分别称为 kinesin-2 和细胞质 dynein-2, 运输的成分纤毛4, 在一个现象称为 intraflagellar 运输 (IFT)5。IFT 的损害导致一系列疾病称为 ciliopathies6。因此, 需要对 IFT 机制进行活体细胞成像分析, 以了解纤毛形成的基本机制和发病机理。
线虫线虫(线虫) 是研究轴突传输和 IFT7、8、9的好模型。为了观察 IFT,衣藻已被广泛用作模型生物体56。由于衣藻是一个单细胞生物体, IFT 与衰老、神经元功能和行为的关系将难以分析。此外, 诸如 CRISPR/Cas9 等基本遗传技术尚未应用到衣藻。在高模型生物体中, 如小鼠和果蝇, 轴突转运和 IFT 的中断经常导致致命的表型, 因为轴突转运和 IFT 对动物的形态发生和稳态至关重要10, 11。在小鼠的情况下, 细胞培养和转染一般需要观察轴突运输和 IFT, 这需要很多技能和大量的时间12,13。此外, 许多重要的生理环境可能会失去在培养细胞和细胞系。因为神经系统对于蠕虫的生存来说不是必需的, 所以轴突运输或 IFT 被破坏的线虫突变体通常不是致命的7、9、14。轴突运输和 IFT 可以直接观察在体内没有解剖, 因为C. 线虫是透明的, 因此很容易观察 GFP 标记标记。
有几种协议可以固定C. 线虫, 例如使用微流体设备15、带有麻醉的琼脂糖垫16或微17。麻醉的纳入可能抑制神经元的贩运事件15。微流控装置方法的一个明显的缺点是, 准备一台流控装置并不总是容易的。相反, 用琼脂糖垫和微固定是一种方便和简单的方法来执行时间推移成像在C. 线虫。在这里, 我描述这个基本的协议, 以固定的线虫和可视化轴突运输和 IFT在体内在线虫.与其他方法相比, 这里所描述的方法不需要特殊设备, 而且更便宜、更容易执行。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="837">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Slideglass (76&#160; x 26 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Matsunami</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">S1111</td>
			<td style="width:271px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Coverglass (22&#160; x 40 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Matsunami</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">C024401</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Agarose</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">318-01195</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Polystylene microbeads 0.1 micron</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Polysciences</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">#00876</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Heat block</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">TAITEC</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">0063288-000</td>
			<td>CTU-mini</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">IX-71</td>
			<td>widefield microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Spinning disk Scanner</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Yokogawa</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">CSU-X1</td>
			<td>spinning disc confocal scanner&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Digital CCD camera</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Hamamatsu Photonics</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">C10600-10B</td>
			<td>ORCA-R2 degital CCD camera</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Objective lens (x100, NA1.4)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">UPLSAPO 100XO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Pasteur pipette (5 inch)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">IWAKI</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">IK-PAS-5P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:263px;">Glass tube (1.5 cm diameter x 10.5 cm)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">IWAKI</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9820TST15-105NP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">TV9211: wyIs251</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Laboratory of Kang Shen</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">OTL11: mnIs17</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Ref. 27, 29</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">N/A</td>
			<td>SP2101 was backcrossed with wild type for 6 times</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">435064-9000-000</td>
			<td>STEMI 508&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Mirror transillumination unit</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Carl Zeiss</td>
			<td>435425-9010-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">platinum wire (0.2 mm)</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Nilaco Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">m78483501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">60 mm plastic dish</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">#351007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">Fiji</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">N/A</td>
			<td>https://fiji.sc/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:263px;">nematode growth medium (NGM)&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
			<td>1.7% (w/v) agarose, 50mM NaCl, 0.25% (w/v) Peptone, 1 mM CaCl2, 5 mg/mL Cholesterol, 25 mM KH2PO4, 1 mM MgSO4&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

immobilization of caenorhabditis elegans to analyze intracellular transport in neurons

轴突运输和 intraflagellar 转运 (IFT) 是轴索和纤毛形态发生和功能的关键。驱动超家族蛋白和蛋白是分别调节顺和逆行转运的分子马达。这些马达使用微管网络作为路轨。线虫线虫(线虫) 是研究轴突转运和 IFT的一个强有力的模型有机体。在这里, 我描述了一个协议, 以观察轴突运输和 IFT 在生活中的C. 线虫。运输货物可以通过使用荧光蛋白 (如绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)) 标记货物蛋白质来可视化。C. 线虫是透明的, 而 GFP 标记的货物蛋白可以在特定细胞的细胞特异促进剂下表达。活蠕虫可以通过微10% 琼脂糖凝胶固定, 而不会杀死或麻醉蠕虫。在这种情况下, 货物的运动可以直接观察到的轴突和纤毛的生活线虫没有解剖。这种方法可用于观察任何细胞的任何货物分子通过修改目标蛋白和/或他们所表达的细胞。大多数基本的蛋白质, 如分子马达和适配器蛋白, 参与轴突运输和 IFT 是保存在C. 线虫。与其他模型生物体相比, 突变体可以在C. 线虫中更容易获得和维护。将此方法与各种C. 线虫突变体结合, 可以阐明轴突转运和 IFT 的分子机制。

DA9 神经元轴突转运 使用wyIs251线, 顺和逆行轴突运输 GFP::RAB-3 可以同时记录在 DA9 运动神经元。DA9 神经元近端轴突的顺和逆行转运的平均速度分别为1.8 和2.6 微米/秒,22。移动的泡的数量是大约0.03 和0.018 每μ m 轴突每 s。因此, 三十年代观察10μ m DA9 轴突使用100x 透镜, 你能发现大约9和5移动的泡在轴突 (图 4和<strong...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons at JoVE.com

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons

线虫线虫(线虫) 是研究轴突和细胞内转运的良好模型。在这里, 我描述了一个协议的在体内记录和分析轴突和 intraflagellar 运输在C. 线虫。

固定化的线虫线虫分析神经元内细胞的转运

Axonal transport and intraflagellar transport (IFT) are essential for axon and cilia morphogenesis and function. Kinesin superfamily proteins and dynein ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Immobilization of Caenorhabditis elegans to Analyze Intracellular Transport in Neurons

Comprehensive Assessment of Germline Chemical Toxicity Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Comprehensive Assessment of Germline Chemical Toxicity Using the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

生殖系化学毒性的利用线虫综合评估<em&gt;秀丽隐杆线虫</em

Identifying the reproductive toxicity of the thousands of chemicals present in our environment has been one of the most tantalizing challenges in the ...

科研

发育生物学

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Active ERK in the C. elegans Germline

在Active ERK的时空分析<em&gt;℃。线虫</em&gt;生殖系

The evolutionarily conserved&#160;extracellular signal transducing RTK-RAS-ERK pathway is an important kinase-signaling cascade that controls multiple ...

Use of Immunolabeling to Analyze Stable, Dynamic, and Nascent Microtubules in the Zebrafish Embryo

利用 Immunolabeling 分析斑马鱼胚胎中的稳定、动态和初生的微管

Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic and fragile structures that are challenging to image in vivo, particularly in vertebrate embryos. Immunolabeling methods ...

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

Dissection and Immunofluorescent Staining of Mushroom Body and Photoreceptor Neurons in Adult Drosophila melanogaster Brains

成人果蝇脑内蘑菇体和感光神经元的解剖和荧光染色

Nervous system development involves a sequential series of events that are coordinated by several signaling pathways and regulatory networks. Many of the ...

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

Application of RNAi and Heat-shock-induced Transcription Factor Expression to Reprogram Germ Cells to Neurons in C. elegans

rna 干扰和热休克诱导转录因子表达在重编程生殖细胞到神经元中的应用C. 线虫

Studying the cell biological processes during converting the identities of specific cell types provides important insights into mechanism that maintain ...

Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans

Assessing Lysosomal Alkalinization in the Intestine of Live Caenorhabditis elegans

评估溶酶体碱化在活的秀丽线虫中的肠道

The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a model system that is widely used to study longevity and developmental pathways. Such studies are ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

秀丽线虫生殖的计算分析研究细胞核、蛋白质和细胞骨架的分布

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Studying Oxidative Stress Caused by the Mitis Group Streptococci in Caenorhabditis elegans

Studying Oxidative Stress Caused by the Mitis Group Streptococci in Caenorhabditis elegans

线虫中耳炎群链球菌引起氧化应激的研究

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a free-living nematode, has emerged as an attractive model to study host-pathogen interactions. The presented ...

Isotropic Light-Sheet Microscopy and Automated Cell Lineage Analyses to Catalogue Caenorhabditis elegans Embryogenesis with Subcellular Resolution

亚细胞分辨率的各向同性光片显微镜及细胞自动动力学分析

Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) stands out as the only organism in which the challenge of understanding the cellular origins of an entire nervous ...

Measuring Sperm Guidance and Motility within the Caenorhabditis elegans Hermaphrodite Reproductive Tract

Measuring Sperm Guidance and Motility within the Caenorhabditis elegans Hermaphrodite Reproductive Tract

线虫生殖道内精子引导和运动的测定

Successful fertilization is fundamental to sexual reproduction, yet little is known about the mechanisms that guide sperm to oocytes within the female ...