Name: whole genome sequencing of candida glabrata for detection of markers of antifungal drug resistance
Uploaded: 2017-12-28T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了传染病和微生物学、公共卫生中心的支持。作者没有收到任何其他资助这项研究。作者感谢 Drs 阿诺特, 内森. 巴赫曼和 Ranjeeta 梅农对整个基因组测序实验的专家建议和帮助。

这项研究不需要道德上的认可。
1.光滑念珠菌的亚文化和接种制备
<ol><li>选择要研究的c. 光滑隔离的面板, 其中还应包括至少一个c. 光滑美式类型区域性集合 (ATCC), 并具有已知的敏感度模式。</li>
	<li>亚文化, 通过触摸一个单一的殖民地使用无菌一次性塑料循环和裸奔到一个 Sabouraud 的葡萄糖琼脂 (不育) 板8。</li>
	<li>在35° c 的情况下孵育...

<ol>
	<li>Beyda, N. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FKS+mutant+Candida+glabrata:+risk+factors+and+outcomes+in+patients+with+candidemia.">FKS mutant Candida glabrata: risk factors and outcomes in patients with candidemia.</a> Clin Infect Dis. 59 (6), 819-825 (2014).</li><li>Chapeland-Leclerc, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acquisition+of+flucytosine,+azole,+and+caspofungin+resistance+in+Candida+glabrata.+bloodstream+isolates+serially+obtained+from+a+hematopoietic+stem+cell+transplant+recipient.">Acquisition of flucytosine, azole, and caspofungin resistance in Candida glabrata. bloodstream isolates serially obtained from a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 54 (3), 1360-1362 (2010).</li><li>Glockner, A., Cornely, O. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+glabrata-unique+features+and+challenges+in+the+clinical+management+of+invasive+infections.">Candida glabrata-unique features and challenges in the clinical management of invasive infections.</a> Mycoses. 58 (8), 445-450 (2015).</li><li>Pfaller, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+of+decreased+susceptibility+and+resistance+to+echinocandins+among+fluconazole-resistant+bloodstream+isolates+of+Candida+glabrata.">Frequency of decreased susceptibility and resistance to echinocandins among fluconazole-resistant bloodstream isolates of Candida glabrata.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 50 (4), 1199-1203 (2012).</li><li>Lewis, J. S., Wiederhold, N. P., Wickes, B. L., Patterson, T. F., Jorgensen, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+emergence+of+echinocandin+resistance+in+Candida+glabrata+resulting+in+clinical+and+microbiologic+failure.">Rapid emergence of echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata resulting in clinical and microbiologic failure.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 57 (9), 4559-4561 (2013).</li><li>Klevay, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapy+and+outcome+of+Candida+glabrata+versus+Candida+albicans+bloodstream+infection.">Therapy and outcome of Candida glabrata versus Candida albicans bloodstream infection.</a> Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 60 (3), 273-277 (2008).</li><li>Arendrup, M. C., Cuenca-Estrella, M., Lass-Florl, C., Hope, W., Eucast, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EUCAST+technical+note+on+the+EUCAST+definitive+document+EDef+7.2:+method+for+the+determination+of+broth+dilution+minimum+inhibitory+concentrations+of+antifungal+agents+for+yeasts+EDef+7.2+(EUCAST-AFST).">EUCAST technical note on the EUCAST definitive document EDef 7.2: method for the determination of broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungal agents for yeasts EDef 7.2 (EUCAST-AFST).</a> Clin Microbiol Infect. 18 (7), 246-247 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reference+Method+for+Broth+Dilution+Antifungal+Susceptibility+Testing+of+Yeasts.">Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts.</a> Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. , (2012).</li><li>Arendrup, M. C., Pfaller, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Danish+Fungaemia+Study,+G.+Caspofungin+Etest+susceptibility+testing+of+Candida+species:+risk+of+misclassification+of+susceptible+isolates+of+C.+glabrata+and+C.+krusei+when+adopting+the+revised+CLSI+caspofungin+breakpoints.">Danish Fungaemia Study, G. Caspofungin Etest susceptibility testing of Candida species: risk of misclassification of susceptible isolates of C. glabrata and C. krusei when adopting the revised CLSI caspofungin breakpoints.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 56 (7), 3965-3968 (2012).</li><li>Singh-Babak, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+the+evolution+and+mechanism+of+echinocandin+resistance+in+Candida+glabrata.">Global analysis of the evolution and mechanism of echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata.</a> PLoS Pathog. 8 (5), 1002718 (2012).</li><li>Shields, R. K., Nguyen, M. H., Clancy, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+perspectives+on+echinocandin+resistance+among+Candida+species.">Clinical perspectives on echinocandin resistance among Candida species.</a> Curr Opin Infect Dis. 28 (6), 514-522 (2015).</li><li>Dudiuk, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Set+of+classical+PCRs+for+detection+of+mutations+in+Candida+glabrata+FKS.+genes+linked+with+echinocandin+resistance.">Set of classical PCRs for detection of mutations in Candida glabrata FKS. genes linked with echinocandin resistance.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 52 (7), 2609-2614 (2014).</li><li>Koboldt, D. C., Steinberg, K. M., Larson, D. E., Wilson, R. K., Mardis, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+next-generation+sequencing+revolution+and+its+impact+on+genomics.">The next-generation sequencing revolution and its impact on genomics.</a> Cell. 155 (1), 27-38 (2013).</li><li>Barzon, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+sequencing+technologies+in+diagnostic+virology.">Next-generation sequencing technologies in diagnostic virology.</a> J Clin Virol. 58 (2), 346-350 (2013).</li><li>Didelot, X., Bowden, R., Wilson, D. J., Peto, T. E. A., Crook, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transforming+clinical+microbiology+with+bacterial+genome+sequencing.">Transforming clinical microbiology with bacterial genome sequencing.</a> Nat Rev Gen. 13 (9), 601-612 (2012).</li><li>Koser, C. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Routine+use+of+microbial+whole+genome+sequencing+in+diagnostic+and+public+health+microbiology.">Routine use of microbial whole genome sequencing in diagnostic and public health microbiology.</a> PLoS Pathog. 8 (8), 1002824 (2012).</li><li>Lipkin, W. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+changing+face+of+pathogen+discovery+and+surveillance.">The changing face of pathogen discovery and surveillance.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 11 (2), 133-141 (2013).</li><li>Sintchenko, V., Holmes, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+pathogen+genomics+in+assessing+disease+transmission.">The role of pathogen genomics in assessing disease transmission.</a> BMJ. 350, 1314 (2015).</li><li>Garnaud, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+sequencing+offers+new+insights+into+the+resistance+of+Candida+spp.+to+echinocandins+and+azoles.">Next-generation sequencing offers new insights into the resistance of Candida spp. to echinocandins and azoles.</a> J Antimicrob Chemother. 70 (9), 2556-2565 (2015).</li><li>Sanmiguel, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+sequencing+and+potential+applications+in+fungal+genomics.">Next-generation sequencing and potential applications in fungal genomics.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 722, 51-60 (2011).</li><li>Mardis, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+sequencing+platforms.">Next-generation sequencing platforms.</a> Annu Rev Anal Chem. 6, 287-303 (2013).</li><li>Zoll, J., Snelders, E., Verweij, P. E., Melchers, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-Generation+Sequencing+in+the+mycology+lab.">Next-Generation Sequencing in the mycology lab.</a> Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 10, 37-42 (2016).</li><li>Chrystoja, C. C., Diamandis, E. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Whole+genome+sequencing+as+a+diagnostic+test:+challenges+and+opportunities.">Whole genome sequencing as a diagnostic test: challenges and opportunities.</a> Clin Chem. 60 (5), 724-733 (2014).</li><li>Biswas, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+genetic+markers+of+resistance+to+echinocandins,+azoles+and+5-fluorocytosine+in+Candida+glabrata+by+next-generation+sequencing:+a+feasibility+study.">Identification of genetic markers of resistance to echinocandins, azoles and 5-fluorocytosine in Candida glabrata by next-generation sequencing: a feasibility study.</a> Clin Microbiol Infect. , (2017).</li><li>Glasel, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity+of+nucleic+acid+purities+monitored+by+260nm/280nm+absorbance+ratios.">Validity of nucleic acid purities monitored by 260nm/280nm absorbance ratios.</a> BioTechniques. 18 (1), 62-63 (1995).</li><li>Cannon, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efflux-mediated+antifungal+drug+resistance.">Efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance.</a> Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (2), 291-321 (2009).</li><li>Ferrari, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gain+of+function+mutations+in+CgPDR1.+of+Candida+glabrata+not+only+mediate+antifungal+resistance+but+also+enhance+virulence.">Gain of function mutations in CgPDR1. of Candida glabrata not only mediate antifungal resistance but also enhance virulence.</a> PLoS Pathog. 5 (1), 1000268 (2009).</li><li>Rodrigues, C. F., Silva, S., Henriques, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+glabrata:+a+review+of+its+features+and+resistance.">Candida glabrata: a review of its features and resistance.</a> Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 33 (5), 673-688 (2014).</li><li>Garcia-Effron, G., Lee, S., Park, S., Cleary, J. D., Perlin, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Candida+glabrata+FKS1+and+FKS2+mutations+on+echinocandin+sensitivity+and+kinetics+of+1,3-beta-D-glucan+synthase:+implication+for+the+existing+susceptibility+breakpoint.">Effect of Candida glabrata FKS1 and FKS2 mutations on echinocandin sensitivity and kinetics of 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase: implication for the existing susceptibility breakpoint.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 53 (9), 3690-3699 (2009).</li><li>Arendrup, M. C., Perlin, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echinocandin+resistance:+an+emerging+clinical+problem.">Echinocandin resistance: an emerging clinical problem.</a> Curr Opin Infect Dis. 27 (6), 484-492 (2014).</li><li>Costa, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Mechanisms+of+Flucytosine+Resistance+in+C.+glabrata+Unveiled+by+a+Chemogenomics+Analysis+in+S.+cerevisiae.">New Mechanisms of Flucytosine Resistance in C. glabrata Unveiled by a Chemogenomics Analysis in S. cerevisiae.</a> PLoS One. 10 (8), 0135110 (2015).</li><li>de Groot, P. W., Bader, O., de Boer, A. D., Weig, M., Chauhan, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesins+in+human+fungal+pathogens:+glue+with+plenty+of+stick.">Adhesins in human fungal pathogens: glue with plenty of stick.</a> Eukaryot Cell. 12 (4), 470-481 (2013).</li><li>de Groot, P. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cell+wall+of+the+human+pathogen+Candida+glabrata:+differential+incorporation+of+novel+adhesin-like+wall+proteins.">The cell wall of the human pathogen Candida glabrata: differential incorporation of novel adhesin-like wall proteins.</a> Eukaryot Cell. 7 (11), 1951-1964 (2008).</li><li>Vale-Silva, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upregulation+of+the+adhesin+gene+EPA1+mediated+by+PDR1+in+Candida+glabrata+leads+to+enhanced+host+colonization.">Upregulation of the adhesin gene EPA1 mediated by PDR1 in Candida glabrata leads to enhanced host colonization.</a> mSphere. 1 (2), (2016).</li></ol>

本研究确定了在光滑中 WGS 引导检测耐药性的可行性、近似时间线和精密度。图书馆准备和测序的周转时间为四天, 报告分析结果1/2 天。这与培养皿和桑格测序中的药敏测定方法相比, 至少有相当数量的样品。大约 30-90 C. 光滑基因组可以根据测序流细胞容量进行测序, 80-100% 测序覆盖率。由于测序是在 in-house WGS 实验室设置, 因此本研究的成本/资源需求相当于桑格测序和探测器分析的?...

念珠菌光滑是一种日益受到重视的病原体, 其重要性作为一个物种, 它对唑以及最近的棘1、2、3进行了抵抗。不同于二倍体的c. 白念珠菌,光滑的单倍体基因组可能允许它获得突变和更容易地发展多重耐药性。两个药物类的共同抵抗也被报告了4。因此, 早期评估的抗真菌药敏性和检测耐药性在C. 光滑是至关重要的正确的, 有针对性的治疗, 以及在抗真菌的情况下, 以限制驱动器的抗菌素耐药性1,5,6. 建立一个有效的工作流程, 快速检测耐药菌株中的抗性生物标志物的验证性突变, 也有助于改善处方决定和临床结局。
抗真菌药易感性通常通过测量最小的抑制浓度 (MIC) 来评估, 这被定义为最低的药物浓度, 从而导致微生物的生长与无药物的生长相比显著降低。控制.临床和实验室标准研究所 (CLSI) 和欧洲抗菌药易感性检测委员会 (EUCAST) 有标准化的易感性测试方法, 以使 MIC 测定更准确和一致的7, 8。然而, 抗真菌 MIC 的效用仍然有限, 特别是对棘, 特别是在实验室比较, 在不同的方法和条件使用9。也有不确定的相关的中等收入与反应的棘治疗和无法区分重量 (或易感) 菌株与那些窝藏 FKS 突变 (棘耐药菌株)10,11。尽管有验证性基因 PCRs 和桑格测序的抗真菌抵抗标志, 结果的实现往往延迟, 由于缺乏同时检测多电阻标记5,12。因此, 在整个基因组 sequencing-based 分析的支持下, 同时检测基因组不同位置的抗性突变, 比目前的方法具有明显的优势。
整个基因组测序 (WGS) 已成功地实施, 以跟踪疾病传播在爆发期间, 以及在细菌和病毒的基因组范围内的风险评估和耐药性测试的方法13。核酸测序技术的最新进展使病原体的全基因组测序 (WGS) 在技术上和经济上都是可行的。DNA 测序提供了重要的优势比其他方法的病原体鉴定和定性在微生物学实验室使用14,15,16。首先, 它提供了一个具有高吞吐量、速度和质量的通用解决方案。测序可以应用于任何微生物, 并允许在地方或区域实验室的规模经济。其次, 它以 "经得起未来考验" 的方式生产数据, 可以在国家和国际两级进行比较。最后, WGS 在医学中的潜在效用已经通过包含参考基因组的公共数据库的快速增长而得到了增强, 这可以与包含其他临床和流行病学元数据的等效数据库相链接17 ,18。
最近的研究表明, WGS 用于鉴定临床分离的念珠菌的抗真菌性标志物的效用。10,19,20. 这主要是由于高通量台式器的可用性, 建立了生物信息学管道, 降低了测序的成本21,22。真菌 WGS 对桑格测序的优势在于, WGS 允许在一次运行中对多个基因组进行测序。此外, WGS 的念珠菌基因组可以识别药物靶点的新突变, 跟踪遗传进化, 以及临床相关序列类型的出现20,22,23。最重要的是, 在固有的多药耐药性的情况下, WGS 可以帮助及早发现治疗选择前的抗性突变22,24。
在这里, 我们研究了 WGS 的可行性筛选的突变相关的耐药性不同类别的抗真菌药物。我们提出了从 end-user 和诊断真菌实验室角度实施 WGS 的方法。我们在这项分析中包括三分离对培养从三独立的临床病例, 其中体外抗棘和 5-嘧啶在经过一段时间的抗真菌治疗后发展。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:991px;" width="989">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">DensiCHECK Plus</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BioM&#233;rieux Inc</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">K083536</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Densitometer used for McFarland readings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Sensititre YeastOne</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">TREK Diagnostic Systems, Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">YO10</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Commercial susceptibility assay plate with standard antifungal drugs.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Fisherbrand Disposable Inoculating Loops and Needles</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific, Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">22-363-605</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Disposable plastic loops can be used directly from package. No flaming required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Eppendorf Safe-Lock microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich, Merck</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">T2795&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Volume 2.0 mL, natural 
			&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">ZYMOLYASE 20T from Arthrobacter luteus</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">MP Biomedicals, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">8320921</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Used for cell wall lysis of fungal isolate before 
			DNA extraction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Promega&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">A1120</td>
			<td>Does 100 DNA extractions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:275px;">Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">P7589</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">&#160;Picogreen reagent referred to as fluorescent dye in the protocol. 
			Includes Lambda DNA standard and picogreen reagent for assay.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Nextera XT DNA Sample Preparation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FC-131-1096</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Includes Box 1 and Box 2&#160; reagents for 96 samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:275px;">Nextera XT Index Kit v2</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FC-131-2001, 
			FC-131-2002, 
			FC-131-2003, 
			FC-131-2004</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Index set A 
			Index set B 
			Index set C 
			Index set D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">NextSeq 500/550 High Output Kit v2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FC-404-2004</td>
			<td>300 cycles, More than 250 samples per kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">NextSeq 500 Mid Output v2 Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FC-404-2003</td>
			<td>300 cycles, More than 130 samples per kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">PhiX Control Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FC-110-3001</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">To arrange indices from Index kit in order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">TruSeq Index Plate Fixture Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FC-130-1005</td>
			<td>&#160;2 Fixtures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">KAPA Library Quantification Kit 
			for Next-Generation Sequencing</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">KAPA Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">KK4824</td>
			<td>Includes premade standards, primers and MasterMix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Janus NGS Express Liquid handling system&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">YJS4NGS</td>
			<td>Used for DNA dilutions during sequencing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">&#160;0.8 mL Storage Plate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AB0765B</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">MIDI Plate for DNA Library cleanup and 
			normalisation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agencourt AMPure XP</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">A63881</td>
			<td>&#160;Magnetic beads in solution for library purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Magnetic Stand-96</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AM10027</td>
			<td>Used for magnetic bead based DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">OrbiShaker MP&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Benchmark Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">BT1502</td>
			<td>96-well plate shaker with 4 platforms</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Hard Shell PCR Plate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">HSP9601</td>
			<td>Thin Wall, 96 Well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LightCycler 480 Instrument II&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">5015278001</td>
			<td>Accomodates 96 well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Microseal &#39;B&#39; PCR Plate Sealing Film, adhesive, optical&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">&#160;MSB1001</td>
			<td>Clear 96-well plate sealers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">CLC Genomics Workbench</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">CLCBio</td>
			<td>Software for data analysis, Version 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">NextSeq500 instrument</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Illumina&#160;</td>
			<td>Benchtop Sequencer used for next generation sequencing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole genome sequencing of candida glabrata for detection of markers of antifungal drug resistance

光滑念珠菌可以快速获得导致耐药性的突变, 特别是对唑和棘。基因突变的识别是必不可少的, 因为检测到的电阻体外往往与临床失败相关。我们研究了使用全基因组测序 (WGS) 进行基因组分析抗真菌药物耐药性的可行性, 在C. 光滑中。目的是 torecognize 执行 WGS 的推动因素和障碍, 并衡量其有效性。本文概述了关键的质量控制检查点和 WGS 方法的基本组成部分, 以研究与降低抗真菌药易感性相关的遗传标记。它还估计了数据分析的准确性和测试的转过来时间。
通过抗真菌药敏试验测定了12例临床和一 ATCC光滑的表型敏感性。其中包括三个隔离对, 来自三患者, 在药物最小抑制浓度上升。在两对, 每对的第二个隔离开发了抵抗对棘。第三对的第二个分离开发了抵抗对 5-嘧啶。其余组成的易感性和唑耐药菌株。在抗棘、唑和 5-嘧啶抗性的基因中, 单核苷酸多态 (snp) 通过 WGS 的下一代测序, 在耐药菌株中得到证实。识别抗 真菌抗性基因的非同义 snp, 如FKS1、 FKS2、 CgPDR1、CgCDR1和FCY2 。总的来说, 平均98% 的 WGS 读取的C. 光滑孤立映射到参考基因组, 大约有75倍的读深度覆盖率。周转时间和费用与桑格测序相媲美。
总之, 在不需要多重 PCR/DNA 测序反应的情况下, WGS 的C. 光滑是可行的, 可以揭示抗性不同抗真菌药物类的临床重要基因突变。这是一个积极的步骤, 建立 WGS 能力的临床实验室, 同时检测抗真菌耐药性授予替代品。

十三c. 光滑包括c. 光滑ATCC 90030 和12株从临床真菌参考实验室 (分离 CMRL1 到 CMRL12), Westmead 医院, 悉尼进行了研究 (表 1)。其中包括三对分离 CMRL-1/CMRL-2, CMRL-3/CMRL-4 和 CMRL-5/CMRL-6 获得的抗真菌治疗前后没有流行病学联系, 他们之间的24 (表 1)。
采用 CLSI 解释断点对九抗真菌药物进行了测定, 即两性霉素...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance at JoVE.com

Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance

这项研究实施了全基因组测序分析的基因突变, 赋予抗真菌药物耐药性的念珠菌光滑。对棘、唑和 5-嘧啶的耐光滑的菌株进行了测序, 以说明方法。分离株的敏感性分布与基因特异性突变模式的存在或缺失相关。

念珠菌光滑全基因组测序检测抗真菌耐药性标志物

Candida glabrata can rapidly acquire mutations that result in drug resistance, especially to azoles and echinocandins. Identification of genetic mutations ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance

Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cancers

Production and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species ROS in Cancers

在癌症的生产和检测活性氧（ROS）的

Reactive oxygen species include a number of molecules that damage DNA and RNA and oxidize proteins and lipids (lipid peroxydation). These reactive ...

科研

医学

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging (CLI) for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging CLI for Cancer Therapy Monitoring

癌症治疗监测的切伦科夫发光成像（CLI）

In  molecular imaging, positron emission tomography (PET) and optical imaging (OI)  are two of the most important and thus most widely used modalities1-3. ...

Identification of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Insertions in Solid Tumors using Linker-mediated PCR

Identification of Sleeping Beauty Transposon Insertions in Solid Tumors using Linker-mediated PCR

鉴定<em&gt;睡美人</em&gt;转座子插入连接器介导的PCR实体瘤

Genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic analyses of human tumors indicate that there are thousands of anomalies within each cancer genome ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

人类前列腺癌转移的原位小鼠模型

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings

对于资源有限设置一个负担得起的HIV-1耐药性监测方法

HIV-1 drug resistance has the potential to seriously compromise the effectiveness and impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART). As ART programs in ...

Collection and Extraction of Saliva DNA for Next Generation Sequencing

收集和唾液DNA提取用于新一代测序

The preferred source of DNA in human genetics research is blood, or cell lines derived from blood, as these sources yield large quantities of high quality ...

Cerenkov Luminescence Imaging of Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue

肩胛间褐色脂肪组织的切伦科夫发光成像

Brown adipose tissue (BAT), widely known as a &#8220;good fat&#8221; plays pivotal roles for thermogenesis in mammals. This special tissue is closely ...

Early Detection of Drug-Induced Renal Hemodynamic Dysfunction Using Sonographic Technology in Rats

大鼠使用超声技术药物引起的肾血流动力学障碍的早期检测

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is ...

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

实施<em&gt;体外</em&gt;耐药性检测：最大化的潜力，揭开临床有关的耐药机制

Although targeted therapies are initially effective, resistance inevitably emerges. Several methods, such as genetic analysis of resistant clinical ...

A Cell Culture Model of Resistance Arteries

阻力动脉的细胞培养模型

The myoendothelial junction (MEJ), a unique signaling microdomain in small diameter resistance arteries, exhibits localization of specific proteins and ...