Name: using brain activation (nir-heg/q-eeg) and execution measures (cpts) in a adhd assessment protocol
Uploaded: 2018-04-01T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了阿斯图里亚斯公国 (FC-15-GRUPIN14-053) 的一个项目的支持, 并得到了 Severo 奥乔亚计划 (BP14-030) 的 predoctoral 赠款。我们要感谢安娜 Bujnowska 为她的贡献和希瑟沼泽和奈杰尔沼泽为他们的帮助。

本研究是根据《赫尔辛基宣言》进行的, 它确立了涉及人的研究的伦理原则。该研究的目标、范围和程序也得到了奥维耶大大学和阿斯图里亚斯大学医院伦理委员会的批准。
1. 家长报告
<ol><li>在开始评估议定书之前, 请取得签署的父母同意, 以便对该儿童进行评估。</li>
	<li>与参加者的家人进行有条理的访谈。 注: 结构化访谈已作为附录提供。</li>
	<li>有参加者的家庭和/或?...

<ol>
	<li>American Psychiatric Association. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. , (2013).</li><li>Steinau, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+criteria+in+attention+deficit+hyperactivity+disorder-Changes+in+DSM+5.">Diagnostic criteria in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-Changes in DSM 5.</a> Front Psychol. 4 (49), (2013).</li><li>Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., Rohde, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+worldwide+prevalence+of+ADHD:+a+systematic+review+and+metaregression+analysis.">The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis.</a> Am J Psychiat. 4 (6), 942-948 (2007).</li><li>Willcutt, E. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+prevalence+of+DSM-IV+attention-deficit/hyperactivity+disorder:+a+meta-analytic+review.">The prevalence of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analytic review.</a> Neurotherapeutics. 9 (3), 490-499 (2012).</li><li>Catal&#225;-L&#243;pez, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+attention+deficit+hyperactivity+disorder+among+children+and+adolescents+in+Spain:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+epidemiological+studies.">Prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in Spain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies.</a> BMC psychiatry. 12 (1), 168 (2012).</li><li>Cubillo, A., Halari, R., Smith, A., Taylor, E., Rubia, K. 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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discourse+on+the+development+of+EEG+diagnostics+and+biofeedback+for+attention-deficit/hyperactivity+disorders.">Discourse on the development of EEG diagnostics and biofeedback for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders.</a> Appl Psychophys Biof. 16 (3), 201-225 (1991).</li><li>Monastra, V. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+attention+deficit+hyperactivity+disorder+via+Quantified+Electroencephalography:+An+initial+validation+study.">Assessing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder via Quantified Electroencephalography: An initial validation study.</a> Neuropsychol. 13 (3), 424-433 (1999).</li><li>Hall, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+clinical+utility+of+the+continuous+performance+test+and+objective+measures+of+activity+for+diagnosing+and+monitoring+ADHD+in+children:+a+systematic+review.">The clinical utility of the continuous performance test and objective measures of activity for diagnosing and monitoring ADHD in children: a systematic review.</a> Eur Child Adolesc Psych. 25 (7), 677-699 (2016).</li><li>Barbaresi, W. J., Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., Jacobsen, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modifiers+of+long-term+school+outcomes+for+children+with+attention-deficit/hyperactivity+disorder:+does+treatment+with+stimulant+medication+make+a+difference?+Results+from+a+population-based+study.">Modifiers of long-term school outcomes for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: does treatment with stimulant medication make a difference? Results from a population-based study.</a> J Dev Behav Pediatr. 28 (4), 274-287 (2007).</li><li>Rodr&#237;guez, C., Gonz&#225;lez-Castro, P., Cueli, M., Areces, D., Gonz&#225;lez-Pienda, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attention+deficit/hyperactivity+disorder+(ADHD)+diagnosis:+an+activation-executive+model.">Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis: an activation-executive model.</a> Front Psychol. 7, (2016).</li><li>Gonz&#225;lez-Castro, P., Rodr&#237;guez, C., L&#243;pez, &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;., Cueli, M., &#193;lvarez, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Attention+deficit+hyperactivity+disorder,+differential+diagnosis+with+blood+oxygenation,+beta/theta+ratio,+and+attention+measures.">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, differential diagnosis with blood oxygenation, beta/theta ratio, and attention measures.</a> Int J Clinical and Health Psycho. 13 (2), 101-109 (2013).</li><li>Farr&#233;, A., Narbona, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> EDAH: Scale for the assessment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. , (2001).</li><li>Wechsler, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- 4th edition. , (2005).</li><li>Climent, G., Banterla, F., Iriarte, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> AULA: Theoretical manual. , (2011).</li><li>Greenberg, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developmental+normative+data+on+the+Test+of+Variables+of+Attention+(TOVA).">Developmental normative data on the Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA).</a> J Child Psychol Psyc. 34, 1019-1030 (1993).</li><li>Toomim, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intentional+increase+of+cerebral+blood+oxygenation+using+hemoencephalography:+an+efficient+brain+exercise+therapy.">Intentional increase of cerebral blood oxygenation using hemoencephalography: an efficient brain exercise therapy.</a> J Neurother. 8, 5-21 (2005).</li><li>Gonz&#225;lez-Castro, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+activation+and+attentional+control+in+ADHD+subtypes.">Cortical activation and attentional control in ADHD subtypes.</a> Int J Clin Health Psycho. 10 (1), 23-39 (2010).</li><li>Garc&#237;a, T., Gonz&#225;lez-Castro, P., Areces, D., Cueli, M., Rodr&#237;guez, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Executive+functions+in+children+and+adolescents:+The+types+of+assessment+measures+used+and+implications+for+their+validity+in+clinical+and+educational+contexts.">Executive functions in children and adolescents: The types of assessment measures used and implications for their validity in clinical and educational contexts.</a> Papeles del Psic&#243;logo. 35, 215-233 (2014).</li></ol>

在这里, 我们提出一个有效的协议, 以评估多动症从6-16 岁。鉴于 ADHD 的症状复杂性及其高患病率, 专业人员必须有可靠和有效的仪器来诊断这种紊乱。通常, 基于行为观察的问卷调查被广泛应用。然而, 使用这些文书作为唯一的评估措施有一定的限制, 包括观察员18部分的潜在主观性。
正如研究结果所显示的, 这个协议强调了一个参与者与 adhd 的区别, 而不是 ad...

本议定书的总目标是制定一个完整的程序或评估模式, 以诊断注意缺陷多动障碍, 否则称为 ADHD。ADHD 是影响学业成绩的问题之一。据了解, 这是一种以注意力、抑制控制和多动症为特点的紊乱, 其性能明显低于对等1,2。最新版本的精神疾病诊断和统计手册 (DSM)1包括来自早期版本的不同更新: ADHD 被归类为神经发育紊乱;症状出现的年龄增加了, 所以现在症状可以在12岁之前表现出来;多动症陈述的期限应该使用而不是亚型 (主要地过度活跃或冲动; 主要地不留神; 并且联合表示法和);最后, 它已被接受为与自闭症频谱紊乱症的共病。
根据分析的国家或地区, 有不同的患病率估计,3,4,5。国际全球系统的3审查观察到平均患病率为5.29%。然而, 根据《精神疾病诊断和统计手册》的标准,4的百分比从5.9 到7.1% 不等。同样, 西班牙人口中 ADHD 的 meta 分析提供了平均 6.8%5。患病率的变化可能是由于使用了不同的评估协议。
虽然有大量的研究表明神经学基础的 ADHD, 这种紊乱的起源仍然不清楚。一些研究将多动症症状与脑皮质 hypoactivation 相关联, 这与多巴胺和肾上腺素能系统中的缺陷有关 6.肾上腺素能系统模块的选择性注意和激活水平需要执行任务。另一方面, 多巴胺能系统负责抑制控制, 无论是在执行和激励水平。与多巴胺和肾上腺素能系统相关的低皮质活化被认为是多动症患者的抑制和注意力缺陷的基础。从这个意义上说, 多动症患儿显示在多巴胺和肾上腺素能系统中皮质活化低, 这是由不同的电皮质活动的外形表现出的休息状态, 证明由增加θ-和减少 beta 活动7、8以及 Fp1 (额叶前左侧) 和 FPz/Cz (前前额皮质中心区) 的血液氧合水平较低。
血液氧合是用近红外光谱测量 HEG, 它使用功能近红外线光谱学测量大脑血液中的颜色变化, 以表明氧饱和度区域;含氧血是鲜红的, 而脱氧血是一种深, 几乎略带紫红色。皮质活化是用量化的脑电图 (Q 脑电图) 来测量的。这是一个电脑脑电图系统, 记录大脑中的电活动, 通过β/θ比值提供皮质活化水平。它从总体上衡量注意力, 独立于正在执行的任务。其他研究集中在多动症人群中存在执行功能 (EF) 损害的问题9, 这将解释患有 adhd 的儿童有控制冲动反应、抵抗干扰或分心的困难,以连续的方式组织活动, 并在执行活动时保持认知努力。
通常, 这些症状的 ADHD 有严重的后果, 导致困难的学术, 社会和家庭环境。患有 adhd 的儿童比没有 adhd 的儿童, 在学校重复评分和/或完成学业成绩的几率较高。此外, 辍学率在青少年中的几率是三倍, 多动症10,11。
考虑到目前版本的精神障碍诊断和统计手册中多动症的修改和新分类1, 有关确定特定大脑皮质活化水平关系的结果区域、执行函数和诊断相关变量7,8,11,12 (i. e, 三种多动症演示文稿之间的差异)。
多动症识别中最常见的问题之一是由于缺乏全球评估协议而导致的疾病过度诊断。专业人士没有基于客观变量的一般协议, 造成多动症的假阳性和假阴性病例占很大比例。这种情况突显出, 专业人士和临床医生需要有一个明确的议定书, 不仅考虑有关的变数, 而且还审议它们之间的关系。
因此, 来自奥维耶大大学的学校学习、困难和学术表现研究小组 (ADIR) 一直致力于制定一项完整的 identifyprofiles 皮质活化和执行控制的协议, 以提供一个比目前使用的多动症更客观的诊断。这个协议是特别重要的, 因为它考虑到的事实, 皮质活化在前额和前额皮质影响执行功能。目前的协议将是有用的临床医生谁有兴趣执行一个完整的评估, 考虑在诊断中的相关变量之间的相互作用。为此, 该议定书基于罗德里格斯et提出的最近一项研究的评估模型。其中考虑到皮层激活和执行变量之间的交互 (图 1)。
总之, 本议定书的目的是为这一发育紊乱提供一个较现有的更客观的诊断程序, 并深入分析激活措施与执行功能措施之间的关系。该程序还将考虑多动症的一些假设决定因素, 无论是在大脑的某些区域激活与执行功能的不同方面 (如遗漏) 的不同表现之间的关系,佣金或响应时间。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1075">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="160">
			<td height="160" style="height:160px;width:216px;">EDAH&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:163px;">TEA Company</td>
			<td style="width:344px;"></td>
			<td style="width:352px;">It is a Scale for the Assessment of ADHD that was administered to families and/or teachers. 
			&#160;It comprises 20 items that provide information on the presence of symptoms relating to attention deficit and hyperactivity/impulsivity, and helps differentiate between the threes subtypes of ADHD. A score above 90% in its subscales indicates attention deficit, hyperactivity/ impulsivity problems, or both.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="80">
			<td height="80" style="height:80px;">Wisc-IV R</td>
			<td>TEA Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:352px;">The WISC-IV by Wechsler (2005) is a tool that assesses 
			individual intelligence in children and adolescents between 
			the ages of 6 years and 16 years 11 months.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="123">
			<td height="123" style="height:123px;">QEEG</td>
			<td>Neurobics pocket</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:352px;">Q-EEG (quantified electroencephalogram) is a computerized EEG system, 
			adapted by Toomin, which provides levels of cortical activation through 
			the beta/theta ratio. It measures attention in general, independently of the task to be performed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="101">
			<td height="101" style="height:101px;">NIR-HEG</td>
			<td>Brain trainer company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:352px;">it is a tool used to measure blood oxygenation in expressly selected areas. The nir-HEG employs the translucent property of biological tissue, and low-frequency red and infrared lights with light emitting diodes (LED optodes).&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="160">
			<td height="160" style="height:160px;">AULA Nesplora</td>
			<td>Nesplora Company</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:352px;">It is a Continuous Performance Test that evaluates attention, impulsivity, processing speed, and motor activity in participants between 6 and 16 years of age. 
			The task is performed in a virtual reality environment, 
			which is shown through three-dimensional (3D) glasses 
			(Head Mounted Display, HMD) equipped with motion 
			sensors and headphones.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="172">
			<td height="172" style="height:172px;">T.O.V.A (Test of Variables of Attention)</td>
			<td>The T.O.V.A.&#160; Company</td>
			<td>T.O.V.A. 8 kit</td>
			<td style="width:352px;">T.O.V.A. is an objective, accurate, and FDA cleared continuous performance test&#160; (CPT) that measures the key components of attention and inhibitory control. 
			The T.O.V.A. is used by qualified healthcare professionals as an aid in the assessment 
			of attention deficits, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in children and adults.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using brain activation (nir-heg/q-eeg) and execution measures (cpts) in a adhd assessment protocol

注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 是一个影响学业成绩的问题, 并产生严重的后果, 导致在学术, 社会和家庭环境的困难。查明这一疾病的最常见的问题之一是, 由于缺乏全球评估协议, 对疾病的诊断明显过度。来自奥维耶大大学的学校学习、困难和学术表现研究小组 (ADIR) 制定了一项完整的协议, 建议存在一定的皮质活化模式和执行控制, 以确定多动症更客观。本议定书考虑了多动症的一些假设性决定因素, 包括激活大脑中选定区域的关系, 以及在执行职能 (如遗漏) 的各个方面表现上的差异,佣金或响应时间, 使用持续性能测试的创新工具 (基于虚拟现实的 cpt 和传统的 cpt) 和大脑激活措施 (基于 Hemoencephalography-nirHEG 的两种不同的工具, 并量化脑电图-Q 脑电图, 分别)。这种评估模式的目的是提供一个有效的评估 ADHD 症状, 以便设计一个准确的干预, 并提出适当的建议, 为家长和教师。

利用这里提出的评估程序, 有可能对多动症症状进行有效的评估, 以便设计出准确的干预措施, 并为家长和教师提出建议。以下是一个参与者的一系列代表性的结果, 多动症和参与者没有 adhd, 这将使专业人士看到两个侧面的差异。
一旦临床医生得到了家属的知情同意, 就对儿童实施认知量表 (WISC IV), 以排除目前能力低下或高容量...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol at JoVE.com

Using Brain Activation nir-HEG/Q-EEG and Execution Measures CPTs in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

这项工作提出了一个新的协议, 以评估注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 通过提供一个更客观的诊断程序, 这一发展障碍的基础上使用的创新工具。并分析了活化措施与执行功能测度之间的关系。

使用脑激活 (近红外 HEG/Q 脑电图) 和执行措施 (CPTs) 的 ADHD 评估协议

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a problem that impacts academic performance and has serious consequences that result in difficulties in ...

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Using Brain Activation (nir-HEG/Q-EEG) and Execution Measures (CPTs) in a ADHD Assessment Protocol

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Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

成人脑切片长期抑郁症诱导评估

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...

Stimulation Location Determination using a 3D Digitizer with High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

使用具有高清晰度颅内直接电流刺激的 3D 数字化仪确定刺激位置

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

脑切片和原细胞培养中金字塔神经元的弹道标记

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect ...

Whole-Brain 3D Activation and Functional Connectivity Mapping in Mice using Transcranial Functional Ultrasound Imaging

使用经颅功能超声成像的小鼠全脑3D激活和功能连接映射

Functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging is a novel brain imaging modality that relies on the high-sensitivity measure of the cerebral blood volume achieved by ...