Name: utilizing the modified t-maze to assess functional memory outcomes after cardiac arrest
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这项工作得到了国家卫生研究院/国家神经紊乱和中风补助金 1R01NS096225-01A1, 美国心脏协会授予 AHA-13SDG1395001413, AHA-17GRNT33660336, AHA-17POST33660174,路易斯安那州立大学资助研究委员会, 马尔科姆费斯特心血管研究奖学金, 和伊夫林 F. 麦克奈特脑研究所。

所有实验程序都是按照国家卫生研究院的指导方针进行的, 并得到机构动物保育和使用委员会 (路易斯安那州立会健康科学中心-什里夫波特) 的批准, 用于雄性大大鼠的使用 (300-350 克, 9-10 周大)。大鼠在 ACA 手术前一夜禁食。
1. 迷宫设备的设计与设置
注: 在执事和罗的2006模型31上的 T 迷宫设计基础。
<ol><li>利用之32设计?...

<ol>
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与执事和罗的协议31相比, 本研究做了一些修改。3D 打印机被用来建造 T 形迷宫。3的 d-印刷提供了可负担的和 cost-effective 的替代商业化 T 迷宫。为了减少实验过程中大鼠的焦虑, 在暗室中进行了最小光照的 T 迷宫。一旦鼠进入目标的武器之一, 我们轻轻地阻断对方的手臂。这避免了可能的压力, 从测试, 以及可能损害老鼠的尾巴, 而降低了断头台的门。任何不必要的压力都会抑制老...

根据美国心脏协会 (2017), 心脏骤停 (CA) 导致的死亡率每四分钟发生一次, 在美国每年影响超过40万人1。据记载, 由于血液灌注不足2,3,4, CA 可能导致神经元脑损伤。CA 诱发的脑损伤发生在海马的缺血敏感的 CA1 区5,6,7, 影响对学习和记忆至关重要的神经元8,9, 10、11、12。此外, 在海马 (即 CA1 神经元) 缺血条件下, 树突状脊柱密度的丧失在空间记忆损伤中起着重要作用13,14,15。由于这些病理变化的 CA, 行为障碍, 如: 焦虑, 抑郁症, 创伤后应激障碍和记忆丧失更普遍。尽管在医疗技术 (即有效的门诊服务) 方面取得了进步, 与提高的钙存活率相关, 但大多数的神经保护治疗 (低温除外) 在 ca 16 之后无法改善功能结果 ,17。CA 幸存者的生活质量通常很差, 并且背负着增加的医疗开支16。
通过行为测试对脑缺血的认知状态评估是重要的, 以确定药物疗效和最终发展成功的临床试验。在二十世纪四十年代, 爱德华托尔曼设计了第一个行为试验研究 hippocampus-based 空间记忆18。随后, 开发了不同的迷宫 (如莫里斯水迷宫、径向迷宫、T 或 Y 迷宫和巴恩斯迷宫) 来评估大鼠的 hippocampal-based 空间学习和记忆19,20,21,22 ,23。一个更广泛使用的行为测试是莫里斯水迷宫, 它检查空间学习和记忆在大鼠模型24。然而, 莫里斯水迷宫需要大鼠游泳和发挥充分的运动功能和控制。对于缺血实验, 如窒息心脏骤停 (ACA, 大鼠模型的钙) 模型, 需要插管股动脉/静脉, 以获得重要的血压, 血液气体和引进各种药物。由于股动脉/静脉插管可以抑制腿部移动, 使大鼠的游泳能力正常, 莫里斯水迷宫可能不是最适合测试认知损伤的 ACA。
巴恩斯迷宫是另一个被广泛使用的行为测试, 用来检查啮齿动物模型中的空间学习和记忆。巴恩斯迷宫不需要充分发挥马达功能和控制, 因此比莫里斯水迷宫的压力更小。在过去, 我们使用巴恩斯迷宫来进行实验, 以确定在控制或假与 ACA 诱导的大鼠之间是否发生功能性学习/记忆差异。由于巴恩斯迷宫广泛用于测量参考 (长期) 内存25,26, 而为巴恩斯迷宫所获得的数据并没有在轻度到中度 ACA 之后测试认知损伤的决心, 而aca 引起的认知缺陷与工作 (短期) 内存27、28、29、30有关, 这表明巴恩斯迷宫在我们的 aca 中评估内存功能是不可行的。模型.
因此, 我们开发了一个改进的 T 迷宫使用自发交替测试, 以评估工作 (短期) 记忆后 ACA。改进的 t 迷宫自发交替试验的主要优点是它的简单性和最小的压力, 与其他行为测试相比, 由于修改的 t 迷宫不需要事先的动物训练, 以及重计算根据莫里斯水迷宫和巴恩斯迷宫的要求, 分析或程序 (即大鼠的视频成像)。在这里我们表明, 改进的 T 迷宫自发交替试验是一个简单而高效的行为试验范例, 可以提供足够的分辨率, 以准确地检测和评价海马功能的疾病, 造成短期记忆丧失(即 ACA)。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Printer</td>
			<td>MakerBot</td>
			<td>Replicator</td>
			<td>Fifth generation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Printer Filament</td>
			<td>Hatchbox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PLA, 1.75 mm filament diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 Proof Pure Ethanol</td>
			<td>Koptec</td>
			<td>V1005SG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sani-Chips</td>
			<td>PJ Murphy-Forest Products</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Size: 8 to 20 mesh; 2.2 cubic foot/package; autoclavable bags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat</td>
			<td>Charles River Laboratories</td>
			<td>Sprague-Dawley</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vecuronium bromide</td>
			<td>Sun Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td>47335-931-40</td>
			<td>10 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epinephrine</td>
			<td>Par Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td>42023-103-01</td>
			<td>Adrenalin Chloride Solution 1 mg/mL, 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine Hydrochloride Injection</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>00409-2012-32</td>
			<td>0.3mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SketchUp</td>
			<td>Trimble Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D modeling software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VentElite Small Animal Ventilator</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>55-7040</td>
			<td>Animals raging in size from mouse to guinea pig (10g to 1kg)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerLab 8/35</td>
			<td>Adinstruments</td>
			<td>PL3508</td>
			<td>8 analog input channels &#8211; 4 of which can be used in differential mode.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio Amps</td>
			<td>Adinstruments</td>
			<td>FE132</td>
			<td>The Bio Amp is a galvanically isolated, high-performance differential bio amplifier optimized for the measurement of a wide variety of biological signals such as ECG, EMG and EEG recordings.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quad Bridge Amp</td>
			<td>Adinstruments</td>
			<td>FE224</td>
			<td>A four-channel, non-isolated bridge amplifier designed to allow the PowerLab to connect to most DC bridge transducers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabChart 8</td>
			<td>Adinstruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ABL80 FLEX CO-OX blood gas analyzer</td>
			<td>Radiometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>pH / p CO2 / p O2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SURFLO Teflon I.V. Catheter</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>sc-361556</td>
			<td>Only use the flexible thin wall catheter (49-mm long)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet/Infusion Needle</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>7748-03</td>
			<td>17-gauge; 93-mm long; 10-degree angle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Classic T3 Vaporizer</td>
			<td>SurgiVet</td>
			<td>VCT302</td>
			<td>Classic T3 Isoflurane Funnel Fill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ENVIRO-PURE Charcoal Canister</td>
			<td>SurgiVet</td>
			<td>32373B10</td>
			<td>Designed to absorb waste anesthetic gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O2 single flowmeter</td>
			<td>SurgiVet</td>
			<td>32375B1</td>
			<td>0-1000 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2O Flowmeter</td>
			<td>VetEquip</td>
			<td>401721</td>
			<td>0-4LPM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clay Adams Intramedic Luer-Stub Adapter (Sterile)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>427565</td>
			<td>23 gauge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Forceps</td>
			<td>Black and Black surgical</td>
			<td>B3FRC-18 RM-8</td>
			<td>7 1/4&#34; (18 cm), 8mm RH, counterweight w/ guide pin 2mm, platform 6 x .3 mm, curved.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halstead Mosquito Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-7111</td>
			<td>Curved; 5&#34; Length, 1.3 mm tip diameter, 2.1 mm jaw width</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mixter Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-7291</td>
			<td>5.25&#34; Curved Extra Delicate, 1.1 mm tips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Castroviejo Micro Dissecting Spring Scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5650</td>
			<td>Straight, Sharp Points; 9 mm Cutting Edge; 0.15 mm Tip Width; 3 1/2&#34; Overall Length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayo-Stille Scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-6891</td>
			<td>5.5&#34; Round Curved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5058</td>
			<td>45 Deg Dumoxel Tip Size .10 x .06 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olsen-Hegar Combination Scissor And Needle Holder</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-7884</td>
			<td>Cross Serration Tip; 5.5&#34; Length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Moloney Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-8254</td>
			<td>Serrated; Slight Curve; 4.5&#34; Length</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing the modified t-maze to assess functional memory outcomes after cardiac arrest

背景: 评估轻度到中度认知损害在全球脑缺血 (即心脏骤停) 模型可能是困难的, 因为在手术后运动不良。例如, 接受外科手术的大鼠和莫里斯水迷宫可能无法游泳, 从而使实验无效。
新方法: 建立了改进的行为自发交替 T 迷宫试验。修改后的 T 迷宫协议的主要优点是它的相对简单的设计, 是强大到足以评估功能学习/记忆后缺血。此外, 数据分析简单明了。我们使用 T 迷宫来确定在轻度到中度 (6 分钟) 窒息心跳骤停 (ACA) 时, 老鼠的学习/记忆力缺陷。大鼠有一个自然的勘探倾向, 并将探索在 T 迷宫的替代武器, 而海马损伤大鼠倾向于采取侧偏爱, 导致减少自发交替率, 揭示海马相关功能性学习/记忆在存在或缺席 ACA。
结果: ACA 组有较高的侧偏爱比和较低的交替对照。
与现有方法比较: 莫里斯水和巴恩斯迷宫在评估学习/记忆功能方面更为突出。然而, 莫里斯水迷宫比其他迷宫更有压力。巴恩斯迷宫被广泛用于测量参考 (长期) 记忆, 而 ACA 诱发的认知赤字则与工作 (短期) 记忆更密切相关。
结论: 我们已经制定了一个简单的, 但有效的策略来描绘工作 (短期) 记忆通过 T 迷宫在我们的全球脑缺血模型 (ACA)。

ACA (全球脑缺血) 主要导致工作 (短期) 记忆缺陷28,29。为了评估在 ACA 之后的学习和记忆功能, 我们使用了改进的自发交替测试来评估工作 (短期) 内存30。自发交替试验结果表明, ACA 组 (26.19 ± 4.96%) 连续三天的交替率明显低于对照组 (62.96 ± 6.07%)(* p0.05)35由于提交给 ACA 的大鼠与对照组相比 (82.14 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest at JoVE.com

Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest

应用改良 T 迷宫评估心脏骤停后的功能记忆结果

本协议描述了使用一个改进的 T 迷宫评估功能学习/记忆在窒息心脏停搏诱发脑缺血。

Background: Evaluating mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest) model can be difficult due to poor ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

科研

行为学

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

感觉和运动脑区与运动同步和肌电图监测功能近红外光谱在运动任务

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

Morris水迷宫实验：优化小鼠品系和测试环境

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

使用仿引起范式检查召回内存在婴幼儿时期

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œ Working Memory CABC-WM

评估儿童工作记忆：儿童综合评估电池 - 工作记忆（CABC-WM）

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Using Wavelet Entropy to Demonstrate how Mindfulness Practice Increases Coordination between Irregular Cerebral and Cardiac Activities

使用小波熵来证明正念练习如何增加不规则脑与心脏活动之间的协调

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One ...

A Community-based Stress Management Program: Using Wearable Devices to Assess Whole Body Physiological Responses in Non-laboratory Settings

基于社区的压力管理计划: 在非实验室环境中使用可穿戴设备评估全身生理反应

A pragmatic breath-based intervention to benefit human performance and stress management is timely and valuable to individuals seeking holistic approaches ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

可逆冷却诱导 Deactivations 对行走猫的障碍记忆的皮层贡献研究

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

修正诱惑力的任务: 一种诱导儿童战略说谎的范式

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

基于自动 T 迷宫的自由移动啮齿动物延迟和努力决策分析装置及协议

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...