Name: a protocol for real-time 3d single particle tracking
Uploaded: 2018-01-03T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking at JoVE.com

Bu eser tarafından Ulusal Genel tıbbi Bilimler Enstitüsü Ulusal Sağlık Enstitüleri Ödülü numarası R35GM124868 altında ve Duke Üniversitesi tarafından desteklenmiştir.

1. Kur düzeni ve uyum
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	<li>Lazer yükleme ve kolimasyon izleme uyarma<ol>
		<li>Lazer optik tabloda bir ev inşa bağlama yoluyla yapıştırmayın. Montaj delikleri lazer baş ve optik tablo için montaj ile basit alüminyum plakadır. Lazer sıkıca istikrar ve ısı dağıtımı için metal bir takma iliştirilmesi gerekir. Dalga boyu belirli bir fluorophore uygun veya deneme için seçilmiş olsa bu iş için 488 nm katı hal lazer aydınlatma (şekil 1) için kullanın. Lazer da...

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3D tek parçacık yöntemleri izleme birçok çeşidi son yıllarda ortaya çıkan, yüksek hızlı 3D Difüzyon düşük foton sayısı hesaplı basit bir kurulum ile sağlam gerçek zamanlı izleme hala önemli biyolojik onun uygulamaya sınırlayan bir meydan okuma olsa da sorunları. 3D-DyPLoT yöntemi bu iletişim kuralı adreslerini bu sorunlar çeşitli yollarla nitelendirdi. İlk olarak, uyarma ve algılama yolları büyük ölçüde basit ve sağlam hizalama yapma diğer uygulamaları ile karşılaştırıldığ...

Gelişmiş görüntüleme teknikleri ortaya çıkması tüm yol aşağı moleküler seviyede hücresel olayların her zamankinden daha detaylı yapısını görmek için bir pencere açtı. Stokastik optik imar mikroskobu (fırtına)1,2,3, fotoğraf-harekete geçirmek yerelleştirme mikroskobu (PALM)4,5,6,7 gibi yöntemleri , yapılandırılmış aydınlatma mikroskobu (SIM)8,9,10,11ve uyarılmış emisyonu tükenmesi mikroskobu (STED)12,13, 14 kadar yapısı ve fonksiyonu canlı hücre benzersiz detay sunmak için kırınım sınırını aşan gitti. Ancak, nasıl bu sistemlerinden davranır tam anlayış dinamik bilgi hem de yapısal bilgi gerektirir. Yukarıda listelenen süper çözünürlük yöntemleri Uzaysal çözünürlük ve zamansal çözünürlük, hangi ile dinamik süreçler probed zamansal hassas sınırlama arasında bir denge içerir. Sağlar yüksek uzaysal duyarlık ve zamansal çözünürlük RT-3D-SPT15,16,17,18,19,20bir yöntem 21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29. Burada, bir ayrım çizmek arasında geleneksel 3D-SPT30 ve RT-3D-SPT. geleneksel 3D-SPT sadece (ve ya kullanarak confocal mikroskop ya da bir epifluorescence mikroskobu alınan üç boyutlu görüntü verilerini bir saat serisi gerektirir «««verilir) doğru yapılandırma. Geleneksel 3D SPT içinde parçacık koordinatlarını veri toplama sonra parçacık her görüntü yığınında bulma ve art arda gelen birimler yerlerde birleştirerek oluşan bir yörünge oluşturmak için belirler. Bu yöntemler için nihai zamansal çözünürlük hacimsel görüntüleme hızı tarafından belirlenir. Kolayca saniye saniye onlarca ölçekte bu confocal mikroskoplar için. Neyin Aksiyel konum bilgileri elde edilebilir böylece optik yol manipüle, epifluorescence yöntemleri için zamansal çözünürlük fotoğraf makinesi Pozlama veya okuma zaman sınırlıdır. Bu epifluorescent yöntemler üzerinde eksenel bilgiler toplanabilir aralığında sınırlıdır, Fourier uçak aşamasında son ilerleme maskeleri rağmen tasarım ve adaptif optik uzanan bu aralıklar 10 µm veya daha fazla31,32 , 33 , 34.
Buna ek olarak, RT-3D-SPT bir 3D görüntü yığını edinme ve parçacıklar aslında sonra bulma dayanmaz. Bunun yerine, gerçek zamanlı konum bilgileri tek nokta dedektörleri ile elde edilir ve geri bildirim için etkili bir şekilde "kullanımı ile bir yüksek hızlı piezoelektrik sahne objektif lens odak hacmine parçacık kilit" uygulanır. Bu parçacığın konum sınırlı sürekli ölçümü sadece kaç fotonlar toplanabilir tarafından sağlar. Ayrıca, uzun aralıklarında hareket ederken bu yöntem parçacık spektral sorgulama sağlar. RT-3D-SPT etkin inşaat benzer-e doğru neyin parçacık sürekli probed ve büyük lazer gücü gerek kalmadan gerçek zamanlı veya optik ölçülen Nano nesneleri, kuvvet-Alerjik optik tuzak zorlar. Verilen bu RT-3D-SPT hızlı diffusive nesneleri (ilâ 20 µm2/s)25,29 düşük foton sayısı oranları20,29üç boyutlu olarak sürekli sorgulama için bir araç sağlar, 35, bunu sağlamak bir pencere içine hızlı veya geçici biyolojik süreçlerin hücre içi kargo taşımacılığı, ligand-reseptör bağlama ve tek virions ekstrasellüler dinamikleri gibi. Ancak, şu ana kadar RT-3D-SPT uygulanması bu teknoloji ilerlemek için çalışma grupları avuç sınırlı olmuştur.
Çeşitlidir RT-3D-SPT yöntemler tarafından gerekli optik düzen karmaşıklığı bir engeldir. En yöntemleri için optik görüş piezoelektrik bir sahne ile sağlanır. İçinde X, Y veya Z, dökümanları tek nokta dedektörleri üzerinden hata işlevleri için dönüştürülür ve de beslenen parçacık yapar küçük hareketleri olarak piezoelektrik nanopositioner için yüksek hızlı içinde açmak parçacığın hareketi, etkili bir şekilde karşı koymak için örnek taşır yerde objektif lens göreli kilitleme. X, küçük pozisyonel hareketleri ölçmek için Y ve Z, birden çok Dedektörler (4 veya 5 uygulama bağlı olarak)15,18,21 ya da birden çok uyarma noktalar (2-4, hangi daha düşük eğer uygulanabilir bir amplifikatör kilit-in X ayıklamak için kullanılır ve bir döner kullanarak Y konumunu lazer nokta)25,28 uygulanır. Bu birden fazla algılama ve emisyon noktalarından örtüşme sistemleri hizalayın ve korumak zor yapmak.
Burada, biz 3D-DyPLoT29denen bir basitleştirilmiş optik tasarımı ile yüksek hızlı hedefe kitlendik 3D-SPT yöntemi mevcut. 3D-DyPLoT dinamik olarak odaklı lazer nokta yüksek bir oranı (50 kHz XY, 70 kHz Z) objektif odak seste aracılığıyla taşımak için bir 2D EOD ve etiket objektif36,37,38 kullanır. Lazer odak konumu ve foton varış saati birleştiren parçacığın 3B konumlandırma hızla bile düşük foton sayısı oranları elde edilecek sağlar. 1 x 1 µm X-Y düzlemde bir kare boyutu ile bir şövalyenin Tur Model39 ' lazer odak 2D EOD sürücüler ve etiket objektif lazer odak aralığı 2-4 µm ile eksenel yönde hareket eder. 3D parçacık pozisyon bir en iyi duruma getirilmiş konum tahmin algoritması29,40 3D ile elde edilir. Çığ fotodiyot (APD), gerçek zamanlı parçacık pozisyonu hesaplama, piezoelektrik sahne geri bildirim ve veri kayıt sayma 3D dinamik olarak hareketli lazer nokta, foton kontrolünü bir alan programmable gate array (FPGA) yapılmaktadır.Bu iletişim kuralı, biz 3D-DyPLoT mikroskop optik uyum, kalibrasyon ile sabit parçacıklar, dahil olmak üzere adım adım inşa etmek nasıl açıklar ve nihayet parçacık izleme ücretsiz. Bir gösteri 110 nm floresan boncuk sürekli suda dakika bir anda için takip.
Burada açıklanan yöntemi nerede sürekli virüsler, nano tanecikleri ve veziküller gibi endosomes gibi düşük seviyelerde hafif, hızlı hareket eden floresan sonda izlemek için istenen herhangi bir uygulama için ideal bir seçim var. Önceki yöntemler aksine, yalnızca bir tek uyarma ve tek algılama yolu, hizalama ve bakım basit yapma işte. Ayrıca, kolayca düşük sinyal seviyeleri (aşağı 10 kHz), izleme özelliği bu yöntem düşük ışık uygulamaları29için ideal yapar iken hızlı parçacıklar, difüzyon kadar almak bu mikroskop büyük algılama alanı sağlar.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1075">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">2D Electro-optic Deflector&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ConOptics</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">M310A</td>
			<td style="width:541px;">2 required</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Power supply for EOD</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ConOptics</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">412</td>
			<td>Converts FPGA ouput to high voltage for EOD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">TAG&#160; Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">TAG Optics</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">TAG 2.0</td>
			<td>Used to deflect laser along axial direction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">XY piezoelectric nanopositioner</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">MadCity Labs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Nano-PDQ275HS</td>
			<td>Used for moving the sample to lock the particle in the objective focal volume in&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Z piezoelectric nanoposiitoner</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">MadCity Labs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">Nano-OP65HS</td>
			<td>Used to move the objective lens to follow the diffusing particle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Micropositioner</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">MadCity Labs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">MicroDrive</td>
			<td>Used to coarsely position sample and evaluate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Objective Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PlanApo</td>
			<td>High numerical aperture required for best sensitivity. 100X, 1.49 NA, M27, Zeiss</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">sCMOS camera</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">PCO</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">pco.edge 4.2</td>
			<td>Used to monitor the particle&#39;s position</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">APD</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Excelitas</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">SPCM-ARQH-15</td>
			<td>Lower dark counts beneficial</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Field programmable gate array</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">NI-7852r</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Software</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">National Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">LabVIEW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Tracking excitation laser</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">JDSU</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">FCD488-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AC254-150-A-ML</td>
			<td>L1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AC254-200-A-ML</td>
			<td>L2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Pinhole</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">P75S</td>
			<td>PH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Glan-Thompson Polarizer</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">GTH5-A</td>
			<td>GT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Half-wave plate</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">WPH05M-488</td>
			<td>WP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AC254-75-A-ML</td>
			<td>L3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AC254-250-A-ML</td>
			<td>L4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AC254-200-A-ML</td>
			<td>L5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lens</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">AC254-200-A-ML</td>
			<td>L6</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Dichroic Mirror</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">ZT405/488/561/640rpc</td>
			<td>DC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Fluorescence Emission Filter</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">D535/40m</td>
			<td>F</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">10/90 beamsplitter</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">21012</td>
			<td>BS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">190 nm fluorescent nanoparticles</td>
			<td>Bangs laboratories</td>
			<td>FC02F/9942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">110 nm fluorescent nanoparticles</td>
			<td>Bangs laboratories</td>
			<td>FC02F/10617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Coverslip</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12-545A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Powermeter</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">PM100D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">CMOS</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">DCC1545M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Iris</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Thorlabs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">SM1D12D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:145px;">Mad City Labs</td>
			<td style="width:160px;">RM21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a protocol for real-time 3d single particle tracking

Gerçek zamanlı üç boyutlu tek parçacık (RT-3D-SPT) izleme hücresel sistemlerinde hızlı, 3D işlemler ışık potansiyeline sahiptir. Her ne kadar son yıllarda çeşitli RT-3D-SPT yöntemler ileri koymak, yüksek hızlı izleme düşük foton sayısı oranları parçacıklar Difüzyon 3D bir meydan kalır. Ayrıca, RT-3D-SPT kurulumları genellikle biyolojik ilgili sorunların yaygın uygulama sınırlama uygulamak, zor ve karmaşık. Bu iletişim kuralı düşük foton sayısı hesaplı (aşağı 10 kHz) 3D dinamik foton yerelleştirme hangi parçacıklar (en fazla 20 µm2/s) yüksek diffusive hız ile izleyebilirsiniz izleme (3D-DyPLoT), adlı bir RT-3D-SPT sistemi sunar. Akort akustik degrade (TAG) objektif bir tek odaklı sürücü lazer nokta dinamik olarak 3D ve 3D-DyPLoT bir 2D elektro-optik saptırıcı (2D-EOD) istihdam. Bir en iyi duruma getirilmiş konum tahmin algoritması ile birlikte, 3D-DyPLoT yüksek izleme hız ve yüksek yerelleştirme hassasiyet ile tek parçacıklar üzerine kilitleyebilirsiniz. Tek uyarma ve tek algılama yol yerleşim nedeniyle, 3D-DyPLoT sağlam ve kurulumu kolay. Bu iletişim kuralı, 3D-DyPLoT adım adım inşa anlatılmaktadır. İlk olarak, optik düzen açıklanmıştır. Ardından, sistemi kalibre edilmiş ve 190 nm floresan boncuk piezoelektrik nanopositioner ile tarama raster tarafından optimize edilmiştir. Son olarak, gerçek zamanlı 3D yetenek izleme göstermek için 110 nm floresan boncuk suda izlenir.

Sabit parçacık (şekil 4) tarama ve izleme serbestçe akışkanın 110 nm floresan parçacık (şekil 5) Yukarıdaki protokol sonrası yapıldı. Parçacık tarama tarama, her bir noktada pozisyon aynı anda parçacığın hesaplama tahmini piezoelektrik nanopositioner ve depo gözü fotonlar hareket tarafından gerçekleştirildi. Bir kare bile yoğunluk (şekil 4a) tarama görüntü gösterir ve ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking at JoVE.com

A Protocol for Real-time 3D Single Particle Tracking

İnşaat ve gerçek zamanlı 3D tek parçacık izleme mikroskop izleme Nano floresan yetenekli probları yüksek diffusive hızları ve düşük foton sayısı oranları bu protokolü ayrıntıları.

Gerçek zamanlı 3D tek parçacık izleme için bir iletişim kuralı

Real-time three-dimensional single particle tracking (RT-3D-SPT) has the potential to shed light on fast, 3D processes in cellular systems. Although ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to implement a real-time, 3D, single particle tracking microscope. The main advantage of this technique is that a single diffusing nano scale object can be monitored continuously with photon limited temporal resolution. This technique can help answer key questions in the field of virology, such as following a single virion through the entire infection process.Prepare the apparatus on an optical table. This setup is ready for calibration. Key components include a 488 nanometer solid state laser, two electro-optic deflectors that are along the beam's path, a tunable acoustic gradient lens, and a sample stage with micro and nano positioners.This schematic of the setup provides additional details. Here is the laser beam path to the sample stage. The electro-optic deflectors and the tunable acoustic lens are along the beam's path.These devices dynamically drive the laser spot at the sample stage. Photons from the sample are counted by an avalanche photo diode. A camera monitors the position of the particle.The position of the sample is set using micro and nano controllers. A field programmable gate array controls the laser spot, real-time particle position calculation, stage feedback, and photon counting. Two samples have to be prepared.The first, requires 190 nanometer fluorescent beads diluted in phosphate buffered saline. Use a cover slip to prepare a fixed particle sample. Place 400 microliters of the bead solution onto the cover slip.Now, produce the free moving particles sample. It requires 110 nanometer fluorescent beads diluted in water. Create a free moving particle sample by placing 400 microliters of the solution onto a cover slip.Take the fixed particle sample to the microscope to mount. The sample is on the XY nano positioner. Turn on the laser, the photo detector, the controllers for the beam line elements, and for the positioners.Run the Piezo nano positioner in a closed loop. Next, remove the fluorescence emission filter from in front of the photo detector. Then, vary the sample's z-position with the micro positioner.As the position varies, use the photo detector to monitor the intensity of the laser's reflection. Maximize the intensity to identify the focal plane of the objective lens. With the sample in the focal plane, replace the fluorescence emission filter.Now, work with the computer control software. Use custom software to raster scan the sample. First, set a large scanning range, the difference between start and finish.Here, the range is 10 micrometers in Y and 10 micrometers in X.Also, set a large step size in each direction. Here, 200 nanometers. Set both Z fields to the previously identified position of the focal plane.Pushing scan will start the Raster scan. Start the scan. The software drives the electro-optic deflectors in a night's tour, collects counts from the photo detector, drives the nano positioner, and performs position calculations.The scan will find a particle that is identifiable in the software through a plata fluorescence. For each site in the scan, the software will also determine estimates of the particle position in X and Y, relative to the center of the electro-object deflector scan. After finding the particle, shrink the scanning range around it to two micrometers in X and Y.Also, decrease the step size for both to 100 nanometers.Add a scan range in the Z direction of two micrometers to bracket the fluorescent focus. Set the Z step size to 200 nanometers. Start the 3D raster scan to find the fluorescent focus.The data produced from the scan show the focal plane before the tunable acoustic gradient lens is powered on. Move on to work with the tunable acoustic lens setting within its control software. First, click connect, then, power on.Go to the pulse and gating control section, change the output trigger mode from RGB to multi-plane. Then, change it back to RGB to allow changing the output phase. Use the sliders to set the output phase between zero degrees, 90 degrees, and 270 degrees.Next, go to the frequency control section. There, select a resonance frequency of 68, 500 hertz. Move to the top of the screen and click advanced.Then, choose the settings tab. On the new screen, find the maximum frequency of the zero column. Adjust it to change the frequency search range.Click, save calibration, then, exit calibration. Return to frequency controls and change the resonance frequency. Immediately change it back to 68, 500 hertz to have the calibration take effect.In the amplitude control section, use the slider to slowly raise the amplitude to 35%After this, click lock resonance. When the frequency is locked, click unlock resonance. Return to the raster scan software.Input two micrometer scanning ranges centered on the particle in X and Y.Use a step size of 100 nanometers. Center the particle in a four micrometer range in Z, with a step size of 200 nanometers. In the scanning image that results the region of illumination representing the particle is about one micrometer wide.Based on this, adjust the XY scale parameter so the estimated positions in X and Y range from negative 0.5 to 0.5 micrometers. After a similar procedure with the Z scale set the nano positioner to the zero position. Turn off the power to the nano positioner before continuing.Replace the fixed particle sample with the freely moving particle sample. Then, make sure all of the equipment is on. Run the Piezo nano positioner in open loop.At the computer, set the tunable acoustic gradient lens software as before. Remove the fluorescence emission filter from the path to the photo detector. Find the focal plane by varying the sample Z position and maximizing the intensity of laser reflection, from the cover slip.After finding the focal plane, increase the focus position 15 micrometers into the solution. Replace the fluorescence emission filter. Open the custom tracking software.Set the position estimation parameters to the values found during optimization. Now, set the integral control constants, which dictate the response speed of the nano positioner. Start with the X constant.Enter a low value and increase it slowly. When oscillations begin in the particle position read-out, note the value of the control constant. Reduce the integral control constant to about 70%of its value at the onset of oscillation.Repeat the steps with the Y and Z control constants. Set he trigger to start tracking the track threshold to three kilohertz. Set track minimum, the trigger to end tracking, at 1.5 kilohertz.Start the experiment by clicking search and then clicking auto track. This movie shows the result of using the three dimensional, dynamic photon localization tracking microscope to track the diffusive motion of a 110 nanometer fluorescent nano particle in water. The particle's position, measured using the position read-out of the nano positioner is shown on the 3D axes.The inset is the read-out of the scientific sea moss camera. It demonstrates that the particle is held, locked in the focal volume, by the tracking system. The particle was tracked and its position recorded for more than two minutes.Once mastered, this technique can be done in under 50 minutes, if the system is properly aligned, and the calibration parameters set. After its development, this technique will help researchers in the field of drug delivery explore the pathways of internalization and transport of cellular cargo. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to operate a zero-time, 3D single particle tracking microscope.

a-protocol-for-real-time-3d-single-particle-tracking

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

A Simple Hanging Drop Cell Culture Protocol for Generation of 3D Spheroids

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells within a tissue, however, are typically encased within a closely packed tissue mass in which cells establish intimate connections with many near-neighbors and with extracellular matrix components. Accordingly, the chemical milieu and physical forces experienced by cells within a 3D tissue are fundamentally different than those experienced by cells grown in monolayer culture. This has been shown to markedly impact cellular morphology and signaling. Several methods have been devised to generate 3D cell cultures including encapsulation of cells in collagen gels1or in biomaterial scaffolds2. Such methods, while useful, do not recapitulate the intimate direct cell-cell adhesion architecture found in normal tissues. Rather, they more closely approximate culture systems in which single cells are loosely dispersed within a 3D meshwork of ECM products. Here, we describe a simple method in which cells are placed in hanging drop culture and incubated under physiological conditions until they form true 3D spheroids in which cells are in direct contact with each other and with extracellular matrix components. The method requires no specialized equipment and can be adapted to include addition of any biological agent in very small quantities that may be of interest in elucidating effects on cell-cell or cell-ECM interaction. The method can also be used to co-culture two (or more) different cell populations so as to elucidate the role of cell-cell or cell-ECM interactions in specifying spatial relationships between cells. Cell-cell cohesion and cell-ECM adhesion are the cornerstones of studies of embryonic development, tumor-stromal cell interaction in malignant invasion, wound healing, and for applications to tissue engineering. This simple method will provide a means of generating tissue-like cellular aggregates for measurement of biomechanical properties or for molecular and biochemical analysis in a physiologically relevant model.

We describe a simple, rapid method of generating 3D tissue-like spheroids and their potential application to quantify differences in cell-cell interactions.

3D parçacıklarının Üretimi için Basit Asma Bırak Hücre Kültürü Protokolü

Studies of cell-cell cohesion and cell-substratum adhesion have historically been performed on monolayer cultures adherent to rigid substrates. Cells ...

Biyomühendislik

Longitudinal Measurement of Extracellular Matrix Rigidity in 3D Tumor Models Using Particle-tracking Microrheology

The mechanical microenvironment has been shown to act as a crucial regulator of tumor growth behavior and signaling, which is itself remodeled and modified as part of a set of complex, two-way mechanosensitive interactions. While the development of biologically-relevant 3D tumor models have facilitated mechanistic studies on the impact of matrix rheology on tumor growth, the inverse problem of mapping changes in the mechanical environment induced by tumors remains challenging. Here, we describe the implementation of particle-tracking microrheology (PTM) in conjunction with 3D models of pancreatic cancer as part of a robust and viable approach for longitudinally monitoring physical changes in the tumor microenvironment, in situ. The methodology described here integrates a system of preparing in vitro 3D models embedded in a model extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold of Type I collagen with fluorescently labeled probes uniformly distributed for position- and time-dependent microrheology measurements throughout the specimen. In vitro tumors are plated and probed in parallel conditions using multiwell imaging plates. Drawing on established methods, videos of tracer probe movements are transformed via the Generalized Stokes Einstein Relation (GSER) to report the complex frequency-dependent viscoelastic shear modulus, G*(&#969;). Because this approach is imaging-based, mechanical characterization is also mapped onto large transmitted-light spatial fields to simultaneously report qualitative changes in 3D tumor size and phenotype. Representative results showing contrasting mechanical response in sub-regions associated with localized invasion-induced matrix degradation as well as system calibration, validation data are presented. Undesirable outcomes from common experimental errors and troubleshooting of these issues are also presented. The 96-well 3D culture plating format implemented in this protocol is conducive to correlation of microrheology measurements with therapeutic screening assays or molecular imaging to gain new insights into impact of treatments or biochemical stimuli on the mechanical microenvironment.

Particle-tracking microrheology can be used to non-destructively quantify and spatially map changes in extracellular matrix mechanical properties in 3D tumor models.

Partikül izleme Microrheology kullanarak 3D Tümör Modelleri Ekstrasellüler Matriks Rijitliğinin Boyuna Ölçümü

The mechanical microenvironment has been shown to act as a crucial regulator of tumor growth behavior and signaling, which is itself remodeled and ...

3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles

The objective of this video protocol is to discuss how to perform and analyze a three-dimensional fluorescent orbital particle tracking experiment using a modified two-photon microscope1. As opposed to conventional approaches (raster scan or wide field based on a stack of frames), the 3D orbital tracking allows to localize and follow with a high spatial (10 nm accuracy) and temporal resolution (50 Hz frequency response) the 3D displacement of a moving fluorescent particle on length-scales of hundreds of microns2. The method is based on a feedback algorithm that controls the hardware of a two-photon laser scanning microscope in order to perform a circular orbit around the object to be tracked: the feedback mechanism will maintain the fluorescent object in the center by controlling the displacement of the scanning beam3-5. To demonstrate the advantages of this technique, we followed a fast moving organelle, the lysosome, within a living cell6,7. Cells were plated according to standard protocols, and stained using a commercially lysosome dye. We discuss briefly the hardware configuration and in more detail the control software, to perform a 3D orbital tracking experiment inside living cells. We discuss in detail the parameters required in order to control the scanning microscope and enable the motion of the beam in a closed orbit around the particle. We conclude by demonstrating how this method can be effectively used to track the fast motion of a labeled lysosome along microtubules in 3D within a live cell. Lysosomes can move with speeds in the range of 0.4-0.5 &#181;m/sec, typically displaying a directed motion along the microtubule network8.

In this video protocol we track - at high speed and in three dimensions - fluorescently labeled lysosomes within living cells, using the orbital tracking method in a modified two-photon microscope.

Modifiye İki foton mikroskop 3D Orbital Takip: Hücre içi veziküllerin İzlemeye Bir Uygulama

The objective of this video protocol is to discuss how to perform and analyze a three-dimensional fluorescent orbital particle tracking experiment using a ...

Ordering Single Cells and Single Embryos in 3D Confinement: A New Device for High Content Screening

Biological cells are usually observed on flat (2D) surfaces. This condition is not physiological, and phenotypes and shapes are highly variable. Screening based on cells in such environments have therefore serious limitations: cell organelles show extreme phenotypes, cell morphologies and sizes are heterogeneous and/or specific cell organelles cannot be properly visualized. In addition, cells in vivo are located in a 3D environment; in this situation, cells show different phenotypes mainly because of their interaction with the surrounding extracellular matrix of the tissue. In order to standardize and generate order of single cells in a physiologically-relevant 3D environment for cell-based assays, we report here the microfabrication and applications of a device for in vitro 3D cell culture. This device consists of a 2D array of microcavities (typically 105 cavities/cm2), each filled with single cells or embryos. Cell position, shape, polarity and internal cell organization become then normalized showing a 3D architecture. We used replica molding to pattern an array of microcavities, &#8216;eggcups&#8217;, onto a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer adhered on a coverslip. Cavities were covered with fibronectin to facilitate adhesion. Cells were inserted by centrifugation. Filling percentage was optimized for each system allowing up to 80%. Cells and embryos viability was confirmed. We applied this methodology for the visualization of cellular organelles, such as nucleus and Golgi apparatus, and to study active processes, such as the closure of the cytokinetic ring during cell mitosis. This device allowed the identification of new features, such as periodic accumulations and inhomogeneities of myosin and actin during the cytokinetic ring closure and compacted phenotypes for Golgi and nucleus alignment. We characterized the method for mammalian cells, fission yeast, budding yeast, C. elegans with specific adaptation in each case. Finally, the characteristics of this device make it particularly interesting for drug screening assays and personalized medicine.

We report a device and a new method to study cells and embryos. Single cells are precisely ordered in microcavity arrays. Their 3D confinement is a step towards 3D environments encountered in physiological conditions and allows organelle orientation. By controlling cell shape, this setup minimizes variability reported in standard assays.

Tek Hücreleri ve 3D Sınırlaması Tek Embriyolar Sipariş: Yüksek İçerik Tarama için Yeni Bir Cihaz

Biological cells are usually observed on flat (2D) surfaces. This condition is not physiological, and phenotypes and shapes are highly variable. Screening ...

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

Bacterial cells are able to form surface-attached biofilm communities known as biofilms by encasing themselves in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The EPS serves as a physical and protective scaffold that houses the bacterial cells and consists of a variety of materials that includes proteins, exopolysaccharides and DNA. The composition of the EPS may change, which remodels the mechanic properties of the biofilm to further develop or support alternative biofilm structures, such as streamers, as a response to environmental cues. Despite this, there are little quantitative descriptions on how EPS components contribute to the mechanical properties and function of biofilms. Rheology, the study of the flow of matter, is of particular relevance to biofilms as many biofilms grow in flow conditions and are constantly exposed to shear stress. It also provides measurement and insight on the spreading of the biofilm on a surface. Here, particle-tracking microrheology is used to examine the viscoelasticity and effective crosslinking roles of different matrix components in various parts of the biofilm during development. This approach allows researchers to measure mechanic properties of biofilms at the micro-scale, which might provide useful information for controlling and engineering biofilms.

In Situ Mapping of the Mechanical Properties of Biofilms by Particle-tracking Microrheology

Particle-tracking microrheology investigates the viscoelasticity of materials. Here, the technique is used to determine the viscoelasticity, creep compliance and effective crosslinking roles of different matrix components of a bacterial biofilm. The matrix consists of polymeric substances secreted by the bacteria and its components determine biofilm structure and mechanical properties.

Parçacık izleme Microrheology tarafından Biyofilmler Mekanik Özelliklerinin Yerinde Haritalama

Bacterial cells are able to form surface-attached biofilm communities known as biofilms by encasing themselves in extracellular polymeric substances ...

Real Time Monitoring of Intracellular Bile Acid Dynamics Using a Genetically Encoded FRET-based Bile Acid Sensor

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) has become a powerful tool for monitoring protein folding, interaction and localization in single cells. Biosensors relying on the principle of FRET have enabled real-time visualization of subcellular signaling events in live cells with high temporal and spatial resolution. Here, we describe the application of a genetically encoded Bile Acid Sensor (BAS) that consists of two fluorophores fused to the farnesoid X receptor ligand binding domain (FXR-LBD), thereby forming a bile acid sensor that can be activated by a large number of bile acids species and other (synthetic) FXR ligands. This sensor can be targeted to different cellular compartments including the nucleus (NucleoBAS) and cytosol (CytoBAS) to measure bile acid concentrations locally. It allows rapid and simple quantitation of cellular bile acid influx, efflux and subcellular distribution of endogenous bile acids without the need for labeling with fluorescent tags or radionuclei. Furthermore, the BAS FRET sensors can be useful for monitoring FXR ligand binding. Finally, we show that this FRET biosensor can be combined with imaging of other spectrally distinct fluorophores. This allows for combined analysis of intracellular bile acid dynamics and i) localization and/or abundance of proteins of interest, or ii) intracellular signaling in a single cell.

We provide a detailed protocol to study bile acid dynamics in living cells using a genetically encoded BAS FRET sensor. This Bile Acid Sensor represents a unique tool to study (regulation of) bile acid transport and FXR activation in a wide range of cell types.

Genetik olarak kodlanmış FRET tabanlı Safra Asit Sensor Kullanımı Hücre içi Safra Asit Dynamics Gerçek Zamanlı İzleme

F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) has become a powerful tool for monitoring protein folding, interaction and localization in single cells. ...

In Situ Microscopy for Real-time Determination of Single-cell Morphology in Bioprocesses

In situ monitoring in microbial bioprocesses is mostly restricted to chemical and physical properties of the medium (e.g.,pH value and the dissolved oxygen concentration). Nevertheless, the morphology of cells can be a suitable indicator for optimal conditions, since it changes with dependence on the growth state, product accumulation and cell stress. Furthermore, the single-cell size distribution provides not only information about the cultivation conditions, but also about the population heterogeneity. To gain such information, a photo-optical in situ microscopy device1 was developed to enable the monitoring of the single-cell size distribution directly in the cell suspension in bioreactors. An automated image analysis is coupled to the microscopy based on a neural network model, which is trained with user-annotated images. Several parameters, which are gained from the captures of the microscope, are correlated to process relevant features of the cells, like their metabolic activity. Until now, the presented in situ microscopy probe series was applied to measure the pellet size in filamentous fungi suspensions. It was used to distinguish the single-cell size in microalgae cultivation and relate it to lipid accumulation. The shape of cellular particles was related to budding in yeast cultures. The microscopy analysis can be generally split into three steps: (i) image acquisition, (ii) particle identification, and (iii) data analysis, respectively. All steps have to be adapted to the organism, and therefore specific annotated information is required in order to achieve reliable results. The ability to monitor changes in cell morphology directly in line or on line (in a by-pass) enables real-time values for monitoring and control, in process development as well as in production scale. If the off line data correlates with the real-time data, the current tedious off line measurements with unknown influences on the cell size become needless.

In Situ Microscopy for Real-time Determination of Single-cell Morphology in Bioprocesses

A photo-optical in situ microscopy device was developed to monitor the size of single cells directly in the cell suspension. The real-time measurement is conducted by coupling the photo-optical sterilizable probe to an automated image analysis. Morphological changes appear with dependence on the growth state and cultivation conditions.

In Situ Biyoproseslerde Tek Hücreli Morfolojinin Gerçek Zamanlı Tayini İçin Mikroskopi

In situ monitoring in microbial bioprocesses is mostly restricted to chemical and physical properties of the medium (e.g.,pH value and the dissolved ...

Manufacturing of a Nafion-coated, Reduced Graphene Oxide/Polyaniline Chemiresistive Sensor to Monitor pH in Real-time During Microbial Fermentation

Here, we report the engineering of a solid-state micro pH sensor based on polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO-PA). Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide acts as the conducting layer and polyaniline acts as a pH-sensitive layer. The pH-dependent conductivity of polyaniline occurs by doping of holes during protonation and by the dedoping of holes during deprotonation. We found that an ERGO-PA solid-state electrode was not functional as such in fermentation processes. The electrochemically active species that the bacteria produce during the fermentation process interfere with the electrode response. We successfully applied Nafion as a proton-conducting layer over ERGO-PA. The Nafion-coated electrodes (ERGO-PA-NA) show a good sensitivity of 1.71 &#937;/pH (pH 4 - 9) for chemiresistive sensor measurements. We tested the ERGO-PA-NA electrode in real-time in the fermentation of Lactococcus lactis. During the growth of L. lactis, the pH of the medium changed from pH 7.2 to pH 4.8 and the resistance of the ERGO-PA-NA solid-state electrode changed from 294.5 &#937; to 288.6 &#937; (5.9 &#937; per 2.4 pH unit). The pH response of the ERGO-PA-NA electrode compared with the response of a conventional glass-based pH electrode shows that reference-less solid-state microsensor arrays operate successfully in a microbiological fermentation.

Here, we report the protocol for the fabrication of a Nafion-coated, polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide chemiresistive micro pH sensor. This chemiresistor-based, solid-state micro pH sensor can detect pH changes in real-time during a Lactococcus lactis fermentation process.

Nafion kaplı imalatı, mikrobiyal fermantasyon sırasında gerçek zamanlı monitör pH grafen oksit/Polyaniline Chemiresistive sensör azaltılmış

Here, we report the engineering of a solid-state micro pH sensor based on polyaniline-functionalized, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO-PA). ...

Uptake of New Lipid-coated Nanoparticles Containing Falcarindiol by Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Nanoparticles are the focus of an increased interest in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Lipid-coated nanoparticles are inspired in structure and size by low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) because cancer cells have an increased need for cholesterol to proliferate, and this has been exploited as a mechanism for delivering anticancer drugs to cancer cells. Moreover, depending on drug chemistry, encapsulating the drug can be advantageous to avoid degradation of the drug during circulation in vivo. Therefore, in this&#160;study, this design is used to fabricate lipid-coated nanoparticles of the anticancer drug falcarindiol, providing a potential new delivery system of falcarindiol in order to stabilize its chemical structure against degradation and improve its uptake by tumors. Falcarindiol nanoparticles, with a phospholipid and cholesterol monolayer encapsulating the purified drug core of the particle, were designed. The lipid monolayer coating consists of 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC), cholesterol (Chol), and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)-2000] (DSPE PEG 2000) along with the fluorescent label DiI (molar ratios of 43:50:5:2). The nanoparticles are fabricated using the rapid injection method, which is a fast and simple technique to precipitate nanoparticles by good-solvent for anti-solvent exchange. It consists of a rapid injection of an ethanol solution containing the nanoparticle components into an aqueous phase. The size of the fluorescent nanoparticles is measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS) at 74.1 &#177; 6.7 nm. The uptake of the nanoparticles is tested in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and imaged using fluorescence and confocal microscopy. The uptake of the nanoparticles is observed in hMSCs, suggesting the potential for such a stable drug delivery system for falcarindiol.

This article describes the encapsulation of falcarindiol in lipid-coated 74 nm nanoparticles. The cellular uptake of the nanoparticles&#160;by human stem cells into lipid droplets is monitored by fluorescent and confocal imaging. Nanoparticles are fabricated by the rapid injection method of solvent shifting, and their size is measured with the dynamic light scattering technique.

Falcarindiol tarafından insan mezenkimal kök hücre içeren yeni Lipid kaplı nano tanecikleri alımını

Nanoparticles are the focus of an increased interest in drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. Lipid-coated nanoparticles are inspired in structure and ...

Generation of Heterogeneous Drug Gradients Across Cancer Populations on a Microfluidic Evolution Accelerator for Real-Time Observation

Conventional cell culture remains the most frequently used preclinical model, despite its proven limited ability to predict clinical results in cancer. Microfluidic cancer-on-chip models have been proposed to bridge the gap between the oversimplified conventional 2D cultures and more complicated animal models, which have limited ability to produce reliable and reproducible quantitative results. Here, we present a microfluidic cancer-on-chip model that reproduces key components of a complex tumor microenvironment in a comprehensive manner, yet is simple enough to provide robust quantitative descriptions of cancer dynamics. This microfluidic cancer-on-chip model, the &#34;Evolution Accelerator,&#34; breaks down a large population of cancer cells into an interconnected array of tumor microenvironments while generating a heterogeneous chemotherapeutic stress landscape. The progression and the evolutionary dynamics of cancer in response to drug gradient can be monitored for weeks in real time, and numerous downstream experiments can be performed complementary to the time-lapse images taken through the course of the experiments.

We present a microfluidic cancer-on-chip model, the &#34;Evolution Accelerator&#34; technology, which provides a controllable platform for long-term real-time quantitative studies of cancer dynamics within well-defined environmental conditions at the single-cell level. This technology is expected to work as an in vitro model for fundamental research or pre-clinical drug development.

Gerçek Zamanlı Gözlem için Mikroakışkan Evrim Hızlandırıcı kanser popülasyonları arasında Heterojen İlaç Gradyanların Üretimi

Conventional cell culture remains the most frequently used preclinical model, despite its proven limited ability to predict clinical results in cancer. ...