Name: using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) to monitor the state of arm cohesion in prometaphase and metaphase i drosophila oocytes
Uploaded: 2017-12-06T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes at JoVE.com

この作品は、NIH グラント GM59354 シャロン E. Bickel に授与によって支えられました。Q. ウイ グエンにアン Lavanway 共焦点顕微鏡のヘルプとテクニカル サポートに J. エミリアーノ リード蛍光腕プローブの生成のためのプロトコルの開発に支援ありがちましょう。また、有用な議論やアドバイスのためのショウジョウバエのコミュニティで多くの同僚らを感謝いたします。

1. 準備
<ol><li>
蛍光の in situの交配 (魚) のためのソリューションを準備します。超純水を使用してすべてのソリューションを準備します。
	<ol>
<li>5 x 変更ロブのバッファーを準備: 275 mM 酢酸カリウム、酢酸ナトリウム 200 mM、500 mM ショ糖、50 mM グルコース、6 mM 塩化マグネシウム、塩化カルシウム 5 mM、500 mM HEPES pH 7.4 を =。7.4 10 N NaOH を使用して pH をもたらします。フィル?...

<ol>
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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disjunction+of+homologous+chromosomes+in+meiosis+I+depends+on+proteolytic+cleavage+of+the+meiotic+cohesin+Rec8+by+separin.">Disjunction of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I depends on proteolytic cleavage of the meiotic cohesin Rec8 by separin.</a> Cell. 103 (3), 387-398 (2000).</li><li>Bickel, S. E., Orr-Weaver, T., Balicky, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+sister-chromatid+cohesion+protein+ORD+is+required+for+chiasma+maintenance+in+Drosophila+oocytes.">The sister-chromatid cohesion protein ORD is required for chiasma maintenance in Drosophila oocytes.</a> Curr. Biol. 12 (11), 925-929 (2002).</li><li>Hodges, C. A., Revenkova, E., Jessberger, R., Hassold, T. J., Hunt, P. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+aneuploidy:+mechanisms+and+new+insights+into+an+age-old+problem.">Human aneuploidy: mechanisms and new insights into an age-old problem.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 13 (7), 493-504 (2012).</li><li>Angell, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=First-meiotic-division+nondisjunction+in+human+oocytes.">First-meiotic-division nondisjunction in human oocytes.</a> Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61, 23-32 (1997).</li><li>Tsutsumi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+decrease+of+meiotic+cohesins+in+human+oocytes.">Age-related decrease of meiotic cohesins in human oocytes.</a> PLoS One. 9 (5), e96710 (2014).</li><li>Liu, L., Keefe, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defective+cohesin+is+associated+with+age-dependent+misaligned+chromosomes+in+oocytes.">Defective cohesin is associated with age-dependent misaligned chromosomes in oocytes.</a> Reprod Biomed Online. 16 (1), 103-112 (2008).</li><li>Subramanian, V. V., Bickel, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aging+predisposes+oocytes+to+meiotic+nondisjunction+when+the+cohesin+subunit+SMC1+is+reduced.">Aging predisposes oocytes to meiotic nondisjunction when the cohesin subunit SMC1 is reduced.</a> PLoS Genet. 4 (11), e1000263 (2008).</li><li>Chiang, T., Duncan, F. E., Schindler, K., Schultz, R. M., Lampson, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+that+weakened+centromere+cohesion+is+a+leading+cause+of+age-related+aneuploidy+in+oocytes.">Evidence that weakened centromere cohesion is a leading cause of age-related aneuploidy in oocytes.</a> Curr. Biol. 20 (17), 1522-1528 (2010).</li><li>Lister, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+meiotic+segregation+errors+in+mammalian+oocytes+are+preceded+by+depletion+of+cohesin+and+Sgo2.">Age-related meiotic segregation errors in mammalian oocytes are preceded by depletion of cohesin and Sgo2.</a> Curr. Biol. 20 (17), 1511-1521 (2010).</li><li>Duncan, F. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromosome+cohesion+decreases+in+human+eggs+with+advanced+maternal+age.">Chromosome cohesion decreases in human eggs with advanced maternal age.</a> Aging Cell. 11 (6), 1121-1124 (2012).</li><li>Yun, Y., Lane, S. I., Jones, K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Premature+dyad+separation+in+meiosis+II+is+the+major+segregation+error+with+maternal+age+in+mouse+oocytes.">Premature dyad separation in meiosis II is the major segregation error with maternal age in mouse oocytes.</a> Development. 141 (1), 199-208 (2014).</li><li>Subramanian, V. V., Bickel, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterochromatin-mediated+association+of+achiasmate+homologues+declines+with+age+when+cohesion+is+compromised.">Heterochromatin-mediated association of achiasmate homologues declines with age when cohesion is compromised.</a> Genetics. 181, 1207-1218 (2009).</li><li>Jeffreys, C. A., Burrage, P. S., Bickel, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+system+for+increased+meiotic+nondisjunction+in+older+oocytes.">A model system for increased meiotic nondisjunction in older oocytes.</a> Curr. Biol. 13 (6), 498-503 (2003).</li><li>Weng, K. A., Jeffreys, C. A., Bickel, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rejuvenation+of+Meiotic+Cohesion+in+Oocytes+during+Prophase+I+Is+Required+for+Chiasma+Maintenance+and+Accurate+Chromosome+Segregation.">Rejuvenation of Meiotic Cohesion in Oocytes during Prophase I Is Required for Chiasma Maintenance and Accurate Chromosome Segregation.</a> PLoS Genetics. 10 (9), e1004607 (2014).</li><li>Perkins, A. T., Das, T. M., Panzera, L. C., Bickel, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+stress+in+oocytes+during+midprophase+induces+premature+loss+of+cohesion+and+chromosome+segregation+errors.">Oxidative stress in oocytes during midprophase induces premature loss of cohesion and chromosome segregation errors.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 113 (44), E6823-E6830 (2016).</li><li>Dernburg, A. F., Sedat, J. W., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+evidence+of+a+role+for+heterochromatin+in+meiotic+chromosome+segregation.">Direct evidence of a role for heterochromatin in meiotic chromosome segregation.</a> Cell. 86, 135-146 (1996).</li><li>Dernburg, A. F., Sedat, J. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Method Cell Biol. 53, 187-233 (1998).</li><li>Guo, Z., Batiha, O., Bourouh, M., Fifield, E., Swan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+Securin,+Separase+and+Cohesins+in+female+meiosis+and+polar+body+formation+in+Drosophila.">Role of Securin, Separase and Cohesins in female meiosis and polar body formation in Drosophila.</a> J Cell Sci. 129 (3), 531-542 (2016).</li><li>Giauque, C. C., Bickel, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterochromatin-Associated+Proteins+HP1a+and+Piwi+Collaborate+to+Maintain+the+Association+of+Achiasmate+Homologs+in+Drosophila+Oocytes.">Heterochromatin-Associated Proteins HP1a and Piwi Collaborate to Maintain the Association of Achiasmate Homologs in Drosophila Oocytes.</a> Genetics. 203 (1), 173-189 (2016).</li><li>Joyce, E. F., Apostolopoulos, N., Beliveau, B. J., Wu, C. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germline+progenitors+escape+the+widespread+phenomenon+of+homolog+pairing+during+Drosophila+development.">Germline progenitors escape the widespread phenomenon of homolog pairing during Drosophila development.</a> PLoS Genet. 9 (12), e1004013 (2013).</li><li>Gilliland, W. D., Hughes, S. F., Vietti, D. R., Hawley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Congression+of+achiasmate+chromosomes+to+the+metaphase+plate+in+Drosophila+melanogaster+oocytes.">Congression of achiasmate chromosomes to the metaphase plate in Drosophila melanogaster oocytes.</a> Dev Biol. 325 (1), 122-128 (2009).</li><li>Gyuricza, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+and+Stable+Cohesins+Regulate+Synaptonemal+Complex+Assembly+and+Chromosome+Segregation.">Dynamic and Stable Cohesins Regulate Synaptonemal Complex Assembly and Chromosome Segregation.</a> Curr Biol. 26 (13), 1688-1698 (2016).</li><li>Radford, S. J., McKim, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Techniques+for+Imaging+Prometaphase+and+Metaphase+of+Meiosis+I+in+Fixed+Drosophila+Oocytes.">Techniques for Imaging Prometaphase and Metaphase of Meiosis I in Fixed Drosophila Oocytes.</a> J Vis Exp. (116), (2016).</li></ol>

私と中期 prometaphase の腕の結束の状態を評価するプローブの魚の使用私のショウジョウバエの卵母細胞はショウジョウバエの減数分裂の分野の重要な進歩。歴史的に、ショウジョウバエ研究者は成熟卵11,18,19腕結束の早期喪失を推論するための遺伝子検査に限られています。今、紹介した方法で腕の結?...

有糸分裂と減数分裂時の染色体の分離が適切な必要とその姉妹染色分け体の凝集性の確立、維持、・連携1,2のリリースします。凝集度は S 期の間に確立され、姉妹を保持する物理の連携を形成するコヒーシン複雑、により媒介される染色分け体一緒に。減数分裂、クロス オーバーの遠位結束も組換え同族体を一緒に保持する機能し、この物理的な関連付けにより、適切な方向 (図 1)3,4、減数分裂に 2価の紡錘 5。リリース アームの後期で結束対極スピンドルに分離する同族体が可能します。ただし、腕結束がある場合途中で失われた組換え同族体の物理的な接続を失う、異数性配偶子 (図 1) につながることができます、ランダムに分離します。
人間の卵子の染色体分配のエラー6、ダウン症候群などの先天異常と流産の原因、その発生率は、母体年齢7とともに指数関数的に増加します。胎児卵母細胞で姉妹染色分け体の凝集が確立され、出生前に減数分裂組み換えが完了しました。卵母細胞、中期前期私排卵までと逮捕この逮捕中に、組換え同族体の継続的な物理的な連合の依存姉妹染色分け体結束。したがって、減数分裂と正常妊娠の転帰の間に正確な分離は、最大 5 年間の凝集力がそのまま残ること必要があります。
人間の卵子の減数分裂長期逮捕時に結束の早期喪失は母親年齢の効果に貢献する提案されているし、証拠の複数のラインは、この仮説8,9をサポートします。ただし、ヒトの卵母細胞の減数分裂の結束を研究の課題を考えると、この現象の私達の理解の多くは、モデル生物5,10、11,12,の使うことで13,14,15。
ショウジョウバエの卵母細胞は減数分裂の結束と染色体の偏析の研究のための多数の利点を提供しています。単純な遺伝的アッセイ異数性配偶子から子孫を回復し、 Xの忠実度を測定することができます-大規模な11,16,17染色体分離。さらに、1 つも減数分裂期組換え同族体 missegregate アーム結束11,18,の早期喪失と一貫性のある表現型、私ために染色体分離エラーが発生するかどうかを決定可能性があります19. 直接ショウジョウバエの卵母細胞の減数分裂の結束の状態の観察が可能な蛍光現場の交配 (魚) を使用しても。反復的な衛星シーケンスに交配する蛍光のオリゴヌクレオチドが使用されているため 10 年以上 pericentromeric 結束の成熟したショウジョウバエ卵4、20アームの分析を監視するには凝集度は、はるかに困難されています。腕の結束の状態の可視化には、シングル コピーの大規模な地域にわたるプローブ シーケンスし、アーム結合が存在しないときに個々 の妹のため目に見えるシグナル染色分け体が発生するには十分に明るいですが必要です。さらに、卵母細胞固定条件と分類された Dna のサイズは大きな成熟したショウジョウバエ卵母細胞 (200 μ m 幅 500 μ m 長で) に浸透21を促進する必要があります。最近、腕プローブが正常に利用いる prometaphase で信号の検出できませんでした述べたけど、著者、後期中ショウジョウバエ卵母細胞染色分け体を可視化するまたは中期卵22を逮捕しました。ここでは、 Xの生成のための詳しいプロトコルを提供-私と中期染色分け体結束 prometaphase の妹の早期喪失の試金する私たちを許可している卵母細胞調製条件と魚プローブ染色体腕私卵。減数分裂の結束の維持に必要な遺伝子の製品を識別するために私たちを有効に、これらのテクニックになります他の姉妹のために試金する染色分け体結束異なった遺伝子型の成熟のショウジョウバエ卵の欠陥します。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Kits</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Midi Prep kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>12143</td>
			<td>Prep BAC clone DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GenomePlex Complete Whole Genome Amplification (WGA) Kit</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>WGA2</td>
			<td>Amplify BAC clone DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ARES Alexa Fluor 647 DNA labeling kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A21676</td>
			<td>Label BAC clone DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR purification kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28104</td>
			<td>Remove non-conjugated dye following labeling of BAC clone DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemicals &#38; Solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Note: All solutions are prepared using sterile ultrapure water and should be sterilized either by autoclave or filter sterilization.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1600-100</td>
			<td>Prepare 10% stock 
			Freeze aliquots</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C75-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI (4&#8217;, 6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole, Dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>D1306</td>
			<td>Toxic: wear appropriate protection. Prepare 100&#181;g/ml stock in 100% ethanol, store in aliquots at -20 &#176;C. Prepare 1 &#181;g/ml solution in 2X SSCT before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextran sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D-8906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drierite</td>
			<td>Drierite Company</td>
			<td>23001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15508-013</td>
			<td>Prepare 10 mM stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dTTP (10 &#181;mol, 100 &#181;l)</td>
			<td>Boehringer Mannheim</td>
			<td>1277049</td>
			<td>Prepare 1 mM stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA (Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S311-500</td>
			<td>Prepare 250 mM stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100% ethanol (molecular grade, 200 proof)</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2716</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris (Ultra Pure)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15504-020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGTA (Ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrilo)tetraacetic acid)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>E-3889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Ted Pella, Inc.</td>
			<td>18505</td>
			<td>Toxic: wear appropriate protection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9342</td>
			<td>Toxic: wear appropriate protection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D16-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycogen</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>901393</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Boehringer Mannheim</td>
			<td>737-151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heptane</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>H350-4</td>
			<td>Toxic: wear appropriate protection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>HX0603-4</td>
			<td>Toxic: wear appropriate protection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydroxylamine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>438227</td>
			<td>Prepare 3 M stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4.9 M Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>104-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Na2HPO4 &#376; 7H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S373-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaH2PO4 &#376; 2H2O</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S369-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-lysine (0.1mg/ml)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8920-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium acetate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP364-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium acetate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S209-500</td>
			<td>Prepare 3M stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium cacodylate</td>
			<td>Polysciences, Inc.</td>
			<td>1131</td>
			<td>Toxic: wear appropriate protection. Prepare 400mM stock</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium citrate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP327-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S271-3</td>
			<td>Sodium chloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S5-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Tween 20</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>28320</td>
			<td>Surfact-Amps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>28314</td>
			<td>Surfact-Amps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Solutions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Note: All solutions are prepared using sterile ultrapure water and should be sterilized either by autoclave or filter sterilization.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TE buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, pH = 8.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20X SSC (Saline Sodium Citrate)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3 M NaCl, 300 mM sodium citrate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X cacodylate fix solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Toxic: wear appropriate protection. 200 mM sodium cacodylate, 200 mM sucrose, 80 mM sodium acetate, 20 mM EGTA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.1X Hybridization buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3.3X SSC, 55% formamide, 11% dextran sulfate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fix solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Toxic: wear appropriate protection. 4% formaldehyde, 1X cacodylate fix solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBSBTx</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1X PBS, 0.5% BSA, 0.1% Trition X-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBSTx</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1X PBS, 1% Trition X-100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extraction buffer (PBSTx + Rnase)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1X PBS, 1% Trition X-100, 100 &#181;g/mL RNase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X SSCT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2X SSC, 0.1% Tween 20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X SSCT + 20% formamide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Toxic: wear appropriate protection. 2X SSC, 0.1% Tween 20, 20% formamide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X SSCT + 40% formamide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Toxic: wear appropriate protection. 2X SSC, 0.1% Tween 20, 40% formamide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X SSCT + 50% formamide</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Toxic: wear appropriate protection. 2X SSC, 0.1% Tween 20, 50% formamide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enzymes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AluI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0137S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HaeIII</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0108S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MseI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0525S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MspI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0106S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RsaI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0167S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BfuCI</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0636S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100X BSA</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Comes with NEB enzymes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X NEB buffer #2</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Restriction enzyme digestion buffer. Comes with NEB enzymes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) 400 U/&#181;l</td>
			<td>Roche/Sigma</td>
			<td>3333566001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TdT buffer</td>
			<td>Roche/Sigma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Comes with TdT enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cobalt chloride</td>
			<td>Roche/Sigma</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Toxic: wear appropriate protection. Comes with TdT enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase A (10 mg/mL)</td>
			<td>Thermo-Scientific</td>
			<td>EN0531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytology Tools etc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>#5 INOX, Biologie</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9&#8221; Disposable glass Pasteur pipettes</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-678-20C</td>
			<td>Autoclave to sterilize</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shallow glass dissecting dish</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deep well dish (3 wells)</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td>7223-34</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherfinest Premium microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-038-104</td>
			<td>Used to cover deep well dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Frosted glass slides, 25 x 75 mm</td>
			<td>VWR Scientific</td>
			<td>48312-002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slides, 3 x 1 in, 1 mm thick</td>
			<td>Thermo-Scientific</td>
			<td>3051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips, 10 x 10 mm, No. 1.5</td>
			<td>Thermo-Scientific</td>
			<td>3405</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten needle</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>homemade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong GOLD mounting media</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes</td>
			<td>P36930</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compressed-air in can</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR machine</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanodrop 2000, spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo-Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>microvolume spectrophotometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortexer</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Table top microfuge at room temperature</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Table top microfuge at 4 &#176;C</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat block</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridization oven or incubator with rotator</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nutator</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A1RSi laser scanning confoal</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>40X oil Plan Fluor DIC (NA 1.3)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Consumables etc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical tubes</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL microfuge tubes</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>500 &#181;l microfuge tubes</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 &#181;l PCR tubes</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic container with tight fitting lid</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To hold Drierite</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kimwipes</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>disposable wipes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>paraffin film</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Other</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC purified 5&#39;-labeled oligonucleotides</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Cy3-labeled probes that recognize the 359 bp satellite repeat of the X chromosome</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Volocity 3D Image Analysis Software</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Version 6.3</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) to monitor the state of arm cohesion in prometaphase and metaphase i drosophila oocytes

ヒトでは、卵母細胞における染色体分離エラーが流産や先天性欠損症の大半を担当です。さらに、女性の年齢、妊娠 aneuploid 胎児が大幅に増加、このような現象のリスクは母体年齢効果と呼ばれます。減数分裂の分裂時の正確な染色体分離の要件の 1 つは妹のメンテナンス卵母細胞が発生する拡張前期期間中に染色分け体結束。人間のモデル生物細胞学的証拠では、老化の過程減数分裂凝集度を劣化させることを示唆しています。人間の卵子に偏析エラーは減数分裂の間に最も普及している、さらに、私は、腕の結束の早期喪失と一貫性のあります。モデル有機体の使用は、凝集度の年齢依存性損失の根底にあるメカニズムの解明にとって重要です。キイロショウジョウバエでは、卵母細胞の減数分裂の凝集の制御を勉強するためのいくつかの利点を提供しています。しかし、最近まで、遺伝テストのみでした腕結束異なった遺伝子型の異なる実験条件下で卵母細胞の損失の分析に利用できます。ここでは、詳細なプロトコルで、私は、ショウジョウバエの卵母細胞を逮捕された中期の腕 prometaphase の結束の交配 (魚) を直接可視化する蛍光その場で使用するため欠陥を提供。X染色体の遠位腕に交配魚プローブを生成および共焦点 Z スタックを収集、研究者が 3 つの次元での個々 の魚信号数を視覚化して姉妹かどうかを決定する染色分け体腕区切られました。手順では、ショウジョウバエの卵母細胞の何百もの arm 結束欠陥を定量化可能です。そのため、このメソッドは、結束のメンテナンスだけでなく、老化プロセスの間に死につながる要因に寄与するメカニズムを調査するため重要なツールを提供します。

X染色体の細胞学的地域 6E 7B に交配腕プローブで得られた画像を図 5に示します。共同の DAPI、ローカライズ信号でこの検出結果の例は、背景から識別しやすいと正常に異なった遺伝子型19腕結束の欠陥を定量化するために使用されています。結束性欠陥の定量化は制限された prometaphase に私と中期私段階;核膜崩壊前に卵?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes at JoVE.com

Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

Prometaphase の腕凝集度と中期の状態を監視する蛍光In Situハイブリダイゼーション (魚) を使用して私はショウジョウバエの卵母細胞

この原稿は、 Xを生成するための詳細な方法を提示-染色体腕プローブおよび実行する蛍光その場で交配 (魚) の妹の状態を調べるに染色分け体結束の prometaphase とを逮捕した中期ショウジョウバエ卵。このプロトコルは、減数分裂の腕の結合はそのままか、異なった遺伝子型の崩壊かどうかを決定するのに適しています。

In humans, chromosome segregation errors in oocytes are responsible for the majority of miscarriages and birth defects. Moreover, as women age, their risk ...

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Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) to Monitor the State of Arm Cohesion in Prometaphase and Metaphase I Drosophila Oocytes

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