Name: utilizing the modified t-maze to assess functional memory outcomes after cardiac arrest
Uploaded: 2018-01-05T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest at JoVE.com

Dette arbeidet ble støttet av den nasjonale institutter for helse/National Institute av nevrologiske lidelser og hjerneslag støtte 1R01NS096225-01A1, American Heart Association gir AHA-13SDG1395001413, AHA-17GRNT33660336, AHA-17POST33660174, den Louisiana State University Grant i bistand research council, Malcolm Feist hjerte forskning brorskap, og Evelyn F. McKnight hjernen Institute.

Alle eksperimentelle prosedyrer ble utført i samsvar med retningslinjene for National Institutes of Health og godkjent av institusjonelle Animal Care og bruk Committee (LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport) for bruk av mannlige Sprague Dawley rotter ( 300-350 g, 9-10 uker gammel). Rotter var fastet natten før ACA operasjonen.
1. T-maze apparater design og innstillingen
Merk: Basere T-maze utformingen Deacon og Rawlins' 2006 modell31.
<ol...

<ol>
	<li>Writing Group, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+Disease+and+Stroke+Statistics-2016+Update:+A+Report+From+the+American+Heart+Association.">Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2016 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association.</a> Circulation. 133, e38-e360 (2016).</li><li>Beuret, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+arrest:+prognostic+factors+and+outcome+at+one+year.">Cardiac arrest: prognostic factors and outcome at one year.</a> Resuscitation. 25, 171-179 (1993).</li><li>Kim, Y. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+neurological+outcomes+in+patients+after+out-of-hospital+cardiac+arrest.">Long-term neurological outcomes in patients after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.</a> Resuscitation. 101, 1-5 (2016).</li><li>Earnest, M. P., Yarnell, P. R., Merrill, S. L., Knapp, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+survival+and+neurologic+status+after+resuscitation+from+out-of-hospital+cardiac+arrest.">Long-term survival and neurologic status after resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.</a> Neurology. 30, 1298-1302 (1980).</li><li>Cerchiari, E. L., Safar, P., Klein, E., Cantadore, R., Pinsky, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiovascular+function+and+neurologic+outcome+after+cardiac+arrest+in+dogs.+The+cardiovascular+post-resuscitation+syndrome.">Cardiovascular function and neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest in dogs. The cardiovascular post-resuscitation syndrome.</a> Resuscitation. 25, 9-33 (1993).</li><li>Petito, C. K., Feldmann, E., Pulsinelli, W. A., Plum, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+hippocampal+damage+in+humans+following+cardiorespiratory+arrest.">Delayed hippocampal damage in humans following cardiorespiratory arrest.</a> Neurology. 37, 1281-1286 (1987).</li><li>Schmidt-Kastner, R., Freund, T. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+vulnerability+of+the+hippocampus+in+brain+ischemia.">Selective vulnerability of the hippocampus in brain ischemia.</a> Neuroscience. 40, 599-636 (1991).</li><li>Corkin, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What's+new+with+the+amnesic+patient+H.M.?.">What's new with the amnesic patient H.M.?.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 3, 153-160 (2002).</li><li>Scoville, W. B., Milner, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+recent+memory+after+bilateral+hippocampal+lesions.+1957.">Loss of recent memory after bilateral hippocampal lesions. 1957.</a> J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 12, 103-113 (2000).</li><li>Smith, T. D., Calhoun, M. E., Rapp, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circuit+and+morphological+specificity+of+synaptic+change+in+the+aged+hippocampal+formation.">Circuit and morphological specificity of synaptic change in the aged hippocampal formation.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 20, 357-358 (1999).</li><li>Gage, F. H., Dunnett, S. B., Bjorklund, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+learning+and+motor+deficits+in+aged+rats.">Spatial learning and motor deficits in aged rats.</a> Neurobiol Aging. 5, 43-48 (1984).</li><li>Tulving, E., Markowitsch, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Episodic+and+declarative+memory:+role+of+the+hippocampus.">Episodic and declarative memory: role of the hippocampus.</a> Hippocampus. 8, 198-204 (1998).</li><li>Neigh, G. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cardiac+arrest+with+cardiopulmonary+resuscitation+reduces+dendritic+spine+density+in+CA1+pyramidal+cells+and+selectively+alters+acquisition+of+spatial+memory.">Cardiac arrest with cardiopulmonary resuscitation reduces dendritic spine density in CA1 pyramidal cells and selectively alters acquisition of spatial memory.</a> Eur J Neurosci. 20, 1865-1872 (2004).</li><li>Volpe, B. T., Davis, H. P., Towle, A., Dunlap, W. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loss+of+hippocampal+CA1+pyramidal+neurons+correlates+with+memory+impairment+in+rats+with+ischemic+or+neurotoxin+lesions.">Loss of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons correlates with memory impairment in rats with ischemic or neurotoxin lesions.</a> Behav Neurosci. 106, 457-464 (1992).</li><li>Astur, R. S., Taylor, L. B., Mamelak, A. N., Philpott, L., Sutherland, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humans+with+hippocampus+damage+display+severe+spatial+memory+impairments+in+a+virtual+Morris+water+task.">Humans with hippocampus damage display severe spatial memory impairments in a virtual Morris water task.</a> Behav Brain Res. 132, 77-84 (2002).</li><li>Lee, R. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+acid+methyl+esters+as+a+potential+therapy+against+cerebral+ischemia.">Fatty acid methyl esters as a potential therapy against cerebral ischemia.</a> OCL. 23, D108 (2016).</li><li>Lee, R. H., Porto, L. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+1.">Chapter 1.</a> Palmitic acid: occurrence, biochemistry and health effects. , 1-15 (2014).</li><li>Tolman, E. C., Gleitman, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+in+spatial+learning;+place+and+response+learning+under+different+degrees+of+motivation.">Studies in spatial learning; place and response learning under different degrees of motivation.</a> J Exp Psychol. 39, 653-659 (1949).</li><li>Koopmans, G., Blokland, A., van Nieuwenhuijzen, P., Prickaerts, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+spatial+learning+abilities+of+mice+in+a+new+circular+maze.">Assessment of spatial learning abilities of mice in a new circular maze.</a> Physiol Behav. 79, 683-693 (2003).</li><li>Barnes, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Memory+deficits+associated+with+senescence:+a+neurophysiological+and+behavioral+study+in+the+rat.">Memory deficits associated with senescence: a neurophysiological and behavioral study in the rat.</a> J Comp Psychol. 93, 74-104 (1979).</li><li>Paul, C. M., Magda, G., Abel, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spatial+memory:+Theoretical+basis+and+comparative+review+on+experimental+methods+in+rodents.">Spatial memory: Theoretical basis and comparative review on experimental methods in rodents.</a> Behav Brain Res. 203, 151-164 (2009).</li><li>Vorhees, C. V., Williams, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+spatial+learning+and+memory+in+rodents.">Assessing spatial learning and memory in rodents.</a> ILAR J. 55, 310-332 (2014).</li><li>Sharma, S., Rakoczy, S., Brown-Borg, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+spatial+memory+in+mice.">Assessment of spatial memory in mice.</a> Life Sci. 87, 521-536 (2010).</li><li>Poon, T. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spinal+cord+toxoplasma+lesion+in+AIDS:+MR+findings.">Spinal cord toxoplasma lesion in AIDS: MR findings.</a> J Comput Assist Tomogr. 16, 817-819 (1992).</li><li>Sunyer, B., Patil, S., H&#246;ger, H., Lubec, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Barnes+maze,+a+useful+task+to+assess+spatial+reference+memory+in+the+mice.">Barnes maze, a useful task to assess spatial reference memory in the mice.</a> Nat Protoc. 390, (2007).</li><li>Shoji, H., Hagihara, H., Takao, K., Hattori, S., Miyakawa, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T-maze+forced+alternation+and+left-right+discrimination+tasks+for+assessing+working+and+reference+memory+in+mice.">T-maze forced alternation and left-right discrimination tasks for assessing working and reference memory in mice.</a> J Vis Exp. , (2012).</li><li>Seeger, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=M2+muscarinic+acetylcholine+receptor+knock-out+mice+show+deficits+in+behavioral+flexibility,+working+memory,+and+hippocampal+plasticity.">M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor knock-out mice show deficits in behavioral flexibility, working memory, and hippocampal plasticity.</a> J Neurosci. 24, 10117-10127 (2004).</li><li>Olton, D. S., Feustle, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hippocampal+function+required+for+nonspatial+working+memory.">Hippocampal function required for nonspatial working memory.</a> Exp Brain Res. 41, 380-389 (1981).</li><li>Hayashida, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrogen+inhalation+during+normoxic+resuscitation+improves+neurological+outcome+in+a+rat+model+of+cardiac+arrest+independently+of+targeted+temperature+management.">Hydrogen inhalation during normoxic resuscitation improves neurological outcome in a rat model of cardiac arrest independently of targeted temperature management.</a> Circulation. 130, 2173-2180 (2014).</li><li>Dember, W. N., Richman, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Spontaneous alternation behavior. , (1989).</li><li>Deacon, R. M., Rawlins, J. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T-maze+alternation+in+the+rodent.">T-maze alternation in the rodent.</a> Nature protocols. 1, 7-12 (2006).</li><li>Wong, K. V., Hernandez, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+additive+manufacturing.">A review of additive manufacturing.</a> ISRN Mechanical Engineering. 2012, (2012).</li><li>Lin, H. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derangements+of+post-ischemic+cerebral+blood+flow+by+protein+kinase+C+delta.">Derangements of post-ischemic cerebral blood flow by protein kinase C delta.</a> Neuroscience. 171, 566-576 (2010).</li><li>Lin, H. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fatty+acid+methyl+esters+and+Solutol+HS+15+confer+neuroprotection+after+focal+and+global+cerebral+ischemia.">Fatty acid methyl esters and Solutol HS 15 confer neuroprotection after focal and global cerebral ischemia.</a> Transl Stroke Res. 5, 109-117 (2014).</li><li>Lee, R. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interruption+of+perivascular+sympathetic+nerves+of+cerebral+arteries+offers+neuroprotection+against+ischemia.">Interruption of perivascular sympathetic nerves of cerebral arteries offers neuroprotection against ischemia.</a> Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 312, H182-H188 (2017).</li><li>Bali, Z. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+effects+of+alpha7+nicotinic+receptor+agonist+PHA-543613+on+spatial+memory+performance+of+rats+in+two+distinct+pharmacological+dementia+models.">Differential effects of alpha7 nicotinic receptor agonist PHA-543613 on spatial memory performance of rats in two distinct pharmacological dementia models.</a> Behav Brain Res. 278, 404-410 (2015).</li><li>McDonald, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of biological statistics. 2, (2009).</li><li>Castellano, M. A., Diaz-Palarea, M. D., Rodriguez, M., Barroso, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lateralization+in+male+rats+and+dopaminergic+system:+evidence+of+right-side+population+bias.">Lateralization in male rats and dopaminergic system: evidence of right-side population bias.</a> Physiol Behav. 40, 607-612 (1987).</li><li>Andrade, C., Alwarshetty, M., Sudha, S., Suresh Chandra, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+innate+direction+bias+on+T-maze+learning+in+rats:+implications+for+research.">Effect of innate direction bias on T-maze learning in rats: implications for research.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 110, 31-35 (2001).</li></ol>

Endringer ble gjort i studien sammenlignet med Deacon og Rawlins' protokollen31. 3D-skriver ble brukt til å bygge T-maze. 3D-utskrift gir rimelige og kostnadseffektive alternativer til kommersialiserte T-maze. For å redusere rotter angst under testen, ble T-maze utført i mørke rom med minimum belysning. Når rotta angitt en av målet armene, blokkert vi forsiktig motstridende armen. Dette unngår mulig stress fra test, samt mulig skade til rottene hale mens senking giljotinen døren. Noen unø...

Ifølge American Heart Association (2017), hjertestans (CA)-indusert dødelighet oppstår hver fire minutter, og påvirker over 400 000 personer per år i USA1. Det er godt dokumentert at CA kan forårsake neuronal hjernen skader som følge av utilstrekkelig blod perfusjon2,3,4. CA-indusert hjerneskade oppstår i regionen ischemia-sensitive CA1 av hippocampus5,6,7, påvirker nevroner som er kritiske til læring og hukommelse8,9, 10,11,12. Videre spiller tap av dendrittiske ryggraden tetthet, under iskemiske forhold prefiks (i.e. CA1 nevroner), en avgjørende rolle i romlig minne verdifall13,14,15. På grunn av disse patologiske forandringer etter CA, atferdsmessige lidelser som: angst, depresjon, posttraumatisk stresslidelse og hukommelsestap er mer utbredt. Selv om det har vært fremskritt innen medisinsk teknologi (dvs. effektiv ambulerende service) som samsvarer med forbedret CA overlevelse, mislykkes de fleste av de neuroprotective behandlingene (unntatt nedkjøling) å forbedre funksjonelle resultater etter CA16 ,17. CA overlevende vanligvis har en dårlig kvalitet av livet, og er belastet med trinnvis medisinske utgifter16.
Kognitiv status vurderinger for cerebral iskemi via atferdsmessige tester er viktige for å finne både narkotika effekt og til slutt utvikle en vellykket klinisk studie. I 1940 utformet Edward Tolman den første opptreden rettssaken å studere hippocampus-baserte romlig minne18. Deretter ble ulike labyrinter (dvs. Morris vann labyrinten, radial labyrinten, T - eller Y-labyrint, og Barnes labyrint) utviklet for å evaluere hippocampus-baserte romlige læring og hukommelse i rotter19,20,21,22 ,23. En av flere brukte atferdsmessige testen er Morris vann labyrinten, som undersøker romlige læring og minne i rotte modeller24. Men krever Morris vann labyrinten rotta å svømme og utøve full funksjon og kontroll. For iskemi eksperimenter som asphyxial hjertestans (ACA, en rotte modell av CA) modell, cannulation i femoral arterien/venen må få viktig blodtrykk, blod gasser og innføring av ulike stoffer. Siden femoral arterien/blodåre cannulation kan hemme etappe mobilitet gjengivelse rottas evne til å svømme riktig, kanskje Morris vann labyrinten ikke den mest hensiktsmessige å teste andre under ACA.
Barnes labyrinten er andre brukte atferdsmessige testen undersøke romlige læring og hukommelse på gnager modeller. Barnes labyrinten krever ikke anstrengelse full funksjon og kontroll, og dermed mindre stressende enn Morris vann labyrinten. Tidligere vi utført eksperimenter ved hjelp av Barnes labyrinten for å avgjøre hvis funksjonelle læring/minne forskjeller oppstår mellom kontrollen eller humbug versus ACA-indusert rotter. Data innhentet for Barnes labyrinten ikke oppløsningen å teste andre etter milde til moderate ACA skyldes at Barnes labyrinten er mye brukt til å måle referanse (lang sikt) minne25,26, mens ACA-indusert nevrokognitive underskudd mer nært knyttet til arbeider (kortsiktige) minne27,28,29,30 antyder at Barnes labyrinten er mindre levedyktig for å vurdere minnefunksjon i våre ACA modell.
Derfor utviklet vi en modifisert T-maze bruk av spontane veksling test for å vurdere arbeider (kortsiktige) minne etter ACA. Modifisert T-maze spontan veksling testens stor fordel er dens enkelhet og minimal belastning på rotter i forhold til andre opptreden tester på grunn av at den endrede T-maze ikke krever tidligere dyr lærer, som vel som tung beregningsorientert analyse eller sub rutiner (dvs. video imaging av rotte) som kreves av Morris vann labyrinten og Barnes labyrint. Her viser vi at endrede T-maze spontan veksling testen er en enkel og ennå svært effektiv opptreden prøve paradigme som kan tilby høy nok oppløsning til nøyaktig oppdage og evaluere hippocampus funksjon i sykdommer som forårsake kortsiktige minne tap (dvs. ACA).

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Printer</td>
			<td>MakerBot</td>
			<td>Replicator</td>
			<td>Fifth generation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D Printer Filament</td>
			<td>Hatchbox</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>PLA, 1.75 mm filament diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 Proof Pure Ethanol</td>
			<td>Koptec</td>
			<td>V1005SG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sani-Chips</td>
			<td>PJ Murphy-Forest Products</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Size: 8 to 20 mesh; 2.2 cubic foot/package; autoclavable bags</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat</td>
			<td>Charles River Laboratories</td>
			<td>Sprague-Dawley</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vecuronium bromide</td>
			<td>Sun Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td>47335-931-40</td>
			<td>10 mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epinephrine</td>
			<td>Par Pharmaceutical</td>
			<td>42023-103-01</td>
			<td>Adrenalin Chloride Solution 1 mg/mL, 1:1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine Hydrochloride Injection</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>00409-2012-32</td>
			<td>0.3mg/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SketchUp</td>
			<td>Trimble Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3D modeling software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VentElite Small Animal Ventilator</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>55-7040</td>
			<td>Animals raging in size from mouse to guinea pig (10g to 1kg)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PowerLab 8/35</td>
			<td>Adinstruments</td>
			<td>PL3508</td>
			<td>8 analog input channels &#8211; 4 of which can be used in differential mode.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bio Amps</td>
			<td>Adinstruments</td>
			<td>FE132</td>
			<td>The Bio Amp is a galvanically isolated, high-performance differential bio amplifier optimized for the measurement of a wide variety of biological signals such as ECG, EMG and EEG recordings.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Quad Bridge Amp</td>
			<td>Adinstruments</td>
			<td>FE224</td>
			<td>A four-channel, non-isolated bridge amplifier designed to allow the PowerLab to connect to most DC bridge transducers.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LabChart 8</td>
			<td>Adinstruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ABL80 FLEX CO-OX blood gas analyzer</td>
			<td>Radiometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>pH / p CO2 / p O2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SURFLO Teflon I.V. Catheter</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>sc-361556</td>
			<td>Only use the flexible thin wall catheter (49-mm long)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet/Infusion Needle</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>7748-03</td>
			<td>17-gauge; 93-mm long; 10-degree angle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Classic T3 Vaporizer</td>
			<td>SurgiVet</td>
			<td>VCT302</td>
			<td>Classic T3 Isoflurane Funnel Fill</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ENVIRO-PURE Charcoal Canister</td>
			<td>SurgiVet</td>
			<td>32373B10</td>
			<td>Designed to absorb waste anesthetic gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O2 single flowmeter</td>
			<td>SurgiVet</td>
			<td>32375B1</td>
			<td>0-1000 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N2O Flowmeter</td>
			<td>VetEquip</td>
			<td>401721</td>
			<td>0-4LPM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clay Adams Intramedic Luer-Stub Adapter (Sterile)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>427565</td>
			<td>23 gauge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Forceps</td>
			<td>Black and Black surgical</td>
			<td>B3FRC-18 RM-8</td>
			<td>7 1/4&#34; (18 cm), 8mm RH, counterweight w/ guide pin 2mm, platform 6 x .3 mm, curved.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Halstead Mosquito Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-7111</td>
			<td>Curved; 5&#34; Length, 1.3 mm tip diameter, 2.1 mm jaw width</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mixter Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-7291</td>
			<td>5.25&#34; Curved Extra Delicate, 1.1 mm tips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Castroviejo Micro Dissecting Spring Scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5650</td>
			<td>Straight, Sharp Points; 9 mm Cutting Edge; 0.15 mm Tip Width; 3 1/2&#34; Overall Length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mayo-Stille Scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-6891</td>
			<td>5.5&#34; Round Curved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-5058</td>
			<td>45 Deg Dumoxel Tip Size .10 x .06 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Olsen-Hegar Combination Scissor And Needle Holder</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-7884</td>
			<td>Cross Serration Tip; 5.5&#34; Length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Moloney Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS-8254</td>
			<td>Serrated; Slight Curve; 4.5&#34; Length</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

utilizing the modified t-maze to assess functional memory outcomes after cardiac arrest

Bakgrunn: Evaluering av mild til moderat kognitiv svekkelse i en global cerebral iskemi (i.e. hjertestans) modell kan være vanskelig på grunn av dårlig bevegelse etter operasjonen. For eksempel kunne rotter som gjennomgå kirurgiske prosedyrer og er utsatt for Morris vann labyrinten ikke svømme, således renons eksperimentet.
Ny metode: Vi etablert en endret atferd spontane veksling T-maze test. Hovedfordelen med endrede T-maze protokollen er dens relativt enkel design som er kraftig nok til å vurdere funksjonelle læring/minne etter ischemia. Dessuten er dataanalyse enkel og grei. Vi brukte T-maze for å bestemme rottene læring/minne underskudd både i tilstedeværelse eller fravær av mild til moderat (6 min) asphyxial hjertestans (ACA). Rotter ha en naturlig tendens til leting og utforske alternative armene i T-maze, mens hippocampus-lesioned rotter har tendens til å vedta en side-preferanse resulterer i redusert spontan gjeld prosenter, avslører den hippocampus-relaterte funksjonell læring/minne i tilstedeværelse eller fravær av ACA.
Resultatene: ACA grupper har høyere siden-preferanse forholdstall og lavere alternations i forhold til kontrollen.
Sammenligning med eksisterende metode(r): The Morris vann og Barnes labyrinten er mer fremtredende for å vurdere læring/minne-funksjonen. Men er Morris vann labyrinten mer stressende enn andre labyrinter. Barnes labyrinten er mye brukt til å måle referanse (langsiktige) minne, mens ACA-indusert nevrokognitive underskudd er tettere knyttet til å jobbe (korttidshukommelse).
Konklusjon: Vi har utviklet en enkel, men effektiv strategi for å avgrense arbeider (kortsiktige) minne via T-maze i vår globale cerebral iskemi modell (ACA).

ACA (global cerebral iskemi) forårsaker hovedsakelig arbeider (kortsiktige) minne underskudd28,29. For å vurdere funksjon av læring og hukommelse etter ACA, brukte vi endret spontan veksling testen for å vurdere arbeider (kortsiktige) minne30. Resultater fra spontan veksling test foreslå at veksling rate fra tre dager i gruppen ACA (26.19 ± 4.96%) var betydelig lavere sammenlignet med kontrollgruppen ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest at JoVE.com

Utilizing the Modified T-Maze to Assess Functional Memory Outcomes After Cardiac Arrest

Benytter modifisert T-Maze å vurdere funksjonelle minne resultater etter hjertestans

Denne protokollen beskriver bruken av et modifisert T-maze å vurdere funksjonelle læring/minne i kvelning hjertestans-indusert cerebral iskemi.

Background: Evaluating mild to moderate cognitive impairment in a global cerebral ischemia (i.e. cardiac arrest) model can be difficult due to poor ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Use of an Eight-arm Radial Water Maze to Assess Working and Reference Memory Following Neonatal Brain Injury

Working and reference memory are commonly assessed using the land based radial arm maze.&#160;However, this paradigm requires pretraining, food ...

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

Funksjonell i nærheten av infrarød spektroskopi av de sensoriske og motoriske hjerneregioner med samtidig Kinetisk og EMG Overvåking Under Motor Oppgaver

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimization for Mouse Strain and Testing Environment

Morris Water Maze Test: Optimalisering for Mouse Sil og testing miljø

 The Morris water maze (MWM) is a commonly used task to assess hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in transgenic mouse models of disease, ...

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Undersøke Recall Minne i spedbarnsalder og tidlig barndom Bruke fremkalte Imitation Paradigm

The ability to recall the past allows us to report on details of previous experiences, from the everyday to the significant. Because recall memory is ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œ Working Memory CABC-WM

Vurdering av arbeidsminne hos barn: Det omfattende vurderingsbatteriet for barn - Arbeidsminne (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Using Wavelet Entropy to Demonstrate how Mindfulness Practice Increases Coordination between Irregular Cerebral and Cardiac Activities

Bruke Wavelet Entropy å demonstrere hvordan Mindfulness Practice øker koordinering mellom uregelmessig cerebral og hjerteaktivitet

In both the East and West, traditional teachings say that the mind and heart are somehow closely correlated, especially during spiritual practice. One ...

A Community-based Stress Management Program: Using Wearable Devices to Assess Whole Body Physiological Responses in Non-laboratory Settings

En Community-baserte Stress Management Program: Bruker bærbare enheter å vurdere hele kroppen fysiologiske responser i ikke-laboratoriet innstillinger

A pragmatic breath-based intervention to benefit human performance and stress management is timely and valuable to individuals seeking holistic approaches ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

Reversibel kjøling-indusert Deactivations å studere kortikale bidrag til hinder minne i gangavstand katten

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling

Aktiviteten endret fristelsen motstand: Et paradigme å lokke fram barn strategiske Lie-talende

The protocol for the temptation resistance paradigm was designed to elicit 2- to 8-year-old children's strategic lie-telling behaviors. The reward of ...

An Automated T-maze Based Apparatus and Protocol for Analyzing Delay- and Effort-based Decision Making in  Free Moving Rodents

En automatisert T-maze basert apparater og protokollen for å analysere forsinkelser og innsats-baserte beslutningsprosesser i gratis flytte gnagere

Many neurological and psychiatric patients demonstrate difficulties and/or deficits in decision making. Rodent models are helpful to produce a deeper ...