Name: a protocol for real-time 3d single particle tracking
Uploaded: 2018-01-03T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking at JoVE.com

Detta arbete stöddes av National Institute of General Medical Sciences av det nationella Institutes of Health award nummer R35GM124868 och av Duke University.

1. Konfigurera Layout och anpassning
<ol>
	<li>Installation och collimationen av spårning magnetiseringen laser<ol>
		<li>Anbringa lasern till tabellen optiska använder en hembyggda mount. Fästet är en enkel aluminiumplåt med monteringshål för laserhuvudet och tabellen optiska. Lasern ska sättas fast ett metallfäste för stabilitet och värmeavledning. För detta arbete, använda en 488 nm halvledar-laser för belysning (figur 1), även om våglängden kan väljas för att passa e...

<ol>
	<li>Rust, M. J., Bates, M., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sub-diffraction-limit+imaging+by+stochastic+optical+reconstruction+microscopy+(STORM).">Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM).</a> Nat. Methods. 3 (10), 793-796 (2006).</li><li>Huang, B., Wang, W., Bates, M., Zhuang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-Dimensional+Super-Resolution+Imaging+by+Stochastic+Optical+Reconstruction+Microscopy.">Three-Dimensional Super-Resolution Imaging by Stochastic Optical Reconstruction Microscopy.</a> Science. 319 (5864), 810-813 (2008).</li><li>Jones, S. A., Shim, S. H., He, J., Fast Zhuang, X. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast,+three-dimensional+super-resolution+imaging+of+live+cells.">Fast, three-dimensional super-resolution imaging of live cells.</a> Nat. Methods. 8 (6), 499-505 (2011).</li><li>Hess, S. T., Girirajan, T. P. K., Mason, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultra-high+resolution+imaging+by+fluorescence+photoactivation+localization+microscopy.">Ultra-high resolution imaging by fluorescence photoactivation localization microscopy.</a> Biophys. J. 91 (11), 4258-4272 (2006).</li><li>Shtengel, G., Galbraith, J. A., Galbraith, C. G., Lippincott-Schwartz, J., Gillette, J. M., Manley, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferometric+fluorescent+super-resolution+microscopy+resolves+3D+cellular+ultrastructure.">Interferometric fluorescent super-resolution microscopy resolves 3D cellular ultrastructure.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (9), 3125-3130 (2009).</li><li>Betzig, E., Patterson, G. H., Sougrat, R., Lindwasser, O. W., Olenych, S., Bonifacino, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+Intracellular+Fluorescent+Proteins+at+Nanometer+Resolution.">Imaging Intracellular Fluorescent Proteins at Nanometer Resolution.</a> Science. 313 (5793), 1642-1645 (2006).</li><li>Shroff, H., Galbraith, C. G., Galbraith, J. A., Betzig, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Live-cell+photoactivated+localization+microscopy+of+nanoscale+adhesion+dynamics.">Live-cell photoactivated localization microscopy of nanoscale adhesion dynamics.</a> Nat. Methods. 5 (5), 417 (2008).</li><li>Shao, L., Kner, P., Rego, E. H., Gustafsson, M. G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Super-resolution+3D+microscopy+of+live+whole+cells+using+structured+illumination.">Super-resolution 3D microscopy of live whole cells using structured illumination.</a> Nat. Methods. 8 (12), 1044 (2011).</li><li>Kner, P., Chhun, B. B., Griffis, E. R., Winoto, L., Gustafsson, M. G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Super-resolution+video+microscopy+of+live+cells+by+structured+illumination.">Super-resolution video microscopy of live cells by structured illumination.</a> Nat. Methods. 6 (5), 339 (2009).</li><li>Schermelleh, L., Carlton, P. M., Haase, S., Shao, L., Winoto, L., Kner, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subdiffraction+multicolor+imaging+of+the+nuclear+periphery+with+3D+structured+illumination+microscopy.">Subdiffraction multicolor imaging of the nuclear periphery with 3D structured illumination microscopy.</a> Science. 320 (5881), 1332-1336 (2008).</li><li>Gustafsson, M. G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surpassing+the+lateral+resolution+limit+by+a+factor+of+two+using+structured+illumination+microscopy.">Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured illumination microscopy.</a> J. Microsc. 198, 82-87 (2000).</li><li>Persson, F., Bingen, P., Staudt, T., Engelhardt, J., Tegenfeldt, J. O., Hell, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+Nanoscopy+of+Single+DNA+Molecules+by+Using+Stimulated+Emission+Depletion+(STED).">Fluorescence Nanoscopy of Single DNA Molecules by Using Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED).</a> Angew. Chem. 50 (24), 5581-5583 (2011).</li><li>Hein, B., Willig, K. I., Hell, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulated+emission+depletion+(STED)+nanoscopy+of+a+fluorescent+protein-labeled+organelle+inside+a+living+cell.">Stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy of a fluorescent protein-labeled organelle inside a living cell.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (38), 14271-14276 (2008).</li><li>Klar, T. A., Jakobs, S., Dyba, M., Egner, A., Hell, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+microscopy+with+diffraction+resolution+barrier+broken+by+stimulated+emission.">Fluorescence microscopy with diffraction resolution barrier broken by stimulated emission.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 (15), 8206-8210 (2000).</li><li>Welsher, K., Yang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-resolution+3D+visualization+of+the+early+stages+of+cellular+uptake+of+peptide-coated+nanoparticles.">Multi-resolution 3D visualization of the early stages of cellular uptake of peptide-coated nanoparticles.</a> Nat. Nano. 9 (3), 198-203 (2014).</li><li>Welsher, K., Yang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+the+behavior+of+molecules+in+biological+systems:+breaking+the+3D+speed+barrier+with+3D+multi-resolution+microscopy.">Imaging the behavior of molecules in biological systems: breaking the 3D speed barrier with 3D multi-resolution microscopy.</a> Faraday Discuss. 184, 359-379 (2015).</li><li>Xu, C. S., Cang, H., Montiel, D., Yang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+quantitative+sizing+of+nanoparticles+using+three-dimensional+single-particle+tracking.">Rapid and quantitative sizing of nanoparticles using three-dimensional single-particle tracking.</a> J. Phys. Chem. C. 111 (1), 32-35 (2007).</li><li>Cang, H., Xu, C. S., Montiel, D., Yang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guiding+a+confocal+microscope+by+single+fluorescent+nanoparticles.">Guiding a confocal microscope by single fluorescent nanoparticles.</a> Opt. Lett. 32 (18), 2729-2731 (2007).</li><li>Cang, H., Wong, C. M., Xu, C. S., Rizvi, A. H., Yang, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Confocal+three+dimensional+tracking+of+a+single+nanoparticle+with+concurrent+spectroscopic+readouts.">Confocal three dimensional tracking of a single nanoparticle with concurrent spectroscopic readouts.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 88 (22), 223901 (2006).</li><li>Han, J. J., Kiss, C., Bradbury, A. R. M., Werner, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-Resolved,+Confocal+Single-Molecule+Tracking+of+Individual+Organic+Dyes+and+Fluorescent+Proteins+in+Three+Dimensions.">Time-Resolved, Confocal Single-Molecule Tracking of Individual Organic Dyes and Fluorescent Proteins in Three Dimensions.</a> ACS Nano. 6 (10), 8922-8932 (2012).</li><li>Wells, N. P., Lessard, G. A., Goodwin, P. M., Phipps, M. E., Cutler, P. J., Lidke, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time-Resolved+Three-Dimensional+Molecular+Tracking+in+Live+Cells.">Time-Resolved Three-Dimensional Molecular Tracking in Live Cells.</a> Nano Lett. 10 (11), 4732-4737 (2010).</li><li>Lessard, G. A., Goodwin, P. M., Werner, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+tracking+of+individual+quantum+dots.">Three-dimensional tracking of individual quantum dots.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 91 (22), (2007).</li><li>McHale, K., Mabuchi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intramolecular+Fluorescence+Correlation+Spectroscopy+in+a+Feedback+Tracking+Microscope.">Intramolecular Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy in a Feedback Tracking Microscope.</a> Biophys. J. 99 (1), 313-322 (2010).</li><li>McHale, K., Mabuchi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precise+Characterization+of+the+Conformation+Fluctuations+of+Freely+Diffusing+DNA:+Beyond+Rouse+and+Zimm.">Precise Characterization of the Conformation Fluctuations of Freely Diffusing DNA: Beyond Rouse and Zimm.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131 (49), 17901-17907 (2009).</li><li>McHale, K., Berglund, A. J., Mabuchi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantum+Dot+Photon+Statistics+Measured+by+Three-Dimensional+Particle+Tracking.">Quantum Dot Photon Statistics Measured by Three-Dimensional Particle Tracking.</a> Nano Lett. 7 (11), 3535-3539 (2007).</li><li>Juette, M. F., Bewersdorf, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-Dimensional+Tracking+of+Single+Fluorescent+Particles+with+Submillisecond+Temporal+Resolution.">Three-Dimensional Tracking of Single Fluorescent Particles with Submillisecond Temporal Resolution.</a> Nano Lett. 10 (11), 4657-4663 (2010).</li><li>Katayama, Y., Burkacky, O., Meyer, M., Br&#228;uchle, C., Gratton, E., Lamb, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-Time+Nanomicroscopy+via+Three-Dimensional+Single-Particle+Tracking.">Real-Time Nanomicroscopy via Three-Dimensional Single-Particle Tracking.</a> ChemPhysChem. 10 (14), 2458-2464 (2009).</li><li>Perillo, E. P., Liu, Y. -. L., Huynh, K., Liu, C., Chou, C. -. K., Hung, M. -. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+and+high-resolution+three-dimensional+tracking+of+single+particles+using+nonlinear+and+multiplexed+illumination.">Deep and high-resolution three-dimensional tracking of single particles using nonlinear and multiplexed illumination.</a> Nat Commun. 6, (2015).</li><li>Hou, S., Lang, X., Welsher, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robust+real-time+3D+single-particle+tracking+using+a+dynamically+moving+laser+spot.">Robust real-time 3D single-particle tracking using a dynamically moving laser spot.</a> Opt. Lett. 42 (12), 2390-2393 (2017).</li><li>Chenouard, N., Smal, I., de Chaumont, F., Maska, M., Sbalzarini, I. F., Gong, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Objective+comparison+of+particle+tracking+methods.">Objective comparison of particle tracking methods.</a> Nat Meth. 11 (3), 281-289 (2014).</li><li>Shechtman, Y., Weiss, L. E., Backer, A. S., Sahl, S. J., Moerner, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precise+3D+scan-free+multiple-particle+tracking+over+large+axial+ranges+with+Tetrapod+point+spread+functions.">Precise 3D scan-free multiple-particle tracking over large axial ranges with Tetrapod point spread functions.</a> Nano Lett. 15 (6), 4194-4199 (2015).</li><li>Lee, H. -. l. D., Sahl, S. J., Lew, M. D., Moerner, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+double-helix+microscope+super-resolves+extended+biological+structures+by+localizing+single+blinking+molecules+in+three+dimensions+with+nanoscale+precision.">The double-helix microscope super-resolves extended biological structures by localizing single blinking molecules in three dimensions with nanoscale precision.</a> Appl. Phys. Lett. 100 (15), 153701 (2012).</li><li>Pavani, S. R. P., Thompson, M. A., Biteen, J. S., Lord, S. J., Liu, N., Twieg, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional,+single-molecule+fluorescence+imaging+beyond+the+diffraction+limit+by+using+a+double-helix+point+spread+function.">Three-dimensional, single-molecule fluorescence imaging beyond the diffraction limit by using a double-helix point spread function.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (9), 2995-2999 (2009).</li><li>Sancataldo, G., Scipioni, L., Ravasenga, T., Lanzan&#242;, L., Diaspro, A., Barberis, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+multiple-particle+tracking+with+nanometric+precision+over+tunable+axial+ranges.">Three-dimensional multiple-particle tracking with nanometric precision over tunable axial ranges.</a> Optica. 4 (3), 367-373 (2017).</li><li>Balzarotti, F., Eilers, Y., Gwosch, K. C., Gynn&#229;, A. H., Westphal, V., Stefani, F. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanometer+resolution+imaging+and+tracking+of+fluorescent+molecules+with+minimal+photon+fluxes.">Nanometer resolution imaging and tracking of fluorescent molecules with minimal photon fluxes.</a> Science. 355 (6325), 606 (2017).</li><li>Duocastella, M., Theriault, C., Arnold, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+particle+tracking+via+tunable+color-encoded+multiplexing.">Three-dimensional particle tracking via tunable color-encoded multiplexing.</a> Opt. Lett. 41 (5), 863-866 (2016).</li><li>Duocastella, M., Sun, B., Arnold, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+imaging+of+multiple+focal+planes+for+three-dimensional+microscopy+using+ultra-high-speed+adaptive+optics.">Simultaneous imaging of multiple focal planes for three-dimensional microscopy using ultra-high-speed adaptive optics.</a> BIOMEDO. 17 (5), (2012).</li><li>Mermillod-Blondin, A., McLeod, E., Arnold, C. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-speed+varifocal+imaging+with+a+tunable+acoustic+gradient+index+of+refraction+lens.">High-speed varifocal imaging with a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lens.</a> Opt. Lett. 33 (18), 2146-2148 (2008).</li><li>Wang, Q., Moerner, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+strategy+for+trapping+single+fluorescent+molecules+in+solution+using+the+ABEL+trap.">Optimal strategy for trapping single fluorescent molecules in solution using the ABEL trap.</a> Appl. Phys. B. 99 (1), 23-30 (2010).</li><li>Fields, A. P., Cohen, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimal+tracking+of+a+Brownian+particle.">Optimal tracking of a Brownian particle.</a> Opt. Express. 20 (20), 22585-22601 (2012).</li><li>Thompson, R. E., Larson, D. R., Webb, W. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Precise+Nanometer+Localization+Analysis+for+Individual+Fluorescent+Probes.">Precise Nanometer Localization Analysis for Individual Fluorescent Probes.</a> Biophys. J. 82 (5), 2775-2783 (2002).</li></ol>

Även om många sorter av 3D enda partikel spårning metoder har dykt upp under de senaste åren, är robust realtidsspårning av hög hastighet 3D diffusion på låg fotonen räkna priser med en enkel inställning fortfarande en utmaning, vilket begränsar dess tillämpning på viktiga biologiska problem. 3D-DyPLoT metoden beskrivs i detta protokolladresser dessa utmaningar i en flera sätt. Först, excitation och upptäckt vägar förenklas avsevärt jämfört med andra implementeringar som gör anpassningen enkel och ...

Uppkomsten av avancerade bildgivande tekniker har öppnat ett fönster för att se allt mer detaljerad struktur av cellulära fenomen, ända ner till molekylnivå. Metoder såsom stokastiska optiska återuppbyggnad mikroskopi (STORM)1,2,3, Foto-aktiverat lokalisering mikroskopi (PALM)4,5,6,7 , strukturerade belysningen mikroskopi (SIM)8,9,10,11och stimulerat utsläpp utarmning mikroskopi (STED)12,13, 14 har gått långt utöver den diffraktionsgränsen att leverera oöverträffad detaljrikedom i struktur och funktion av levande celler. Fullständig förståelse av hur dessa system beter sig kräver dock dynamisk information samt strukturell information. De super-upplösning metoderna ovan innebära en kompromiss mellan rumslig upplösning och temporal upplösning, att begränsa den tidsmässiga precision som dynamiska processer kan bli utforskad. En metod som ger både hög rumsliga och temporal upplösning är RT-3D-SPT15,16,17,18,19,20, 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29. Här, vi göra en åtskillnad mellan traditionella 3D-SPT30 och RT-3D-sömlösa rör traditionell 3D-SPT kräver helt enkelt en tidsserie av tredimensionell bilddata (som kan förvärvas antingen med en confocal Mikroskop eller ett epifluorescensmikroskop ges rätt konfigurationen). I traditionella 3D-SPT bestäms koordinaterna för partikeln efter insamling av data genom att lokalisera partikeln i varje bildstapel och sammanfoga platserna i successiva volymer att skapa en bana. För dessa metoder bestäms den ultimata temporal upplösningen av den volymetriska imaging hastigheten. För confocal Mikroskop är detta enkelt på skalan av sekunder till tiotals sekunder. För epifluorescence metoder, vari den optiska vägen är manipulerad så att axiell platsinformation kan utvinnas, begränsas den temporal upplösningen kamera exponering eller avläsning tiden. Dessa epifluorescerande metoder är begränsade i intervallet över vilka axiella information kan samlas in, även om nyare framsteg i Fourier planet fas masker design och adaptiv optik är att utvidga dessa spänner till 10 µm eller mer31,32 , 33 , 34.
RT-3D-SPT förlitar sig däremot inte på att förvärva en 3D bildstapel och hitta partiklar i efterhand. Istället realtid platsinformation utvinns via enda punktdetektorer och feedback tillämpas effektivt ”låsa” partikeln i focal volymen av objektivets mål med hjälp av en highspeed piezoelektriska scenen. Detta tillåter kontinuerlig mätning av den partikelns position begränsas endast av hur många fotoner kan samlas. Dessutom kan denna metod spektrala förhör av partikel när den rör sig över långa spänner. RT-3D-SPT i kraft verk liknar en tvinga-fria optiska svällning för nanoskala objekt, vari partikeln kontinuerligt utforskad och mätas i realtid utan behov av stora laser befogenheter eller optiska styrkor. Med tanke på att RT-3D-SPT ger möjlighet att fortlöpande förhör av snabbt diffus objekt (upp till 20 µm2/s)25,29 i tre dimensioner låg fotonen räkna priser20,29, 35, bör det ge ett fönster in i snabb eller övergående biologiska processer såsom intracellulära frakttransporter, ligand-receptorbindning och enda virioner extracellulära dynamik. Dock till denna punkt, har tillämpningen av RT-3D-SPT begränsats till handfull grupper som arbetar för att främja denna teknik.
Ett hinder är komplexiteten i den optiska layout som krävs av RT-3D-SPT metoder, som är varierande. För de flesta metoder ges den optiska feedbacken av en piezoelektrisk scenen. Som gör små partikelförehavanden i X, Y, eller Z, avläsning från enda punktdetektorer konverteras till fel funktioner och utfodras på höghastighetståg till en piezoelektriska nanopositioner, som i sin tur flyttar provet att motverka den partikelns rörelse, effektivt låsa den på plats i förhållande till objektivet. Att mäta små positionella rörelser i X, Y och Z, antingen flera detektorer (4 eller 5 beroende på genomförandet)15,18,21 eller flera excitation ställen (2-4, lägre som kan tillämpas om en låsa in förstärkaren används för att extrahera X och Y-position med hjälp av en roterande laser spot)25,28 tillämpas. Överlappningen av dessa flera upptäckt och utsläpp fläckar göra systemen svårt att justera och underhålla.
Häri, presenterar vi en höghastighets mål-låst 3D-SPT metod med en förenklad optisk design som kallas 3D-DyPLoT29. 3D-DyPLoT använder en 2D-EOD och en TAG linsen36,37,38 dynamiskt flytta en fokuserad laser plats genom objektiva fokal volymen i hög hastighet (50 kHz XY, 70 kHz Z). Att kombinera laser fokus position och photon ankomsttid kan partikelns 3D-position att erhållas snabbt även vid låga fotonen räkna priser. Den 2D-EOD driver laser fokus i en riddares tur mönster39 med en kvadrat med storleken 1 x 1 µm i X-Y-planet och TAG linsen flyttas laser fokus i axiell riktning med en rad 2-4 µm. 3D partikel position erhålls med en optimerad position uppskattning algoritm29,40 i 3D. Kontroll av 3D dynamiskt rörliga laser plats, fotonen räkna från avalanche fotodiod (APD), realtid partikel ställning beräkningen, piezoelektriska scen feedback och dataregistrering utförs på en field programmable gate array (FPGA).I detta protokoll, vi beskriver hur man bygger en 3D-DyPLoT Mikroskop steg för steg, inklusive optisk justering, kalibrering med fasta partiklar, och slutligen gratis partikel spårning. Som en demonstration spårades 110 nm fluorescerande pärlor kontinuerligt i vatten för minuter i taget.
Den metod som beskrivs häri är ett idealiskt val för alla program där det är önskvärt att kontinuerligt övervaka en snabbrörliga fluorescerande sond vid låga ljusnivåer, inklusive virus, nanopartiklar och blåsor som endosomes. Till skillnad från tidigare metoder finns det bara en enda excitation och enda upptäckt väg, att göra justering och underhåll enkelt. Dessutom kan stort detekteringsområdet detta Mikroskop för att enkelt plocka upp snabbt sprida partiklar, medan förmågan att spåra på låga signalnivåer (ned till 10 kHz) gör denna metod idealisk för svagt ljus program29.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1075">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">2D Electro-optic Deflector&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ConOptics</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">M310A</td>
			<td style="width:541px;">2 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Power supply for EOD</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ConOptics</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">412</td>
			<td>Converts FPGA ouput to high voltage for EOD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">TAG&#160; Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">TAG Optics</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">TAG 2.0</td>
			<td>Used to deflect laser along axial direction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">XY piezoelectric nanopositioner</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">MadCity Labs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Nano-PDQ275HS</td>
			<td>Used for moving the sample to lock the particle in the objective focal volume in&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Z piezoelectric nanoposiitoner</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">MadCity Labs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Nano-OP65HS</td>
			<td>Used to move the objective lens to follow the diffusing particle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Micropositioner</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">MadCity Labs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MicroDrive</td>
			<td>Used to coarsely position sample and evaluate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Objective Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PlanApo</td>
			<td>High numerical aperture required for best sensitivity. 100X, 1.49 NA, M27, Zeiss</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">sCMOS camera</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">PCO</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">pco.edge 4.2</td>
			<td>Used to monitor the particle&#39;s position</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">APD</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Excelitas</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">SPCM-ARQH-15</td>
			<td>Lower dark counts beneficial</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Field programmable gate array</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">NI-7852r</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">LabVIEW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Tracking excitation laser</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">JDSU</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">FCD488-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AC254-150-A-ML</td>
			<td>L1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AC254-200-A-ML</td>
			<td>L2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Pinhole</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">P75S</td>
			<td>PH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Glan-Thompson Polarizer</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">GTH5-A</td>
			<td>GT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Half-wave plate</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">WPH05M-488</td>
			<td>WP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AC254-75-A-ML</td>
			<td>L3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AC254-250-A-ML</td>
			<td>L4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AC254-200-A-ML</td>
			<td>L5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AC254-200-A-ML</td>
			<td>L6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Dichroic Mirror</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">ZT405/488/561/640rpc</td>
			<td>DC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Fluorescence Emission Filter</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">D535/40m</td>
			<td>F</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">10/90 beamsplitter</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">21012</td>
			<td>BS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">190 nm fluorescent nanoparticles</td>
			<td>Bangs laboratories</td>
			<td>FC02F/9942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">110 nm fluorescent nanoparticles</td>
			<td>Bangs laboratories</td>
			<td>FC02F/10617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Coverslip</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-545A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Powermeter</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PM100D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">CMOS</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">DCC1545M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Iris</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">SM1D12D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Mad City Labs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">RM21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protocol for real-time 3d single particle tracking

Realtid tredimensionella enda partikel spårning (RT-3D-SPT) har potential att belysa snabb, 3D processer i cellulära system. Även om olika RT-3D-SPT metoder har föreslagits under de senaste åren, fortfarande spårning hög hastighet 3D sprida partiklar vid låg fotonen räkna priser en utmaning. Dessutom är RT-3D-SPT uppställningar i allmänhet komplexa och svåra att genomföra, att begränsa deras utbredd tillämpning på biologiska problem. Detta protokoll presenterar ett RT-3D-SPT-system som heter 3D dynamiska Photon lokalisering spårning (3D-DyPLoT), som kan spåra partiklar med hög diffus hastighet (upp till 20 µm2/s) vid låg fotonen räkna priser (ned till 10 kHz). 3D-DyPLoT sysselsätter en 2D Elektro-optisk deflektor (2D-EOD) och en avstämbara akustiska gradient (TAG) lins att köra en enda fokuserad laser plats dynamiskt i 3D. I kombination med en optimerad position uppskattning algoritm, kan 3D-DyPLoT låsa på enstaka partiklar med hög avläsningshastighet och hög lokalisering precision. På grund av den enda excitation och enda upptäckt sökväg layout är 3D-DyPLoT robust och lätt att ställa in. Detta protokoll diskuterar hur man bygger 3D-DyPLoT steg för steg. Först beskrivs den optiska layouten. Nästa, systemet är kalibrerad och optimerad av raster skanning en 190 nm fluorescerande pärla med den piezoelektriska nanopositioner. Slutligen, för att visa realtids-3D spårning förmåga, 110 nm fluorescerande pärlor spåras i vatten.

Fast partikel scanning (figur 4) och fritt diffuserande 110 nm fluorescerande partikel spårning (figur 5) utfördes efter protokollet ovan. Partikel skanning utfördes genom att flytta den piezoelektriska nanopositioner och bin fotoner medan samtidigt beräkna partikeln Beräknad position vid varje punkt i genomsökningen. Skannar bilden visar en kvadrat med jämn intensitet (figur 4a) och beräknad...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking

Detta protokolldetaljer byggande och drift av ett realtid 3D enda partikel spårning Mikroskop kan spårning nanoskala fluorescerande sonder på höga diffus hastigheter och låga fotonen räkna priser.

Ett protokoll för realtid 3D Single Particle Tracking

Real-time three-dimensional single particle tracking (RT-3D-SPT) has the potential to shed light on fast, 3D processes in cellular systems. Although ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to implement a real-time, 3D, single particle tracking microscope. The main advantage of this technique is that a single diffusing nano scale object can be monitored continuously with photon limited temporal resolution. This technique can help answer key questions in the field of virology, such as following a single virion through the entire infection process.Prepare the apparatus on an optical table. This setup is ready for calibration. Key components include a 488 nanometer solid state laser, two electro-optic deflectors that are along the beam's path, a tunable acoustic gradient lens, and a sample stage with micro and nano positioners.This schematic of the setup provides additional details. Here is the laser beam path to the sample stage. The electro-optic deflectors and the tunable acoustic lens are along the beam's path.These devices dynamically drive the laser spot at the sample stage. Photons from the sample are counted by an avalanche photo diode. A camera monitors the position of the particle.The position of the sample is set using micro and nano controllers. A field programmable gate array controls the laser spot, real-time particle position calculation, stage feedback, and photon counting. Two samples have to be prepared.The first, requires 190 nanometer fluorescent beads diluted in phosphate buffered saline. Use a cover slip to prepare a fixed particle sample. Place 400 microliters of the bead solution onto the cover slip.Now, produce the free moving particles sample. It requires 110 nanometer fluorescent beads diluted in water. Create a free moving particle sample by placing 400 microliters of the solution onto a cover slip.Take the fixed particle sample to the microscope to mount. The sample is on the XY nano positioner. Turn on the laser, the photo detector, the controllers for the beam line elements, and for the positioners.Run the Piezo nano positioner in a closed loop. Next, remove the fluorescence emission filter from in front of the photo detector. Then, vary the sample's z-position with the micro positioner.As the position varies, use the photo detector to monitor the intensity of the laser's reflection. Maximize the intensity to identify the focal plane of the objective lens. With the sample in the focal plane, replace the fluorescence emission filter.Now, work with the computer control software. Use custom software to raster scan the sample. First, set a large scanning range, the difference between start and finish.Here, the range is 10 micrometers in Y and 10 micrometers in X.Also, set a large step size in each direction. Here, 200 nanometers. Set both Z fields to the previously identified position of the focal plane.Pushing scan will start the Raster scan. Start the scan. The software drives the electro-optic deflectors in a night's tour, collects counts from the photo detector, drives the nano positioner, and performs position calculations.The scan will find a particle that is identifiable in the software through a plata fluorescence. For each site in the scan, the software will also determine estimates of the particle position in X and Y, relative to the center of the electro-object deflector scan. After finding the particle, shrink the scanning range around it to two micrometers in X and Y.Also, decrease the step size for both to 100 nanometers.Add a scan range in the Z direction of two micrometers to bracket the fluorescent focus. Set the Z step size to 200 nanometers. Start the 3D raster scan to find the fluorescent focus.The data produced from the scan show the focal plane before the tunable acoustic gradient lens is powered on. Move on to work with the tunable acoustic lens setting within its control software. First, click connect, then, power on.Go to the pulse and gating control section, change the output trigger mode from RGB to multi-plane. Then, change it back to RGB to allow changing the output phase. Use the sliders to set the output phase between zero degrees, 90 degrees, and 270 degrees.Next, go to the frequency control section. There, select a resonance frequency of 68, 500 hertz. Move to the top of the screen and click advanced.Then, choose the settings tab. On the new screen, find the maximum frequency of the zero column. Adjust it to change the frequency search range.Click, save calibration, then, exit calibration. Return to frequency controls and change the resonance frequency. Immediately change it back to 68, 500 hertz to have the calibration take effect.In the amplitude control section, use the slider to slowly raise the amplitude to 35%After this, click lock resonance. When the frequency is locked, click unlock resonance. Return to the raster scan software.Input two micrometer scanning ranges centered on the particle in X and Y.Use a step size of 100 nanometers. Center the particle in a four micrometer range in Z, with a step size of 200 nanometers. In the scanning image that results the region of illumination representing the particle is about one micrometer wide.Based on this, adjust the XY scale parameter so the estimated positions in X and Y range from negative 0.5 to 0.5 micrometers. After a similar procedure with the Z scale set the nano positioner to the zero position. Turn off the power to the nano positioner before continuing.Replace the fixed particle sample with the freely moving particle sample. Then, make sure all of the equipment is on. Run the Piezo nano positioner in open loop.At the computer, set the tunable acoustic gradient lens software as before. Remove the fluorescence emission filter from the path to the photo detector. Find the focal plane by varying the sample Z position and maximizing the intensity of laser reflection, from the cover slip.After finding the focal plane, increase the focus position 15 micrometers into the solution. Replace the fluorescence emission filter. Open the custom tracking software.Set the position estimation parameters to the values found during optimization. Now, set the integral control constants, which dictate the response speed of the nano positioner. Start with the X constant.Enter a low value and increase it slowly. When oscillations begin in the particle position read-out, note the value of the control constant. Reduce the integral control constant to about 70%of its value at the onset of oscillation.Repeat the steps with the Y and Z control constants. Set he trigger to start tracking the track threshold to three kilohertz. Set track minimum, the trigger to end tracking, at 1.5 kilohertz.Start the experiment by clicking search and then clicking auto track. This movie shows the result of using the three dimensional, dynamic photon localization tracking microscope to track the diffusive motion of a 110 nanometer fluorescent nano particle in water. The particle's position, measured using the position read-out of the nano positioner is shown on the 3D axes.The inset is the read-out of the scientific sea moss camera. It demonstrates that the particle is held, locked in the focal volume, by the tracking system. The particle was tracked and its position recorded for more than two minutes.Once mastered, this technique can be done in under 50 minutes, if the system is properly aligned, and the calibration parameters set. After its development, this technique will help researchers in the field of drug delivery explore the pathways of internalization and transport of cellular cargo. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to operate a zero-time, 3D single particle tracking microscope.

a-protocol-for-real-time-3d-single-particle-tracking

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

A Simple Hanging Drop Cell Culture Protocol for Generation of 3D Spheroids

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells within a tissue, however, are typically encased within a closely packed tissue mass in which cells establish intimate connections with many near-neighbors and with extracellular matrix components. Accordingly, the chemical milieu and physical forces experienced by cells within a 3D tissue are fundamentally different than those experienced by cells grown in monolayer culture. This has been shown to markedly impact cellular morphology and signaling. Several methods have been devised to generate 3D cell cultures including encapsulation of cells in collagen gels1or in biomaterial scaffolds2. Such methods, while useful, do not recapitulate the intimate direct cell-cell adhesion architecture found in normal tissues. Rather, they more closely approximate culture systems in which single cells are loosely dispersed within a 3D meshwork of ECM products. Here, we describe a simple method in which cells are placed in hanging drop culture and incubated under physiological conditions until they form true 3D spheroids in which cells are in direct contact with each other and with extracellular matrix components. The method requires no specialized equipment and can be adapted to include addition of any biological agent in very small quantities that may be of interest in elucidating effects on cell-cell or cell-ECM interaction. The method can also be used to co-culture two (or more) different cell populations so as to elucidate the role of cell-cell or cell-ECM interactions in specifying spatial relationships between cells. Cell-cell cohesion and cell-ECM adhesion are the cornerstones of studies of embryonic development, tumor-stromal cell interaction in malignant invasion, wound healing, and for applications to tissue engineering. This simple method will provide a means of generating tissue-like cellular aggregates for measurement of biomechanical properties or for molecular and biochemical analysis in a physiologically relevant model.

We describe a simple, rapid method of generating 3D tissue-like spheroids and their potential application to quantify differences in cell-cell interactions.

En enkel droppe cellodling protokoll för generering av 3D spheroids

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells ...

Longitudinal Measurement of Extracellular Matrix Rigidity in 3D Tumor Models Using Particle-tracking Microrheology

The mechanical microenvironment has been shown to act as a crucial regulator of tumor growth behavior and signaling, which is itself remodeled and modified as part of a set of complex, two-way mechanosensitive interactions. While the development of biologically-relevant 3D tumor models have facilitated mechanistic studies on the impact of matrix rheology on tumor growth, the inverse problem of mapping changes in the mechanical environment induced by tumors remains challenging. Here, we describe the implementation of particle-tracking microrheology (PTM) in conjunction with 3D models of pancreatic cancer as part of a robust and viable approach for longitudinally monitoring physical changes in the tumor microenvironment, in situ. The methodology described here integrates a system of preparing in vitro 3D models embedded in a model extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold of Type I collagen with fluorescently labeled probes uniformly distributed for position- and time-dependent microrheology measurements throughout the specimen. In vitro tumors are plated and probed in parallel conditions using multiwell imaging plates. Drawing on established methods, videos of tracer probe movements are transformed via the Generalized Stokes Einstein Relation (GSER) to report the complex frequency-dependent viscoelastic shear modulus, G*(&#969;). Because this approach is imaging-based, mechanical characterization is also mapped onto large transmitted-light spatial fields to simultaneously report qualitative changes in 3D tumor size and phenotype. Representative results showing contrasting mechanical response in sub-regions associated with localized invasion-induced matrix degradation as well as system calibration, validation data are presented. Undesirable outcomes from common experimental errors and troubleshooting of these issues are also presented. The 96-well 3D culture plating format implemented in this protocol is conducive to correlation of microrheology measurements with therapeutic screening assays or molecular imaging to gain new insights into impact of treatments or biochemical stimuli on the mechanical microenvironment.

Particle-tracking microrheology can be used to non-destructively quantify and spatially map changes in extracellular matrix mechanical properties in 3D tumor models.

Längsgående Mätning av extracellulär matrix Stelhet i 3D tumörmodeller Använda Partikel-tracking Microrheology

The mechanical microenvironment has been shown to act as a crucial regulator of tumor growth behavior and signaling, which is itself remodeled and ...

3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles

The objective of this video protocol is to discuss how to perform and analyze a three-dimensional fluorescent orbital particle tracking experiment using a modified two-photon microscope1. As opposed to conventional approaches (raster scan or wide field based on a stack of frames), the 3D orbital tracking allows to localize and follow with a high spatial (10 nm accuracy) and temporal resolution (50 Hz frequency response) the 3D displacement of a moving fluorescent particle on length-scales of hundreds of microns2. The method is based on a feedback algorithm that controls the hardware of a two-photon laser scanning microscope in order to perform a circular orbit around the object to be tracked: the feedback mechanism will maintain the fluorescent object in the center by controlling the displacement of the scanning beam3-5. To demonstrate the advantages of this technique, we followed a fast moving organelle, the lysosome, within a living cell6,7. Cells were plated according to standard protocols, and stained using a commercially lysosome dye. We discuss briefly the hardware configuration and in more detail the control software, to perform a 3D orbital tracking experiment inside living cells. We discuss in detail the parameters required in order to control the scanning microscope and enable the motion of the beam in a closed orbit around the particle. We conclude by demonstrating how this method can be effectively used to track the fast motion of a labeled lysosome along microtubules in 3D within a live cell. Lysosomes can move with speeds in the range of 0.4-0.5 &#181;m/sec, typically displaying a directed motion along the microtubule network8.

In this video protocol we track - at high speed and in three dimensions - fluorescently labeled lysosomes within living cells, using the orbital tracking method in a modified two-photon microscope.

3D Orbital Tracking i en modifierad Två-foton Mikroskop: En ansökan till spårning av intracellulära vesiklar

The objective of this video protocol is to discuss how to perform and analyze a three-dimensional fluorescent orbital particle tracking experiment using a ...

Ordering Single Cells and Single Embryos in 3D Confinement: A New Device for High Content Screening

Biological cells are usually observed on flat (2D) surfaces. This condition is not physiological, and phenotypes and shapes are highly variable. Screening based on cells in such environments have therefore serious limitations: cell organelles show extreme phenotypes, cell morphologies and sizes are heterogeneous and/or specific cell organelles cannot be properly visualized. In addition, cells in vivo are located in a 3D environment; in this situation, cells show different phenotypes mainly because of their interaction with the surrounding extracellular matrix of the tissue. In order to standardize and generate order of single cells in a physiologically-relevant 3D environment for cell-based assays, we report here the microfabrication and applications of a device for in vitro 3D cell culture. This device consists of a 2D array of microcavities (typically 105 cavities/cm2), each filled with single cells or embryos. Cell position, shape, polarity and internal cell organization become then normalized showing a 3D architecture. We used replica molding to pattern an array of microcavities, &#8216;eggcups&#8217;, onto a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer adhered on a coverslip. Cavities were covered with fibronectin to facilitate adhesion. Cells were inserted by centrifugation. Filling percentage was optimized for each system allowing up to 80%. Cells and embryos viability was confirmed. We applied this methodology for the visualization of cellular organelles, such as nucleus and Golgi apparatus, and to study active processes, such as the closure of the cytokinetic ring during cell mitosis. This device allowed the identification of new features, such as periodic accumulations and inhomogeneities of myosin and actin during the cytokinetic ring closure and compacted phenotypes for Golgi and nucleus alignment. We characterized the method for mammalian cells, fission yeast, budding yeast, C. elegans with specific adaptation in each case. Finally, the characteristics of this device make it particularly interesting for drug screening assays and personalized medicine.

We report a device and a new method to study cells and embryos. Single cells are precisely ordered in microcavity arrays. Their 3D confinement is a step towards 3D environments encountered in physiological conditions and allows organelle orientation. By controlling cell shape, this setup minimizes variability reported in standard assays.

Beställa enskilda celler och Single Embryon i 3D Förlossning: En ny enhet för hög halt Screening

Biological cells are usually observed on flat (2D) surfaces. This condition is not physiological, and phenotypes and shapes are highly variable. Screening ...

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

Bacterial cells are able to form surface-attached biofilm communities known as biofilms by encasing themselves in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS serves as a physical and protective scaffold that houses the bacterial cells and consists of a variety of materials that includes proteins, exopolysaccharides and DNA. The composition of the EPS may change, which remodels the mechanic properties of the biofilm to further develop or support alternative biofilm structures, such as streamers, as a response to environmental cues. Despite this, there are little quantitative descriptions on how EPS components contribute to the mechanical properties and function of biofilms. Rheology, the study of the flow of matter, is of particular relevance to biofilms as many biofilms grow in flow conditions and are constantly exposed to shear stress. It also provides measurement and insight on the spreading of the biofilm on a surface. Here, particle-tracking microrheology is used to examine the viscoelasticity and effective crosslinking roles of different matrix components in various parts of the biofilm during development. This approach allows researchers to measure mechanic properties of biofilms at the micro-scale, which might provide useful information for controlling and engineering biofilms.

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

Particle-tracking microrheology investigates the viscoelasticity of materials. Here, the technique is used to determine the viscoelasticity, creep compliance and effective crosslinking roles of different matrix components of a bacterial biofilm. The matrix consists of polymeric substances secreted by the bacteria and its components determine biofilm structure and mechanical properties.

In situ Kartläggning av de mekaniska egenskaperna hos Biofilmer av Partikel-tracking Microrheology

Bacterial cells are able to form surface-attached biofilm communities known as biofilms by encasing themselves in extracellular polymeric substances ...

Real Time Monitoring of Intracellular Bile Acid Dynamics Using a Genetically Encoded FRET-based Bile Acid Sensor

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) has become a powerful tool for monitoring protein folding, interaction and localization in single cells. Biosensors relying on the principle of FRET have enabled real-time visualization of subcellular signaling events in live cells with high temporal and spatial resolution. Here, we describe the application of a genetically encoded Bile Acid Sensor (BAS) that consists of two fluorophores fused to the farnesoid X receptor ligand binding domain (FXR-LBD), thereby forming a bile acid sensor that can be activated by a large number of bile acids species and other (synthetic) FXR ligands. This sensor can be targeted to different cellular compartments including the nucleus (NucleoBAS) and cytosol (CytoBAS) to measure bile acid concentrations locally. It allows rapid and simple quantitation of cellular bile acid influx, efflux and subcellular distribution of endogenous bile acids without the need for labeling with fluorescent tags or radionuclei. Furthermore, the BAS FRET sensors can be useful for monitoring FXR ligand binding. Finally, we show that this FRET biosensor can be combined with imaging of other spectrally distinct fluorophores. This allows for combined analysis of intracellular bile acid dynamics and i) localization and/or abundance of proteins of interest, or ii) intracellular signaling in a single cell.

We provide a detailed protocol to study bile acid dynamics in living cells using a genetically encoded BAS FRET sensor. This Bile Acid Sensor represents a unique tool to study (regulation of) bile acid transport and FXR activation in a wide range of cell types.

Realtidsövervakning av intracellulär Bile Acid Dynamics hjälp av en genetiskt kodad FRET-baserade Bile Acid Sensor

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) has become a powerful tool for monitoring protein folding, interaction and localization in single cells. ...

In Situ Microscopy for Real-time Determination of Single-cell Morphology in Bioprocesses

In situ monitoring in microbial bioprocesses is mostly restricted to chemical and physical properties of the medium (e.g.,pH value and the dissolved oxygen concentration). Nevertheless, the morphology of cells can be a suitable indicator for optimal conditions, since it changes with dependence on the growth state, product accumulation and cell stress. Furthermore, the single-cell size distribution provides not only information about the cultivation conditions, but also about the population heterogeneity. To gain such information, a photo-optical in situ microscopy device1 was developed to enable the monitoring of the single-cell size distribution directly in the cell suspension in bioreactors. An automated image analysis is coupled to the microscopy based on a neural network model, which is trained with user-annotated images. Several parameters, which are gained from the captures of the microscope, are correlated to process relevant features of the cells, like their metabolic activity. Until now, the presented in situ microscopy probe series was applied to measure the pellet size in filamentous fungi suspensions. It was used to distinguish the single-cell size in microalgae cultivation and relate it to lipid accumulation. The shape of cellular particles was related to budding in yeast cultures. The microscopy analysis can be generally split into three steps: (i) image acquisition, (ii) particle identification, and (iii) data analysis, respectively. All steps have to be adapted to the organism, and therefore specific annotated information is required in order to achieve reliable results. The ability to monitor changes in cell morphology directly in line or on line (in a by-pass) enables real-time values for monitoring and control, in process development as well as in production scale. If the off line data correlates with the real-time data, the current tedious off line measurements with unknown influences on the cell size become needless.

In Situ Microscopy for Real-time Determination of Single-cell Morphology in Bioprocesses

A photo-optical in situ microscopy device was developed to monitor the size of single cells directly in the cell suspension. The real-time measurement is conducted by coupling the photo-optical sterilizable probe to an automated image analysis. Morphological changes appear with dependence on the growth state and cultivation conditions.

In situ Mikroskopi för real tids bestämning av encellig morfologi i bioprocesser

In situ monitoring in microbial bioprocesses is mostly restricted to chemical and physical properties of the medium (e.g.,pH value and the dissolved ...

Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation

Here, we report the engineering of a solid-state micro pH sensor based on polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO-PA). Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide acts as the conducting layer and polyaniline acts as a pH-sensitive layer. The pH-dependent conductivity of polyaniline occurs by doping of holes during protonation and by the dedoping of holes during deprotonation. We found that an ERGO-PA solid-state electrode was not functional as such in fermentation processes. The electrochemically active species that the bacteria produce during the fermentation process interfere with the electrode response. We successfully applied Nafion as a proton-conducting layer over ERGO-PA. The Nafion-coated electrodes (ERGO-PA-NA) show a good sensitivity of 1.71 &#937;/pH (pH 4 - 9) for chemiresistive sensor measurements. We tested the ERGO-PA-NA electrode in real-time in the fermentation of Lactococcus lactis. During the growth of L. lactis, the pH of the medium changed from pH 7.2 to pH 4.8 and the resistance of the ERGO-PA-NA solid-state electrode changed from 294.5 &#937; to 288.6 &#937; (5.9 &#937; per 2.4 pH unit). The pH response of the ERGO-PA-NA electrode compared with the response of a conventional glass-based pH electrode shows that reference-less solid-state microsensor arrays operate successfully in a microbiological fermentation.

Here, we report the protocol for the fabrication of a Nafion-coated, polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide chemiresistive micro pH sensor. This chemiresistor-based, solid-state micro pH sensor can detect pH changes in real-time during a Lactococcus lactis fermentation process.

Tillverkning av en Nafion-belagd, minskad grafen oxid/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor för att övervaka pH i realtid under mikrobiell fermentering

Here, we report the engineering of a solid-state micro pH sensor based on polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO-PA). ...

Uptake of New Lipid-coated Nanoparticles Containing Falcarindiol by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Nanoparticles are the focus of an increased interest in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Lipid-coated nanoparticles are inspired in structure and size by low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) because cancer cells have an increased need for cholesterol to proliferate, and this has been exploited as a mechanism for delivering anticancer drugs to cancer cells. Moreover, depending on drug chemistry, encapsulating the drug can be advantageous to avoid degradation of the drug during circulation in vivo. Therefore, in this&#160;study, this design is used to fabricate lipid-coated nanoparticles of the anticancer drug falcarindiol, providing a potential new delivery system of falcarindiol in order to stabilize its chemical structure against degradation and improve its uptake by tumors. Falcarindiol nanoparticles, with a phospholipid and cholesterol monolayer encapsulating the purified drug core of the particle, were designed. The lipid monolayer coating consists of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol (Chol), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE PEG 2000) along with the fluorescent label DiI (molar ratios of 43:50:5:2). The nanoparticles are fabricated using the rapid injection method, which is a fast and simple technique to precipitate nanoparticles by good-solvent for anti-solvent exchange. It consists of a rapid injection of an ethanol solution containing the nanoparticle components into an aqueous phase. The size of the fluorescent nanoparticles is measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) at 74.1 &#177; 6.7 nm. The uptake of the nanoparticles is tested in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and imaged using fluorescence and confocal microscopy. The uptake of the nanoparticles is observed in hMSCs, suggesting the potential for such a stable drug delivery system for falcarindiol.

This article describes the encapsulation of falcarindiol in lipid-coated 74 nm nanoparticles. The cellular uptake of the nanoparticles&#160;by human stem cells into lipid droplets is monitored by fluorescent and confocal imaging. Nanoparticles are fabricated by the rapid injection method of solvent shifting, and their size is measured with the dynamic light scattering technique.

Upptag av nya Lipid-belagd nanopartiklar som innehåller Falcarindiol av humana mesenkymala stamceller

Nanoparticles are the focus of an increased interest in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Lipid-coated nanoparticles are inspired in structure and ...

Generation of Heterogeneous Drug Gradients Across Cancer Populations on a Microfluidic Evolution Accelerator for Real-Time Observation

Conventional cell culture remains the most frequently used preclinical model, despite its proven limited ability to predict clinical results in cancer. Microfluidic cancer-on-chip models have been proposed to bridge the gap between the oversimplified conventional 2D cultures and more complicated animal models, which have limited ability to produce reliable and reproducible quantitative results. Here, we present a microfluidic cancer-on-chip model that reproduces key components of a complex tumor microenvironment in a comprehensive manner, yet is simple enough to provide robust quantitative descriptions of cancer dynamics. This microfluidic cancer-on-chip model, the &#34;Evolution Accelerator,&#34; breaks down a large population of cancer cells into an interconnected array of tumor microenvironments while generating a heterogeneous chemotherapeutic stress landscape. The progression and the evolutionary dynamics of cancer in response to drug gradient can be monitored for weeks in real time, and numerous downstream experiments can be performed complementary to the time-lapse images taken through the course of the experiments.

We present a microfluidic cancer-on-chip model, the &#34;Evolution Accelerator&#34; technology, which provides a controllable platform for long-term real-time quantitative studies of cancer dynamics within well-defined environmental conditions at the single-cell level. This technology is expected to work as an in vitro model for fundamental research or pre-clinical drug development.

Generering av heterogena Läkemedelgradienter över cancer populationer på en Microfluidic evolution Accelerator för real tids observation

Conventional cell culture remains the most frequently used preclinical model, despite its proven limited ability to predict clinical results in cancer. ...