Name: whole genome sequencing of candida glabrata for detection of markers of antifungal drug resistance
Uploaded: 2017-12-28T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance at JoVE.com

Dette arbejde blev støttet af centret for smitsomme sygdomme og mikrobiologi, offentlige sundhed. Forfatterne har ikke modtaget andre midler til denne undersøgelse. Forfatterne takke Drs Alicia Arnott, Nathan Bachmann og Ranjeeta Menon for deres ekspertrådgivning og bistand med hele genome sequencing eksperiment.

Ingen etiske godkendelse var påkrævet for denne undersøgelse.
1. subkultur og inokulum forberedelse til Candida glabrata
<ol><li>Vælg et panel af C.glabrata isolater studeres som også bør omfatte mindst én C. glabrata amerikansk Type kultur samling (ATCC) med kendte modtagelighed mønster.</li>
	<li>Subkultur et isolats ved at røre en enkelt koloni ved hjælp af et sterilt engangs plast loop og striber på en Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) plade<sup class="x...

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+glabrata-unique+features+and+challenges+in+the+clinical+management+of+invasive+infections.">Candida glabrata-unique features and challenges in the clinical management of invasive infections.</a> Mycoses. 58 (8), 445-450 (2015).</li><li>Pfaller, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+of+decreased+susceptibility+and+resistance+to+echinocandins+among+fluconazole-resistant+bloodstream+isolates+of+Candida+glabrata.">Frequency of decreased susceptibility and resistance to echinocandins among fluconazole-resistant bloodstream isolates of Candida glabrata.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 50 (4), 1199-1203 (2012).</li><li>Lewis, J. S., Wiederhold, N. P., Wickes, B. L., Patterson, T. F., Jorgensen, J. 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C., Cuenca-Estrella, M., Lass-Florl, C., Hope, W., Eucast, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EUCAST+technical+note+on+the+EUCAST+definitive+document+EDef+7.2:+method+for+the+determination+of+broth+dilution+minimum+inhibitory+concentrations+of+antifungal+agents+for+yeasts+EDef+7.2+(EUCAST-AFST).">EUCAST technical note on the EUCAST definitive document EDef 7.2: method for the determination of broth dilution minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungal agents for yeasts EDef 7.2 (EUCAST-AFST).</a> Clin Microbiol Infect. 18 (7), 246-247 (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reference+Method+for+Broth+Dilution+Antifungal+Susceptibility+Testing+of+Yeasts.">Reference Method for Broth Dilution Antifungal Susceptibility Testing of Yeasts.</a> Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. , (2012).</li><li>Arendrup, M. C., Pfaller, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Danish+Fungaemia+Study,+G.+Caspofungin+Etest+susceptibility+testing+of+Candida+species:+risk+of+misclassification+of+susceptible+isolates+of+C.+glabrata+and+C.+krusei+when+adopting+the+revised+CLSI+caspofungin+breakpoints.">Danish Fungaemia Study, G. Caspofungin Etest susceptibility testing of Candida species: risk of misclassification of susceptible isolates of C. glabrata and C. krusei when adopting the revised CLSI caspofungin breakpoints.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 56 (7), 3965-3968 (2012).</li><li>Singh-Babak, S. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global+analysis+of+the+evolution+and+mechanism+of+echinocandin+resistance+in+Candida+glabrata.">Global analysis of the evolution and mechanism of echinocandin resistance in Candida glabrata.</a> PLoS Pathog. 8 (5), 1002718 (2012).</li><li>Shields, R. K., Nguyen, M. H., Clancy, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+perspectives+on+echinocandin+resistance+among+Candida+species.">Clinical perspectives on echinocandin resistance among Candida species.</a> Curr Opin Infect Dis. 28 (6), 514-522 (2015).</li><li>Dudiuk, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Set+of+classical+PCRs+for+detection+of+mutations+in+Candida+glabrata+FKS.+genes+linked+with+echinocandin+resistance.">Set of classical PCRs for detection of mutations in Candida glabrata FKS. genes linked with echinocandin resistance.</a> J Clin Microbiol. 52 (7), 2609-2614 (2014).</li><li>Koboldt, D. C., Steinberg, K. M., Larson, D. E., Wilson, R. K., Mardis, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+next-generation+sequencing+revolution+and+its+impact+on+genomics.">The next-generation sequencing revolution and its impact on genomics.</a> Cell. 155 (1), 27-38 (2013).</li><li>Barzon, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+sequencing+technologies+in+diagnostic+virology.">Next-generation sequencing technologies in diagnostic virology.</a> J Clin Virol. 58 (2), 346-350 (2013).</li><li>Didelot, X., Bowden, R., Wilson, D. J., Peto, T. E. A., Crook, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transforming+clinical+microbiology+with+bacterial+genome+sequencing.">Transforming clinical microbiology with bacterial genome sequencing.</a> Nat Rev Gen. 13 (9), 601-612 (2012).</li><li>Koser, C. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Routine+use+of+microbial+whole+genome+sequencing+in+diagnostic+and+public+health+microbiology.">Routine use of microbial whole genome sequencing in diagnostic and public health microbiology.</a> PLoS Pathog. 8 (8), 1002824 (2012).</li><li>Lipkin, W. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+changing+face+of+pathogen+discovery+and+surveillance.">The changing face of pathogen discovery and surveillance.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 11 (2), 133-141 (2013).</li><li>Sintchenko, V., Holmes, E. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+pathogen+genomics+in+assessing+disease+transmission.">The role of pathogen genomics in assessing disease transmission.</a> BMJ. 350, 1314 (2015).</li><li>Garnaud, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+sequencing+offers+new+insights+into+the+resistance+of+Candida+spp.+to+echinocandins+and+azoles.">Next-generation sequencing offers new insights into the resistance of Candida spp. to echinocandins and azoles.</a> J Antimicrob Chemother. 70 (9), 2556-2565 (2015).</li><li>Sanmiguel, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+sequencing+and+potential+applications+in+fungal+genomics.">Next-generation sequencing and potential applications in fungal genomics.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 722, 51-60 (2011).</li><li>Mardis, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-generation+sequencing+platforms.">Next-generation sequencing platforms.</a> Annu Rev Anal Chem. 6, 287-303 (2013).</li><li>Zoll, J., Snelders, E., Verweij, P. E., Melchers, W. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Next-Generation+Sequencing+in+the+mycology+lab.">Next-Generation Sequencing in the mycology lab.</a> Curr Fungal Infect Rep. 10, 37-42 (2016).</li><li>Chrystoja, C. C., Diamandis, E. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validity+of+nucleic+acid+purities+monitored+by+260nm/280nm+absorbance+ratios.">Validity of nucleic acid purities monitored by 260nm/280nm absorbance ratios.</a> BioTechniques. 18 (1), 62-63 (1995).</li><li>Cannon, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efflux-mediated+antifungal+drug+resistance.">Efflux-mediated antifungal drug resistance.</a> Clin Microbiol Rev. 22 (2), 291-321 (2009).</li><li>Ferrari, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gain+of+function+mutations+in+CgPDR1.+of+Candida+glabrata+not+only+mediate+antifungal+resistance+but+also+enhance+virulence.">Gain of function mutations in CgPDR1. of Candida glabrata not only mediate antifungal resistance but also enhance virulence.</a> PLoS Pathog. 5 (1), 1000268 (2009).</li><li>Rodrigues, C. F., Silva, S., Henriques, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Candida+glabrata:+a+review+of+its+features+and+resistance.">Candida glabrata: a review of its features and resistance.</a> Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 33 (5), 673-688 (2014).</li><li>Garcia-Effron, G., Lee, S., Park, S., Cleary, J. D., Perlin, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+Candida+glabrata+FKS1+and+FKS2+mutations+on+echinocandin+sensitivity+and+kinetics+of+1,3-beta-D-glucan+synthase:+implication+for+the+existing+susceptibility+breakpoint.">Effect of Candida glabrata FKS1 and FKS2 mutations on echinocandin sensitivity and kinetics of 1,3-beta-D-glucan synthase: implication for the existing susceptibility breakpoint.</a> Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 53 (9), 3690-3699 (2009).</li><li>Arendrup, M. C., Perlin, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Echinocandin+resistance:+an+emerging+clinical+problem.">Echinocandin resistance: an emerging clinical problem.</a> Curr Opin Infect Dis. 27 (6), 484-492 (2014).</li><li>Costa, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+Mechanisms+of+Flucytosine+Resistance+in+C.+glabrata+Unveiled+by+a+Chemogenomics+Analysis+in+S.+cerevisiae.">New Mechanisms of Flucytosine Resistance in C. glabrata Unveiled by a Chemogenomics Analysis in S. cerevisiae.</a> PLoS One. 10 (8), 0135110 (2015).</li><li>de Groot, P. W., Bader, O., de Boer, A. D., Weig, M., Chauhan, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesins+in+human+fungal+pathogens:+glue+with+plenty+of+stick.">Adhesins in human fungal pathogens: glue with plenty of stick.</a> Eukaryot Cell. 12 (4), 470-481 (2013).</li><li>de Groot, P. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+cell+wall+of+the+human+pathogen+Candida+glabrata:+differential+incorporation+of+novel+adhesin-like+wall+proteins.">The cell wall of the human pathogen Candida glabrata: differential incorporation of novel adhesin-like wall proteins.</a> Eukaryot Cell. 7 (11), 1951-1964 (2008).</li><li>Vale-Silva, L. 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Denne undersøgelse fastslået gennemførlighed, omtrentlige tidslinjer og præcision af WGS-styrede påvisning af resistens i C. glabrata. Ekspeditionstid (TAT) for biblioteket forberedelse og sekventering var fire dage og rapportering af analyseret resultaterne 1-2 dage. Dette skal sammenlignes med mindst et lignende beløb TAT for modtagelighed assays fra kultur plader og Sanger sekventering med betydeligt højere antal prøver. Omkring 30-90 C. glabrata genomer kan blive sekventeret baseret på sekv...

Candida glabrata er en stadig mere stødt patogen med betydning som en art, der udviser modstand til azoles og mere for nylig, echinocandins1,2,3. I modsætning til den diploide C. albicanstillade den haploide genom for C. glabrata det at erhverve mutationer og udvikle multi lægemiddelresistens lettere. Co modstand til både narkotika klasser har også været rapporteret4. Tidlig evaluering af svampedræbende modtagelighed og påvisning af resistens i C. glabrata er derfor afgørende for korrekt, målrettet terapi såvel som i forbindelse med svampedræbende stewardship at begrænse førere af antimikrobiel resistens1 , 5 , 6. oprettelse af en effektiv arbejdsgang til hurtigt opdage tilstedeværelsen af genfremsatte mutationer knyttet til modstand biomarkører i resistente isolater vil også bidrage til at forbedre ordination beslutninger og kliniske resultater.
Svampedræbende modtagelighed er normalt vurderes ved at måle mindste hæmmende koncentration (MIC), der er defineret som den laveste drug koncentration, som resulterer i en betydelig reduktion i vækst af en mikroorganisme, sammenlignet med en Stoffri vækst kontrol. Klinisk og laboratorie standarder Institute (der) og europæiske udvalg på antimikrobiel modtagelighed test (EUCAST) har standardiseret modtagelighed testmetoder for at gøre MIC bestemmelse mere nøjagtige og konsekvente7, 8. Nytte af svampedræbende MIC er dog begrænset, især for echinocandins, navnlig med hensyn til sammenlignende sammenligninger hvor varierende metoder og betingelser er brugt9. Der er også usikker korrelation af mikrofoner med svar til echinocandin behandling og manglende evne til at skelne WT (eller modtagelige) isolater fra dem husly FKS mutationer (echinocandin-resistente bakteriestammer)10,11. På trods af tilgængeligheden af genfremsatte enkelt-gen PCR'er og Sanger sekventering af svampedræbende modstand markører, realisering af resultater er ofte forsinket grund til manglende samtidige påvisning af flere modstand markører5,12. Dermed tilbyder samtidige påvisning af resistens-tildeling mutationer i forskellige steder i genomet, aktiveres med hele genome sequencing-baseret analyse, betydelige fordele i forhold til nuværende strategier.
Hele genome sequencing (WGS) er gennemført med succes for at spore sygdommen overføres under udbrud såvel som en tilgang til genome-wide risiko vurdering og drug modstand test i bakterier og vira13. De seneste fremskridt i nukleinsyre sekventering teknologi har gjort hele genome sequencing (WGS) af patogener i et klinisk handlingsrettede tur omkring tid både teknisk og økonomisk muligt. DNA-sekventering tilbyder vigtige fordele frem for andre metoder af patogenet identifikation og karakterisering ansat i mikrobiologi laboratorier14,15,16. Først, det giver en universel løsning med høj hastighed, hastighed og kvalitet. Sekventering kan anvendes til nogen af mikroorganismer og giver mulighed for stordriftsfordele på lokale eller regionale laboratorier. For det andet, den producerer data i en 'fremtidssikret' format imødekommenhed over for sammenligning på nationalt og internationalt plan. Endelig, den potentielle nytte af WGS i medicin er blevet forstærket af den hurtige vækst i offentlige databaser, der indeholder reference genomer, som kan være forbundet med tilsvarende databaser, der indeholder yderligere kliniske og epidemiologiske metadata17 ,18.
Nylige undersøgelser har vist nytten af WGS for identifikation af svampedræbende modstand markører fra kliniske isolater af Candida spp. 10 , 19 , 20. det er for det meste på grund af tilgængeligheden af høj overførselshastighed benchtop sequencere, etablerede Bioinformatik rørledninger og faldende udgifter til sekvensering21,22. Fordel af svampe WGS over Sanger sekventering er at WGS giver sekventering af flere genomer på et enkelt run. Derudover kan WGS af Candida genomer identificere nye mutationer i stof mål, spore genetiske evolution, og fremkomsten af klinisk relevante sekvens-typer20,22,23. Vigtigst af alt, i tilfælde af iboende multidrug resistance, kan WGS hjælpe med tidlig påvisning af resistens-tildeling mutationer før behandling valg22,24.
Her undersøgte vi mulighederne for WGS-aktiveret screening for mutationer i forbindelse med resistens over for lægemidler til forskellige klasser af svampedræbende stoffer. Vi præsenterer en metodik til gennemførelse af WGS fra slutbrugeren og diagnostiske mykologi laboratorium perspektiver. Vi har medtaget i denne analyse tre isolere par kulturperler fra tre separate kliniske tilfælde, i hvilke i vitro resistens over for echinocandins og 5-flucytosine udviklet sig over tid efter antifungal behandling.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">DensiCHECK Plus</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BioM&#233;rieux Inc</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">K083536</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Densitometer used for McFarland readings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Sensititre YeastOne</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">TREK Diagnostic Systems, Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">YO10</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Commercial susceptibility assay plate with standard antifungal drugs.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Fisherbrand Disposable Inoculating Loops and Needles</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Fisher Scientific, Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">22-363-605</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Disposable plastic loops can be used directly from package. No flaming required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Eppendorf Safe-Lock microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich, Merck</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">T2795&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Volume 2.0 mL, natural 
			&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">ZYMOLYASE 20T from Arthrobacter luteus</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">MP Biomedicals, LLC</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">8320921</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Used for cell wall lysis of fungal isolate before 
			DNA extraction</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Wizard Genomic DNA Purification Kit&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Promega&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">A1120</td>
			<td>Does 100 DNA extractions</td>
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		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:275px;">Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">P7589</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">&#160;Picogreen reagent referred to as fluorescent dye in the protocol. 
			Includes Lambda DNA standard and picogreen reagent for assay.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Nextera XT DNA Sample Preparation Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FC-131-1096</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Includes Box 1 and Box 2&#160; reagents for 96 samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:275px;">Nextera XT Index Kit v2</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FC-131-2001, 
			FC-131-2002, 
			FC-131-2003, 
			FC-131-2004</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">Index set A 
			Index set B 
			Index set C 
			Index set D</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">NextSeq 500/550 High Output Kit v2&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FC-404-2004</td>
			<td>300 cycles, More than 250 samples per kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">NextSeq 500 Mid Output v2 Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FC-404-2003</td>
			<td>300 cycles, More than 130 samples per kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">PhiX Control Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FC-110-3001</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">To arrange indices from Index kit in order</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">TruSeq Index Plate Fixture Kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:151px;">FC-130-1005</td>
			<td>&#160;2 Fixtures</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">KAPA Library Quantification Kit 
			for Next-Generation Sequencing</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">KAPA Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">KK4824</td>
			<td>Includes premade standards, primers and MasterMix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Janus NGS Express Liquid handling system&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">PerkinElmer</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">YJS4NGS</td>
			<td>Used for DNA dilutions during sequencing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">&#160;0.8 mL Storage Plate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AB0765B</td>
			<td style="width:383px;">MIDI Plate for DNA Library cleanup and 
			normalisation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Agencourt AMPure XP</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">A63881</td>
			<td>&#160;Magnetic beads in solution for library purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Magnetic Stand-96</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">AM10027</td>
			<td>Used for magnetic bead based DNA purification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">OrbiShaker MP&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Benchmark Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">BT1502</td>
			<td>96-well plate shaker with 4 platforms</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">Hard Shell PCR Plate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">HSP9601</td>
			<td>Thin Wall, 96 Well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LightCycler 480 Instrument II&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Roche&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">5015278001</td>
			<td>Accomodates 96 well plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:275px;">Microseal &#39;B&#39; PCR Plate Sealing Film, adhesive, optical&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">BioRad</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">&#160;MSB1001</td>
			<td>Clear 96-well plate sealers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">CLC Genomics Workbench</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">CLCBio</td>
			<td>Software for data analysis, Version 8</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:275px;">NextSeq500 instrument</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Illumina&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Illumina&#160;</td>
			<td>Benchtop Sequencer used for next generation sequencing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

whole genome sequencing of candida glabrata for detection of markers of antifungal drug resistance

Candida glabrata kan hurtigt erhverve mutationer, der resultere i resistens over for lægemidler, især til azoles og echinocandins. Identifikation af genetiske mutationer er væsentlige, som modstand opdaget i vitro kan ofte være korreleret med klinisk fiasko. Vi undersøgt muligheden for at bruge hele genome sequencing (WGS) for genome-wide analyse af svampedræbende resistens i C. glabrata. Målet var torecognize katalysatorer og barrierer i forbindelse med gennemførelsen WGS og måle kampagnens effektivitet. Dette papir beskriver centrale kvalitetskontrol checkpoints og væsentlige komponenter af WGS metode til at undersøge genetiske markører forbundet med nedsat følsomhed over for svampedræbende stoffer. Det vurderer også nøjagtigheden af dataanalyse og tur omkring tidspunktet for testning.
Fænotypisk modtagelighed af 12 kliniske og én ATCC stamme af C. glabrata blev fastlagt gennem svampedræbende resistensbestemmelse. Disse inkluderede tre isolere par, fra tre patienter, der udviklede stigning i stof mindste hæmmende koncentrationer. I to par, anden isolere hvert par udviklet resistens over for echinocandins. Den anden isolat af det tredje par udviklet resistens over for 5-flucytosine. De resterende består af modtagelige og azol resistente isolater. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) i gener forbundet med echinocandin, azol og 5-flucytosine modstand blev bekræftet i resistente isolater gennem WGS ved hjælp af den næste generation sequencing.  Non-synonym SNPs i svampedræbende resistens gener såsom FKS1, FKS2, CgPDR1, CgCDR1 og FCY2 blev identificeret. Samlet, et gennemsnit på 98% af WGS læser for C. glabrata isolater knyttet til reference genom med ca 75-fold Læs dybde dækning. Ekspeditionstid og omkostninger kunne sammenlignes med Sanger sekvensering.
Afslutningsvis var WGS for C. glabrata muligt i afslørende klinisk signifikant genmutationer involveret i modstanden mod forskellige svampedræbende stof klasser uden behov for flere PCR/DNA-sekventering reaktioner. Dette udgør et positivt skridt mod indførelse af WGS evne i den kliniske laboratorium for samtidige påvisning af svampedræbende modstand giver udskiftninger.

13 C. glabrata bestående af C. glabrata ATCC 90030 og 12 isolater fra det kliniske mykologi referencelaboratorium (isolerer CMRL1 til CMRL12), Westmead Hospital, Sydney blev studeret (tabel 1). Disse omfattede tre par af isolater CMRL-1/CMRL-2, CMRL-3/CMRL-4 og CMRL-5/CMRL-6 fremstillet før og efter antifungal behandling med ingen epidemiologiske forbindelser mellem dem 24 (tabel 1).
M...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance at JoVE.com

Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance

Denne undersøgelse gennemført hele genome sequencing for analyse af mutationer i gener, der giver svampedræbende resistens i Candida glabrata. C. glabrata isolater resistente over for echinocandins, azoles og 5-flucytosine, blev sekventeret for at illustrere metoden. Modtagelighed profiler af isolaterne korreleret med tilstedeværelse eller fravær af specifikke mutation mønstre i gener.

Hele genom sekventering af Candida glabrata for påvisning af markører af svampedræbende resistens

Candida glabrata can rapidly acquire mutations that result in drug resistance, especially to azoles and echinocandins. Identification of genetic mutations ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Whole Genome Sequencing of Candida glabrata for Detection of Markers of Antifungal Drug Resistance

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The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is ...

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Although targeted therapies are initially effective, resistance inevitably emerges. Several methods, such as genetic analysis of resistant clinical ...

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