Name: frame-by-frame video analysis of idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements in humans
Uploaded: 2018-01-15T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans at JoVE.com

作者想感谢亚历克西斯. 威尔逊和玛丽莎. Bertoli 为他们的协助拍摄和准备这份手稿的视频。这项研究得到了加拿大自然科学和工程研究理事会 (JMK、JRK、IQW)、艾伯塔省创新保健解决方案 (JMK) 和加拿大卫生研究所 (IQW) 的支持。

所有涉及人类参与的程序都得到了莱斯布里奇大学人类学科研究委员会和汤普森河大学研究人类学科委员会的伦理学的批准。
1. 与会者
<ol><li>获得有正常或 corrected-to-normal 视力的成年人的知情同意, 并且身体健康, 没有神经或运动疾病史 (除非目的是调查特定的临床人群)。</li>
</ol>2. 实验装置
<ol><li>选择蓝莓, 甜甜圈球和橙色切片作为达到目标。在每个目?...

<ol>
	<li>Karl, J. M., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Different+evolutionary+origins+for+the+Reach+and+the+Grasp:+an+explanation+for+dual+visuomotor+channels+in+primate+parietofrontal+cortex.">Different evolutionary origins for the Reach and the Grasp: an explanation for dual visuomotor channels in primate parietofrontal cortex.</a> Front Neurol. 4 (208), (2013).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Karl, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contribution+of+the+reach+and+the+grasp+to+shaping+brain+and+behaviour.">The contribution of the reach and the grasp to shaping brain and behaviour.</a> Can J Exp Psychol. 68 (4), 223-235 (2014).</li><li>Jeannerod, M., Long, J., Badeley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intersegmental+coordination+during+reaching+at+natural+visual+objects.">Intersegmental coordination during reaching at natural visual objects.</a> Attention and Performance IX. , 153-169 (1981).</li><li>Arbib, M. A., Brooks, V. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perceptual+structures+and+distributed+motor+control.">Perceptual structures and distributed motor control.</a> Handbook of Physiology. 2, 1449-1480 (1981).</li><li>De Bruin, N., Sacrey, L. A., Brown, L. A., Doan, J., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+guidance+for+hand+advance+but+not+hand+withdrawal+in+a+reach-to-eat+task+in+adult+humans:+reaching+is+a+composite+movement.">Visual guidance for hand advance but not hand withdrawal in a reach-to-eat task in adult humans: reaching is a composite movement.</a> J Mot Behav. 40 (4), 337-346 (2008).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Sacrey, L. A., Doan, J. B., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hand+shaping+using+hapsis+resembles+visually+guided+hand+shaping.">Hand shaping using hapsis resembles visually guided hand shaping.</a> Exp Brain Res. 219 (1), 59-74 (2012).</li><li>Domell&#246;ff, E., Hopkins, B., Francis, B., R&#246;nnqvist, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+finger+markers+on+the+kinematics+of+reaching+movements+in+young+children+and+adults.">Effects of finger markers on the kinematics of reaching movements in young children and adults.</a> J Appl Biomech. 23 (4), 315-321 (2007).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Sacrey, L. A., Doan, J. B., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+hapsis+guides+accurate+hand+preshaping+for+grasping+food+targets+in+the+mouth.">Oral hapsis guides accurate hand preshaping for grasping food targets in the mouth.</a> Exp Brain Res. 221 (2), 223-240 (2012).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Schneider, L. R., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonvisual+learning+of+intrinsic+object+properties+in+a+reaching+task+dissociates+grasp+from+reach.">Nonvisual learning of intrinsic object properties in a reaching task dissociates grasp from reach.</a> Exp Brain Res. 225 (4), 465-477 (2013).</li><li>Hall, L. A., Karl, J. M., Thomas, B. L., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reach+and+Grasp+reconfigurations+reveal+that+proprioception+assists+reaching+and+hapsis+assists+grasping+in+peripheral+vision.">Reach and Grasp reconfigurations reveal that proprioception assists reaching and hapsis assists grasping in peripheral vision.</a> Exp Brain Res. 232 (9), 2807-2819 (2014).</li><li>Karl, J. M., Whishaw, I. Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Haptic+grasping+configurations+in+early+infancy+reveal+different+developmental+profiles+for+visual+guidance+of+the+Reach+versus+the+Grasp.">Haptic grasping configurations in early infancy reveal different developmental profiles for visual guidance of the Reach versus the Grasp.</a> Exp Brain Res. 232 (9), 3301-3316 (2014).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Karl, J. M., Humphrey, N. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissociation+of+the+Reach+and+the+Grasp+in+the+destriate+(V1)+monkey+Helen:+a+new+anatomy+for+the+dual+visuomotor+channel+theory+of+reaching.">Dissociation of the Reach and the Grasp in the destriate (V1) monkey Helen: a new anatomy for the dual visuomotor channel theory of reaching.</a> Exp Brain Res. 234 (8), 2351-2362 (2016).</li><li>Timmann, D., Stelmach, G. E., Bloedel, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grasping+component+alterations+and+limb+transport.">Grasping component alterations and limb transport.</a> Exp Brain Res. 108 (3), 486-492 (1996).</li><li>Saling, M., Mescheriakov, S., Molokanova, E., Stelmach, G. E., Berger, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grip+reorganization+during+wrist+transport:+the+influence+of+an+altered+aperture.">Grip reorganization during wrist transport: the influence of an altered aperture.</a> Exp Brain Res. 108 (3), 493-500 (1996).</li><li>Whishaw, I. Q., Faraji, J., Kuntz, J., Mirza Ahga, B., Patel, M., Metz, G. A. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organization+of+the+reach+and+grasp+in+head-fixed+vs+freely-moving+mice+provides+support+for+multiple+motor+channel+theory+of+neocortical+organization.">Organization of the reach and grasp in head-fixed vs freely-moving mice provides support for multiple motor channel theory of neocortical organization.</a> Exp Brain Res. 235 (6), 1919-1932 (2017).</li></ol>

本文介绍了如何利用帧的视频分析来量化的时间组织, 运动学结构, 和一个子集的地形特征的人 reach-to-grasp 运动。该技术可用于研究典型的视觉引导 reach-to-grasp 运动, 也可用于特殊的 reach-to-grasp 运动。这种运动是很难研究使用传统的3D 运动跟踪系统, 但是常见的发展婴儿, 参与者与改变的感官处理, 和患者的运动障碍, 如失明, 帕金森病, 中风, 或脑瘫因此, 使用框架帧的视频分析将允许研究人员扩大...

把握, 达到掌握一个对象的行为, 是用于许多日常功能, 包括获取食物项目的饮食, 梳理, 操纵对象, 挥舞工具, 并通过手势和书面字沟通。最突出的理论关于神经行为控制把握, 双 Visuomotor 通道理论1,2,3,4, 建议把握由两个动作组成-一个到达将手传送到目标的位置, 并将手打开、形状和闭合, 以达到目标的大小和形状。这两个运动是介导的分离, 但互动神经通路从视觉到运动皮层通过顶叶1,2,3,4。对双 Visuomotor 通道理论的行为支持是不明确的, 这主要是由于 reach-to-grasp 运动作为一个单一的无缝行为出现, 并且很少有意识地展开。尽管如此, 把握几乎总是在视觉引导把握的背景下进行研究, 在这种环境中, 健康的参与者能够达到一个可见的目标对象。在这种情况下, 行动确实表现为一种以可预测和定型的方式展开的单一运动。在到达前, 眼睛注视着目标。当手臂将数字打开时, preshape 的尺寸就会缩小到对象的大小, 随后开始关闭。在目标触点之前, 眼睛脱离目标, 目标的最终抓取紧接在5之后。然而, 当视觉被移除, 运动的结构是根本地不同的。运动离解进入其组成成分, 使慷慨到达首先用于定位目标, 通过触摸它, 然后触觉提示相关的目标接触指南的塑造和关闭的手, 以掌握6。
reach-to-grasp 运动的量化通常是使用3维 (3D) 运动跟踪系统来实现的。这些可以包括红外跟踪系统、电磁跟踪系统或基于视频的跟踪系统。虽然这种系统是有效的, 以获取运动措施的把握在健康的成人参与者对有形的目标对象执行刻板的 reach-to-grasp 运动, 他们确实有许多缺点。除了非常昂贵之外, 这些系统还需要将传感器或标记附着在参与者的手臂、手和数字上。这些通常使用医疗胶带, 这可能会阻碍触觉反馈的手, 改变自然运动的行为, 并分散参与者7。由于这些系统通常会产生与不同的运动学变量 (如加速度、减速和速度) 有关的数值输出, 因此它们也不太适合于调查手与目标的接触情况。当使用这些系统时, 需要额外的传感器或设备来确定手的哪部分与目标接触, 在目标触点发生的位置, 以及手的配置如何改变以操纵目标。此外, 红外跟踪系统是最常用的, 它要求使用专用相机跟踪3D 空间6中的标记在手上的位置。这需要在相机和手上的传感器之间有一个直接的视线线。因此, 运动中的任何特质都可能掩盖这一视线, 导致关键运动学数据的丢失。然而, 有大量的事例表明, reach-to-grasp 运动中的特质实际上是规范的。这些包括早期发育时, 婴儿只是学习达到和掌握对象;当目标物体不可见时, 必须用触觉提示来引导到达和抓取;当目标对象为奇数形状或纹理时;当参与者与任何一种运动紊乱, 如中风, 亨廷顿氏症, 帕金森氏症, 脑瘫,等等在所有这些情况下, reach-to-grasp 运动是既不可预知也不刻板的, 也不一定是由视觉引导。因此, 3D 运动跟踪系统的能力, 以可靠地量化这些运动的时间和运动学结构可能会受到严重限制, 由于中断的感官反馈的手, 改变自然运动的行为, 丢失数据,和/或困难解释这些设备的特殊运动输出。
本文介绍了一种新的方法来量化的不同人群中的特殊 reach-to-grasp 运动, 是负担得起的, 不阻碍感官反馈的手或自然运动的行为, 是可靠的, 但可以灵活修改以适应各种实验范式。该技术涉及使用多台高速摄像机从多个角度记录 reach-to-grasp 运动。然后, 视频通过视频帧一次进行分析, 然后使用目视检查来记录关键的行为事件, 并同时提供对 reach-to-grasp 的时间和运动学组织的量化描述。运动.本文介绍了健康成人视觉与 nonvisually 引导 reach-to-grasp 运动的对比分析6,8,9,10 , 以演示效果的技术;然而, 修改后的技术版本也被用来量化人类婴儿的 reach-to-grasp 行为11和非人灵长类动物12。从这些研究中得到的帧-帧视频分析的综合结果, 是首次提供了支持把握双 Visuomotor 通道理论的行为证据。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>High Speed Video Cameras</td>
			<td>Casio</td>
			<td>http://www.casio-intl.com/asia-mea/en/dc/ex_f1/ or http://www.casio-intl.com/asia-mea/en/dc/ex_100/</td>
			<td>Casio EX-F1 High Speed Camera or Casio EX-100 High Speed Camera used to collect high speed video records</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adobe Photoshop</td>
			<td>Adobe</td>
			<td>http://www.adobe.com/ca/products/photoshop.html</td>
			<td>Software used to calibrate and measure distances on individual video frames</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adobe Premiere Pro</td>
			<td>Adobe</td>
			<td>http://www.adobe.com/ca/products/premiere.html?sdid=KKQOM&#38;mv=search&#38;s_kwcid=AL!3085!3!193588412847!e!!g!!adobe%20premiere%20pro&#38;ef_id=WDd17AAABAeTD6-D:20170606160204:s</td>
			<td>Software used to perform Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Height-Adjustable Pedestal</td>
			<td>Sanus</td>
			<td>http://www.sanus.com/en_US/products/speaker-stands/htb3/</td>
			<td>A height adjustable speaker stand with a custom made 9 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm triangular top plate attached to the top with a screw is used as a reaching pedestal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 cm Calibration Cube</td>
			<td>Learning Resources (Walmart)</td>
			<td>https://www.walmart.com/ip/Learning-Resources-Centimeter-Cubes-Set-500/24886372</td>
			<td>A 1 cm plastic cube is used to transform distance measures from pixels to centimeters</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Studio Light</td>
			<td>Dot Line</td>
			<td>https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/product/1035910-REG/dot_line_rs_5620_1600w_led_light.html</td>
			<td>Strong lamp with cool LED light used to illumate the participant and testing area</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3 Dimensional (3D) Sleep Mask</td>
			<td>Kfine</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/Kfine-Sleeping-Contoured-lightweight-Comfortable/dp/B06W5CDY78?th=1</td>
			<td>Used as a blindfold to occlude vision in the No Vision condition</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orange Slices</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Orange slices served as the large sized reaching targets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donut Balls</td>
			<td>Tim Hortons</td>
			<td>http://www.timhortons.com/ca/en/menu/timbits.php</td>
			<td>Old fashion plain timbits from Tim Hortons served as the medium sized reaching targets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blueberries</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Blueberries served as the small sized reaching targets</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

frame-by-frame video analysis of idiosyncratic reach-to-grasp movements in humans

把握是人类体验的中心, 是达到目标的行为。我们用它来养活自己, 培养自己, 在我们的环境中操纵对象和工具。这种行为受到许多运动紊乱的影响, 但我们目前对其神经控制的理解还远未完成。目前调查人类 reach-to-grasp 运动的技术往往利用可能昂贵的运动跟踪系统, 要求将标记或传感器附着在手上, 阻碍自然运动和感官反馈, 并提供运动学可能难以解释的输出。虽然一般有效的研究健康视力成人的定型 reach-to-grasp 运动, 许多这些技术面临额外的限制时, 试图研究不可预知的和特殊的 reach-to-grasp 运动年轻的婴儿, 看清的成年人, 和神经紊乱患者。因此, 我们提出了一个新的, 廉价, 和高度可靠的灵活的协议, 量化的时间和运动学结构的特殊 reach-to-grasp 运动的人。高速摄像机捕捉 reach-to-grasp 运动的多个视图。然后使用帧的视频分析来记录预定义行为事件的时间和大小, 如动作开始、采集、最大高度、峰值光圈、第一次接触和最后的把握。通过记录每个事件的相对帧数来重建运动的时间结构, 同时用照片编辑软件中的标尺或测量函数量化手的运动学结构以校准2维线性两个身体部分或身体部分和目标之间的距离。帧-帧的视频分析可以提供一个定量和全面的描述特殊的 reach-to-grasp 运动, 将使研究人员扩大他们的调查领域, 包括更大范围的自然主义握在健康和临床人群中, 以更广泛的各种感官模式为指导的行为。

本节提供的例子, 可以获得的结果, 当使用帧-帧的视频分析, 以调查特殊的 reach-to-grasp 运动下可视感官指导。主要的发现是, 当参与者可以使用视觉来先发制人确定目标对象的外部 (位置/方向) 和内在 (大小/形状) 属性时, 他们将 reach 和掌握整合到一个单一的无缝握行为在触摸它之前, 他们将手 preshape 到目标的大小和形状 (图 2A)。然而, 当视力不可用时...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans at JoVE.com

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

本协议描述了如何使用帧的帧视频分析来量化人的特殊 reach-to-grasp 运动。通过对视力与看清健康成人接触的对比分析, 验证了该技术的有效性, 但该方法也可应用于发展和临床人群的研究。

人体特异 Reach-to-Grasp 运动的帧-帧视频分析

Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, is central to the human experience. We use it to feed ourselves, groom ourselves, and manipulate ...

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Measuring the Kinematics of Daily Living Movements with Motion Capture Systems in Virtual Reality

虚拟现实中运动捕捉系统的日常生活运动运动学测量

The inability to complete instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is a precursor to various neuropsychological diseases. Questionnaire-based ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

面部肌电图对人体有经验和观察到的情感触觉的影响评估

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...