Name: utilizing the modified t-maze to assess functional memory outcomes after cardiac arrest
Uploaded: 2018-01-05T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af den nationale institutter for sundhed/National Institute af neurologiske lidelser og slagtilfælde give 1R01NS096225-01A1, American Heart Association giver AHA-13SDG1395001413, AHA-17GRNT33660336, AHA-17POST33660174, den Louisiana State University Grant i støtte Forskningsråd, The Malcolm Feist kardiovaskulære Research Fellowship og Evelyn F. McKnight Brain-instituttet.

Alle eksperimentelle procedurer blev gennemført i overensstemmelse med retningslinjerne for National Institutes of Health og godkendt af institutionelle Animal Care og brug Udvalget (LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport) for brugen af mandlige Sprague Dawley rotter ( 300-350 g, 9-10 uger gamle). Rotter blev fastede natten før ACA kirurgi.
1. T-maze apparater design og indstilling
Bemærk: Base T-maze design på diakon og Rawlins' 2006 model31</sup...

<ol>
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Ændringer blev foretaget i den nuværende undersøgelse i forhold til diakon og Rawlins' protokol31. Den 3D printer blev brugt til at bygge T-maze. 3D-print giver overkommelig og omkostningseffektive alternativer til kommercialiseret T-maze. For at reducere rats' angst under testen, blev T-maze udført i det mørke rum med minimum belysning. Når rotten indtastet en af de mål, blokeret vi forsigtigt den modsatte arm. Dette undgår mulige stress fra test, såvel som eventuelle skader til rats' ha...

Ifølge American Heart Association (2017), hjertestop (CA)-induceret dødelighed forekommer alle fire minutter, og påvirker over 400.000 mennesker om året i USA1. Det er veldokumenteret, at CA kan medføre neuronal hjerneskade som følge af utilstrækkelig blod perfusion2,3,4. CA-induceret hjerneskade opstår i regionen iskæmi-følsomme CA1 hippocampus5,6,7, der påvirker neuroner, der er afgørende for indlæring og hukommelse8,9, 10,11,12. Endvidere spiller tab af dendritiske rygsøjlen tæthed, iskæmisk betingelser i hippocampus (dvs. CA1 neuroner), en afgørende rolle i rumlig hukommelse værdiforringelse13,14,15. På grund af disse patologiske ændringer efter CA, adfærdsmæssige lidelser som: angst, depression, post-traumatisk stress disorder og hukommelsestab er mere udbredt. Selv om der har været fremskridt inden for medicinsk teknologi (dvs. effektiv ambulant service), der korrelerer med forbedret CA overlevelsesrater, undlader de fleste af de neuroprotektive behandlinger (undtagen hypotermi) at forbedre funktionelle resultater efter CA16 ,17. CA overlevende typisk har en dårlig livskvalitet, og er bebyrdet med incremental medicinsk udgifter16.
Kognitiv status vurderinger for cerebral iskæmi via adfærdsmæssige test er vigtige til at bestemme både narkotika effektivitet og i sidste ende udvikle et vellykket klinisk forsøg. I 1940 ' erne designet Edward Tolman den første adfærd retssag at studere hippocampus-baserede rumlig hukommelse18. Efterfølgende blev blev forskellige labyrinter (dvs. Morris vand labyrint, radial labyrint, T - eller Y-labyrint, og Barnes labyrint) udviklet for at evaluere hippocampus-baserede rumlige indlæring og hukommelse i rotter19,20,21,22 ,23. En af de mere udbredte adfærdsmæssige test er Morris vand labyrint, som undersøger rumlige læring og hukommelse i rotte modeller24. Morris vand labyrint kræver imidlertid rotte at svømme og udøve fuld motorik og kontrol. For iskæmi eksperimenter som asphyxial hjertestop (ACA, en rotte model af CA) model, cannulation af den femorale arterie/vene er forpligtet til at opnå afgørende blodtryk, blod gasser og indførelsen af forskellige lægemidler. Da femorale arterie/vene cannulation kan hæmme ben mobilitet rendering rottes evne til at svømme rigtigt, kan Morris vand labyrint ikke være den mest hensigtsmæssige til at teste kognitive funktionsnedsættelser under ACA.
Barnes labyrint er andre udbredte adfærdsmæssige test til at undersøge rumlige indlæring og hukommelse i gnavere modeller. Barnes labyrint kræver ingen anstrengelse af fuld motorik og kontrol, og dermed mindre stressende end Morris vand-labyrint. I fortiden, vi udførte eksperimenter ved hjælp af Barnes labyrinten til at bestemme, hvis funktionelle indlæring/hukommelse forskelle opstår mellem kontrol eller sham versus ACA-induceret rotter. Data indhentet for Barnes labyrint ikke har beslutningen om at teste kognitive funktionsnedsættelser efter mild til moderat ACA at Barnes labyrint er almindeligt anvendt til at måle reference (lang sigt) hukommelse25,26, mens ACA-induceret neurokognitive underskud mere nært beslægtet med arbejder (kortfristet) hukommelse27,28,29,30 tyder på, at Barnes labyrint er mindre rentabelt for vurdering af hukommelsesfunktion i vores ACA model.
Vi har således udviklet en modificeret T-maze ved hjælp af spontan vekslen test til at evaluere arbejder (korttidshukommelsen) efter ACA. Modificerede T-maze spontan vekslen testens største fordel er dens simpelhed og minimal stress på rotter i forhold til andre adfærdsmæssige test skyldes, at den modificerede T-maze ikke kræver forudgående dyretræning, som godt som tunge beregningsmæssige analyse eller sub rutiner (dvs. video billeddannelse af rotten) som krævet af Morris water maze og Barnes labyrint. Her viser vi, at den modificerede T-maze spontane vekslen test er en simpel og alligevel yderst effektiv adfærdsmæssige retssag paradigme, som kan tilbyde nok opløsning til præcist at detektere og evaluere hippocampus funktion i sygdomme, der forårsager kortsigtede hukommelsestab (dvs. ACA).

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Printer</td>
			<td>MakerBot</td>
			<td>Replicator</td>
			<td>Fifth generation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Printer Filament</td>
			<td>Hatchbox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PLA, 1.75 mm filament diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 Proof Pure Ethanol</td>
			<td>Koptec</td>
			<td>V1005SG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sani-Chips</td>
			<td>PJ Murphy-Forest Products</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Size: 8 to 20 mesh; 2.2 cubic foot/package; autoclavable bags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat</td>
			<td>Charles River Laboratories</td>
			<td>Sprague-Dawley</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vecuronium bromide</td>
			<td>Sun Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td>47335-931-40</td>
			<td>10 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epinephrine</td>
			<td>Par Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td>42023-103-01</td>
			<td>Adrenalin Chloride Solution 1 mg/mL, 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine Hydrochloride Injection</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>00409-2012-32</td>
			<td>0.3mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SketchUp</td>
			<td>Trimble Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D modeling software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VentElite Small Animal Ventilator</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>55-7040</td>
			<td>Animals raging in size from mouse to guinea pig (10g to 1kg)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerLab 8/35</td>
			<td>Adinstruments</td>
			<td>PL3508</td>
			<td>8 analog input channels &#8211; 4 of which can be used in differential mode.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio Amps</td>
			<td>Adinstruments</td>
			<td>FE132</td>
			<td>The Bio Amp is a galvanically isolated, high-performance differential bio amplifier optimized for the measurement of a wide variety of biological signals such as ECG, EMG and EEG recordings.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quad Bridge Amp</td>
			<td>Adinstruments</td>
			<td>FE224</td>
			<td>A four-channel, non-isolated bridge amplifier designed to allow the PowerLab to connect to most DC bridge transducers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabChart 8</td>
			<td>Adinstruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ABL80 FLEX CO-OX blood gas analyzer</td>
			<td>Radiometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>pH / p CO2 / p O2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SURFLO Teflon I.V. Catheter</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>sc-361556</td>
			<td>Only use the flexible thin wall catheter (49-mm long)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet/Infusion Needle</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>7748-03</td>
			<td>17-gauge; 93-mm long; 10-degree angle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Classic T3 Vaporizer</td>
			<td>SurgiVet</td>
			<td>VCT302</td>
			<td>Classic T3 Isoflurane Funnel Fill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ENVIRO-PURE Charcoal Canister</td>
			<td>SurgiVet</td>
			<td>32373B10</td>
			<td>Designed to absorb waste anesthetic gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O2 single flowmeter</td>
			<td>SurgiVet</td>
			<td>32375B1</td>
			<td>0-1000 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2O Flowmeter</td>
			<td>VetEquip</td>
			<td>401721</td>
			<td>0-4LPM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clay Adams Intramedic Luer-Stub Adapter (Sterile)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>427565</td>
			<td>23 gauge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Forceps</td>
			<td>Black and Black surgical</td>
			<td>B3FRC-18 RM-8</td>
			<td>7 1/4&#34; (18 cm), 8mm RH, counterweight w/ guide pin 2mm, platform 6 x .3 mm, curved.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halstead Mosquito Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-7111</td>
			<td>Curved; 5&#34; Length, 1.3 mm tip diameter, 2.1 mm jaw width</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mixter Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-7291</td>
			<td>5.25&#34; Curved Extra Delicate, 1.1 mm tips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Castroviejo Micro Dissecting Spring Scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5650</td>
			<td>Straight, Sharp Points; 9 mm Cutting Edge; 0.15 mm Tip Width; 3 1/2&#34; Overall Length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayo-Stille Scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-6891</td>
			<td>5.5&#34; Round Curved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5058</td>
			<td>45 Deg Dumoxel Tip Size .10 x .06 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olsen-Hegar Combination Scissor And Needle Holder</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-7884</td>
			<td>Cross Serration Tip; 5.5&#34; Length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Moloney Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-8254</td>
			<td>Serrated; Slight Curve; 4.5&#34; Length</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing the modified t-maze to assess functional memory outcomes after cardiac arrest

Baggrund: Evaluering af mild til moderat kognitiv svækkelse i en global cerebral iskæmi (dvs. hjertestop) model kan være vanskelig på grund af dårlig bevægelse efter operationen. Eksempelvis kan rats hvem gennemgå kirurgiske procedurer og udsættes for Morris vand labyrint ikke kunne svømme, dermed tømme eksperimentet.
Ny metode: Vi etableret en modificeret adfærdsmæssige spontan vekslen T-maze test. Den største fordel af den ændrede T-maze-protokol er dens relativt enkle design, der er stærkt nok til at vurdere funktionelle indlæring/hukommelse efter iskæmi. Derudover er dataanalyse enkel og ligetil. Vi brugte T-maze til at bestemme den rats' indlæring/hukommelse underskud både i tilstedeværelse eller fravær af mild til moderat (6 min) asphyxial hjertestop (ACA). Rotter har en naturlig tendens til udforskning og udforske alternative armene i T-maze, der henviser til, at hippocampus-lesioned rotter har tendens til at vedtage en side-præference resulterer i nedsat spontan vekslen nøgletal, afslører den hippocampus-relaterede funktionel læring/hukommelse i tilstedeværelse eller fravær af ACA.
Resultater: ACA grupper har højere side-præference nøgletal og lavere vekslen i forhold til kontrol.
Sammenligning med eksisterende metode(r): The Morris vand og Barnes labyrint er mere fremtrædende for at vurdere læring/memory funktion. Morris vand labyrint er imidlertid mere stressende end andre labyrinter. Barnes labyrint er almindeligt anvendt til at måle reference (lang sigt) hukommelse, mens ACA-induceret neurokognitive underskud er mere tæt knyttet til arbejdet (korttidshukommelsen).
Konklusion: Vi har udviklet en enkel, men effektiv strategi for at afgrænse arbejder (korttidshukommelsen) via T-maze i vores global cerebral iskæmi model (ACA).

ACA (global cerebral iskæmi) forårsager hovedsagligt arbejder (kortfristet) hukommelse underskud28,29. For at vurdere funktionen for indlæring og hukommelse efter ACA, brugte vi modificerede spontan vekslen test til at evaluere arbejder (kortfristet) hukommelse30. Resultater fra spontane vekslen test tyder på, at vekslen satsen fra tre på hinanden følgende dage i gruppen ACA (26.19 ± 4.96%) var væse...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest at JoVE.com

Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest

Udnytte den modificerede T-Maze for at vurdere funktionelle hukommelse resultater efter hjertestop

Denne protokol beskriver brugen af en modificeret T-maze at vurdere funktionelle indlæring/hukommelse i asfyksi hjertestop-induceret cerebral iskæmi.

Background: Evaluating mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest) model can be difficult due to poor ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

Funktionel nærheden Infrarød spektroskopi af de sensoriske og motoriske hjerneområder med samtidig Kinematic og EMG Overvågning Under motoriske opgaver

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimering til Mouse Strain og testmiljø

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Undersøgelse Recall Hukommelse i barndom og tidlige barndom Brug af fremkaldte Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œ Working Memory CABC-WM

Vurdering af arbejdshukommelse hos børn: Det omfattende vurderingsbatteri for børn - Arbejdshukommelse (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Using Wavelet Entropy to Demonstrate how Mindfulness Practice Increases Coordination between Irregular Cerebral and Cardiac Activities

Brug Wavelet Entropy til at demonstrere, hvordan Mindfulness Practice øger koordinering mellem uregelmæssig cerebral og hjertesygdomme

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One ...

A Community-based Stress Management Program: Using Wearable Devices to Assess Whole Body Physiological Responses in Non-laboratory Settings

En Community-baseret Stress Management Program: Ved hjælp af bærbare enheder til at vurdere hele krop fysiologiske reaktioner i ikke-laboratorium indstillinger

A pragmatic breath-based intervention to benefit human performance and stress management is timely and valuable to individuals seeking holistic approaches ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

Vendbar køling-induceret deaktiveringer at studere kortikale bidrag til hindring hukommelse i den omvandrende kat

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

Den modificerede fristelse modstand opgave: Et paradigme til at fremkalde børns strategiske løgn-fortæller

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

En automatiseret T-maze baseret apparat og protokollen til at analysere forsinkelse - og indsats-baserede beslutningstagning i gratis flytte gnavere

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...