Name: reliable mechanochemistry: protocols for reproducible outcomes of neat and liquid assisted ball-mill grinding experiments
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments at JoVE.com

अंब और JKMS वित्तीय सहायता के लिए EPSRC के आभारी हैं । हम डिजाइन और यांत्रिक सेटअप और पी. Donnelly के लिए धंयवाद सी. ए. नरम पीसने के लिए grinders के स्वचालन के सॉफ्टवेयर डिजाइन के लिए । हम पीसने जार के निर्माण के लिए यांत्रिक कार्यशाला से रिचर्ड कोकिला, Ollie Norris और साइमन Dowe धंयवाद, और "पुश एक बटन" सेटअप और कीथ Parmenter के लिए रसायन विज्ञान विभाग में कांच कार्यशाला से के लिए कांच नमूना PXRD स्लाइड का निर्माण । हम रखरखाव और पेंच बंद करने जार पीसने की मरंमत के लिए सी. ए. नरम धंयवाद । हम रसायन विज्ञान और प्रोफेसर क्रिस हंटर विभाग में अपनी प्रयोगशाला सुविधाओं के उपयोग के लिए PXRD उपकरण के उपयोग के लिए प्रोफेसर बिल जोंस धंयवाद । हम सामांय समर्थन के लिए पृथ्वी विज्ञान विभाग (गिल) का धंयवाद ।

1. कार्बनिक सॉल्वैंट्स के सटीक वितरण के सत्यापन
<ol><li>
रिवर्स पिपेट मोड में कार्बनिक सॉल्वैंट्स के सटीक pipetting के सत्यापन नोट: रिवर्स pipetting मोड में वायु विस्थापन पिपेट अंतराल सॉल्वैंट्स (एसीटोन, acetonitrile (Me...

<ol>
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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanochemistry:+opportunities+for+new+and+cleaner+synthesis.">Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis.</a> Chem Soc Rev. 41 (1), 413-447 (2012).</li><li>Braga, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvent+effect+in+a+"solvent+free"+reaction.">Solvent effect in a "solvent free" reaction.</a> CrystEngComm. 9 (10), 879-881 (2007).</li><li>Karki, S., Friscic, T., Jones, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+and+interconversion+of+cocrystal+stoichiometry+in+grinding:+stepwise+mechanism+for+the+formation+of+a+hydrogen-bonded+cocrystal.">Control and interconversion of cocrystal stoichiometry in grinding: stepwise mechanism for the formation of a hydrogen-bonded cocrystal.</a> CrystEngComm. 11 (3), 470-481 (2009).</li><li>Kaupp, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solid-state+molecular+syntheses:+complete+reactions+without+auxiliaries+based+on+the+new+solid-state+mechanism.">Solid-state molecular syntheses: complete reactions without auxiliaries based on the new solid-state mechanism.</a> CrystEngComm. 5 (23), 117-133 (2003).</li><li>Biswal, B. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanochemical+synthesis+of+chemically+stable+isoreticular+covalent+organic+frameworks.">Mechanochemical synthesis of chemically stable isoreticular covalent organic frameworks.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 135 (14), 5328-5331 (2013).</li><li>Garay, A. L., Pichon, A., James, S. 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E., Ondruschka, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ball+milling+in+organic+synthesis:+solutions+and+challenges.">Ball milling in organic synthesis: solutions and challenges.</a> Chem Soc Rev. 40 (5), 2317-2329 (2011).</li><li>Suryanarayana, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+alloying+and+milling.">Mechanical alloying and milling.</a> Prog Mater Sci. 46 (1-2), 1-184 (2001).</li><li>Wang, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanochemical+organic+synthesis.">Mechanochemical organic synthesis.</a> Chem Soc Rev. 42 (18), 7668-7700 (2013).</li><li>Braga, D., Grepioni, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactions+between+or+within+molecular+crystals.">Reactions between or within molecular crystals.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 43 (31), 4002-4011 (2004).</li><li>Friscic, T., Childs, S. L., Rizvi, S. A. A., Jones, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+solvent+in+mechanochemical+and+sonochemical+cocrystal+formation:+a+solubility-based+approach+for+predicting+cocrystallisation+outcome.">The role of solvent in mechanochemical and sonochemical cocrystal formation: a solubility-based approach for predicting cocrystallisation outcome.</a> Cryst Eng Comm. 11 (3), 418-426 (2009).</li><li>Fucke, K., Myz, S. A., Shakhtshneider, T. P., Boldyreva, E. V., Griesser, U. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+good+are+the+crystallisation+methods+for+co-crystals?+A+comparative+study+of+piroxicam.">How good are the crystallisation methods for co-crystals? A comparative study of piroxicam.</a> New J Chem. 36 (10), 1969-1977 (2012).</li><li>Bennett, T. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Facile+mechanosynthesis+of+amorphous+zeolitic+imidazolate+frameworks.">Facile mechanosynthesis of amorphous zeolitic imidazolate frameworks.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 133 (37), 14546-14549 (2011).</li><li>Braga, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanochemical+preparation+of+molecular+and+supramolecular+organometallic+materials+and+coordination+networks.">Mechanochemical preparation of molecular and supramolecular organometallic materials and coordination networks.</a> Dalton Trans. (10), 1249-1263 (2006).</li><li>Yuan, W., Fri&#353;&#269;i&#263;, T., Apperley, D., James, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+Reactivity+of+Metal-Organic+Frameworks+under+Grinding+Conditions:+Parallels+with+Organic+Molecular+Materials.">High Reactivity of Metal-Organic Frameworks under Grinding Conditions: Parallels with Organic Molecular Materials.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 122 (23), 4008-4011 (2010).</li><li>Icli, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+Molecular+Nanostructures+by+Multicomponent+Condensation+Reactions+in+a+Ball+Mill.">Synthesis of Molecular Nanostructures by Multicomponent Condensation Reactions in a Ball Mill.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 131 (9), 3154-3155 (2009).</li><li>Hsu, C. -. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvent-free+synthesis+of+the+smallest+rotaxane+prepared+to+date.">Solvent-free synthesis of the smallest rotaxane prepared to date.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 47 (39), 7475-7478 (2008).</li><li>Boldyreva, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanochemistry+of+inorganic+and+organic+systems:+what+is+similar,+what+is+different?.">Mechanochemistry of inorganic and organic systems: what is similar, what is different?.</a> Chem Soc Rev. 42 (18), 7719-7738 (2013).</li><li>Gracin, D., &#352;trukil, V., Fri&#353;&#269;i&#263;, T., Halasz, I., U&#382;arevi&#263;, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laboratory+Real-Time+and+In+Situ+Monitoring+of+Mechanochemical+Milling+Reactions+by+Raman+Spectroscopy.">Laboratory Real-Time and In Situ Monitoring of Mechanochemical Milling Reactions by Raman Spectroscopy.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 53 (24), 6193-6197 (2014).</li><li>Halasz, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+and+real-time+monitoring+of+mechanochemical+milling+reactions+using+synchrotron+X-ray+diffraction.">In situ and real-time monitoring of mechanochemical milling reactions using synchrotron X-ray diffraction.</a> Nat. Protocols. 8 (9), 1718-1729 (2013).</li><li>Ma, X., Yuan, W., Bell, S. E. J., James, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Better+understanding+of+mechanochemical+reactions:+Raman+monitoring+reveals+surprisingly+simple+'pseudo-fluid'+model+for+a+ball+milling+reaction.">Better understanding of mechanochemical reactions: Raman monitoring reveals surprisingly simple 'pseudo-fluid' model for a ball milling reaction.</a> Chem Commun. 50 (13), 1585-1587 (2014).</li><li>Tumanov, I. A., Michalchuk, A. A. L., Politov, A., Boldyreva, E., Boldyrev, V. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solid-state+dynamic+combinatorial+chemistry:+reversibility+and+thermodynamic+product+selection+in+covalent+mechanosynthesis.">Solid-state dynamic combinatorial chemistry: reversibility and thermodynamic product selection in covalent mechanosynthesis.</a> Chem Sci. 2 (4), 696-700 (2011).</li><li>Belenguer, A. M., Lampronti, G. I., Wales, D. J., Sanders, J. K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+Observation+of+Intermediates+in+a+Thermodynamically+Controlled+Solid-State+Dynamic+Covalent+Reaction.">Direct Observation of Intermediates in a Thermodynamically Controlled Solid-State Dynamic Covalent Reaction.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 136 (46), 16156-16166 (2014).</li><li>Evora, A. O. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolved+structures+of+two+picolinamide+polymorphs.+Investigation+of+the+dimorphic+system+behaviour+under+conditions+relevant+to+co-crystal+synthesis.">Resolved structures of two picolinamide polymorphs. Investigation of the dimorphic system behaviour under conditions relevant to co-crystal synthesis.</a> CrystEngComm. 14 (24), 8649-8657 (2012).</li><li>Trask, A. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selective+polymorph+transformation+via+solvent-drop+grinding.">Selective polymorph transformation via solvent-drop grinding.</a> Chemical Communications. (7), 880 (2005).</li><li>Hasa, D., Miniussi, E., Jones, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanochemical+Synthesis+of+Multicomponent+Crystals:+One+Liquid+for+One+Polymorph?+A+Myth+to+Dispel.">Mechanochemical Synthesis of Multicomponent Crystals: One Liquid for One Polymorph? A Myth to Dispel.</a> Cryst Growth Des. 16 (8), 4582-4588 (2016).</li><li>Hunter, C. A., Anderson, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=What+is+cooperativity?.">What is cooperativity?.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 48 (41), 7488-7499 (2009).</li><li>McCusker, L. B., Dreele, R. B. V., Cox, D. E., Lou&#235;r, D., Scardi, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rietveld+refinement+guidelines.">Rietveld refinement guidelines.</a> J Appl Crystallogr. 32 (1), 36-50 (1999).</li><li>Allen, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Cambridge+Structural+Database:+a+quarter+of+a+million+crystal+structures+and+rising.">The Cambridge Structural Database: a quarter of a million crystal structures and rising.</a> Acta Crystallogr Sect B. 58 (3 Part 1), 380-388 (2002).</li><li>Gra&#382;ulis, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Crystallography+Open+Database-an+open-access+collection+of+crystal+structures.">Crystallography Open Database-an open-access collection of crystal structures.</a> J Appl Crystallogr. 42 (4), 726-729 (2009).</li><li>Cheary, R. W., Coelho, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fundamental+parameters+approach+to+X-ray+line-profile+fitting.">A fundamental parameters approach to X-ray line-profile fitting.</a> J Appl Crystallogr. 25 (2), 109-121 (1992).</li><li>Tumanov, I. A., Michalchuk, A. A. L., Politov, A., Boldyreva, E., Boldyrev, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inadvertent+Liquid+Assisted+Grinding:+A+Key+to+"Dry"+Organic+Mechano-Co-Crystallisation?.">Inadvertent Liquid Assisted Grinding: A Key to "Dry" Organic Mechano-Co-Crystallisation?.</a> CrystEngComm. 19, 2830-2835 (2017).</li><li>Batzdorf, L., Fischer, F., Wilke, M., Wenzel, K. J., Emmerling, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+In+Situ+Investigation+of+Milling+Reactions+Using+Combined+X-ray+Diffraction+and+Raman+Spectroscopy.">Direct In Situ Investigation of Milling Reactions Using Combined X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy.</a> Angew Chem Int Ed Engl. 54 (6), 1799-1802 (2015).</li><li>Tumanov, N., Ban, V., Poulain, A., Filinchuk, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D-printed+jars+for+ball-milling+experiments+monitored+in+situ+by+X-ray+powder+diffraction.">3D-printed jars for ball-milling experiments monitored in situ by X-ray powder diffraction.</a> J Appl Crystallogr. 50 (4), 994-999 (2017).</li></ol>

जबकि mechanochemistry पर साहित्य के अधिकांश या तो व्यावहारिक परिणामों पर या प्रतिक्रिया तंत्र पर केंद्रित है, इस कागज गेंद चक्की पीस के ऊष्मा समाप्ति बिंदु पते । इस परिप्रेक्ष्य से, काइनेटिक अध्ययन अंतिम संतुलन...

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bis(2-nitrophenyl) disulfide named 1-1</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>215228-25G</td>
			<td>[1155-00-6] 
			(98%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bis(4-chlorophenyl) disulfide named 2-2</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>D0360</td>
			<td>[1142-19-4] 
			(98+%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,8-Diazabicyclo [5.4.0]undec-7-ene (dbu)</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>160610250</td>
			<td>[6674-22-2] 
			(&#62;97.5 % by GC)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-nitrophenyl-4-chlorophenyl-disulfide named 1-2</td>
			<td>in house synthesis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Synthesised by ball mill grinding: 1:1 of 1-1 + 2-2 + 2%M dbu</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Form A</td>
			<td>in house synthesis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Polymorph of 1-2 prepared by ball mill neat grinding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Form B</td>
			<td>in house synthesis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Polymorph of 1-2 prepared by ball mill liquid assisted grinding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formic Acid</td>
			<td>Scientific Laboratory Supplies</td>
			<td>56302-50ML</td>
			<td>[64-18-6] 
			Mass spectrometry grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>85183</td>
			<td>[76-05-1] 
			Reagent-Plus 99%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Water (H2O)</td>
			<td>Rathburn</td>
			<td>W/0106/PB17</td>
			<td>[7732-18-5] 
			HPLC gradient analysis grade used also for HPLC analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile (MeCN),</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>160610250</td>
			<td>[75-05-8] 
			Hypergrade for LCMS grade LiChrosolv used also for HPLC analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A/0606/17</td>
			<td>[67-64-1] 
			HPLC grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol (MeOH)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>M/4062/17</td>
			<td>[67-56-1] 
			LCMS grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol (EtOH)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>15727-5L</td>
			<td>[64-17-5] 
			laboratory reagent, absolute,</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>isopropanol (IPA)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P/7508/17</td>
			<td>[67-63-0] 
			HPLC grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tetrahydrofurane (THF)</td>
			<td>Acros Organics</td>
			<td>268290010</td>
			<td>[109-99-9] 
			For HPLC; 99%8, unstabilised</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethyl acetate (EtOAc)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E/0906/15</td>
			<td>[141-78-6]</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform (CHCl3,)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C/4966/17</td>
			<td>[67-66-3] 
			HPLC grade, stabilised with amylene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane (DCM)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D/1857/17</td>
			<td>[75-09-2] 
			HPLC grade, unstabilised</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylformamide (DMF)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>22915</td>
			<td>[68-12-2] very toxic 
			HPLC grade 99+% pure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>36480</td>
			<td>[67-68-5] very toxic 
			ACS, 99.9% min</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cyclohexane</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>C/8936/15</td>
			<td>[110-82-7] 
			HPLC grade, 99.8+%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluene</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific Ltd</td>
			<td>T/2306/15</td>
			<td>[108-88-3] 
			HPLC grade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzene</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>401765</td>
			<td>[71-43-2] 
			puriss pa reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 -120 mL automatic pipette</td>
			<td>Sartorius</td>
			<td>Picus eLine</td>
			<td>systematic error in specification: 
			for 120mL is &#177;0.48 mL, 
			for 60 mL is &#177;0.36 mL, 
			for 12 mL is &#177;0.24 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VIAL screw clear 1.5ml + CAP bakelite solid screw PTFE lined for 10mm vial</td>
			<td>Jaytee Biosciences</td>
			<td>JW41110 + 
			JW43927</td>
			<td>Capped vial used for validating accuracy and precision of dispensed solvent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crystal Structural Database</td>
			<td>The Cambridge Crystallogra-phic Data Centre (CCDC)</td>
			<td>Cambridge Structural Database (CSD)</td>
			<td>Containing over 900,000 entries from x-ray and neutron diffraction analyses</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>powder X-ray diffractometer</td>
			<td>Panalytical</td>
			<td>X-Pert PRO MPD</td>
			<td>Equipped with an X&#8217;Celerator detector with Cu K&#945; radiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>powder X-ray diffractometer data Collector software</td>
			<td>Panalytical</td>
			<td>X&#8217;Pert HighScore Plus v3.0</td>
			<td>solftware package used to adquire the PXRD data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rietveld refinement software including Scherrer equation</td>
			<td>BRUKER</td>
			<td>Version 6 of TOPAS-Academic</td>
			<td>To prepare phase composition and crystal size from PXRD scans</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC equipment</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>HP1200 Series modular HPLC system</td>
			<td>HPLC high pressure binary pump, autosampler, Peltier type column oven with 6 &#181;L heat exchanger and Diode Array Detector with a semi-micro flow cell (1.6uL, 6mm pathlength).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HPLC column</td>
			<td>Agilent</td>
			<td>1.8mm Zorbax XDB C18,</td>
			<td>(4.6mm ID &#215; 50 mm length)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ball mill grinder</td>
			<td>Retsch</td>
			<td>MM400</td>
			<td>modified: replaced safety cover for external safety screen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14 mL snap closure stainless steel jars</td>
			<td>In house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>manuctured from 316 stainless steel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>14 mL screw closure stainless steel jars</td>
			<td>In house</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>manuctured from 316 stainless steel - 
			contains a PTFE washer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel ball bearings:</td>
			<td>Dejay Distribution Ltd</td>
			<td>7.0 mm (1.37g)</td>
			<td>Stainless Steel Balls A.I.S.I. 420 Carbon (0.25/0.35%) &#38; Chromium (12/14%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#34;Push a Button&#34; software</td>
			<td>Developed at Department of Chemistry</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Written in Visual Basic. It activates an electronically controlled switch (relay).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#34;Push a Button&#34; Solenoid</td>
			<td>Magnet Schultz</td>
			<td>Type 609RP 
			12 Volt DC</td>
			<td>609RP (RP stands for) 
			R - for spring-return 
			P - for push-rod</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#34;Push a Button&#34; 
			Solenoid holder</td>
			<td>Department of Chemistry</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To hold solenoid over START button on the MM400</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#34;Push a Button&#34; Relay</td>
			<td>KM Tronic</td>
			<td>USB one relay</td>
			<td>USB Relay Controller - One Channel - HyperTerminal ASCII commands. Connection to a PC&#39;s USB port using VCP (Virtual COM port).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>re-usable adhesive putty</td>
			<td>Bostik</td>
			<td>Blu-Tack</td>
			<td>Used to hold the jar fixed on the bench.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

reliable mechanochemistry: protocols for reproducible outcomes of neat and liquid assisted ball-mill grinding experiments

गेंद मिल पीस के संतुलन परिणाम नाटकीय रूप से ऐसे जोड़ा विलायक की बहुत छोटी मात्रा की उपस्थिति के रूप में प्रयोगात्मक स्थितियों में भी छोटे बदलाव के एक समारोह के रूप में बदल सकते हैं । reproducibly और सही इस संवेदनशीलता को पकड़ने के लिए, प्रायोगिक तौर पर ध्यान से हर एक पहलू है कि जांच के तहत गेंद मिल पीस प्रतिक्रिया को प्रभावित कर सकते है पर विचार करने की जरूरत है, पीसने जार सुनिश्चित करने से साफ और शुष्क उपयोग से पहले कर रहे हैं, सही ढंग से शुरू सामग्री के stoichiometry जोड़ने, सत्यापित करने के लिए कि विलायक मात्रा के वितरण सही है, यह सुनिश्चित करना है कि विलायक और पाउडर के बीच बातचीत अच्छी तरह से समझ में आता है और, यदि आवश्यक हो, एक विशिष्ट भिगोने समय जोड़ा जाता है प्रक्रिया के लिए । प्रारंभिक काइनेटिक अध्ययन के लिए आवश्यक मिलिंग समय निर्धारित करने के लिए संतुलन को प्राप्त करने के लिए आवश्यक हैं । तभी अति सुंदर चरण संरचना curves गेंद मिल तरल असिस्टेड पीस (अंतराल) के तहत विलायक एकाग्रता के एक समारोह के रूप में प्राप्त किया जा सकता है । सख्त और सावधान यहां प्रस्तुत लोगों के अनुरूप प्रक्रियाओं का उपयोग करके, इस तरह के मिलिंग संतुलन घटता वस्तुतः सभी मिलिंग सिस्टम के लिए प्राप्त किया जा सकता है । प्रणाली हम इन प्रक्रियाओं को प्रदर्शित करने का उपयोग एक डाइसल्फ़ाइड एक्सचेंज दो homodimers के equimolar मिश्रण से शुरू करने के लिए संतुलन मात्रात्मक heterodimer पर प्राप्त प्रतिक्रिया है । बाद गेंद दो अलग polymorphs, फार्म एक और फार्म बीके रूप में पीस मिल द्वारा बनाई गई है । अनुपात R = [प्रपत्र b]/([प्रपत्र A] + [प्रपत्र b]) मिलिंग संतुलन पर प्रकृति और मिलिंग जार में विलायक की एकाग्रता पर निर्भर करता है ।

इस प्रोटोकॉल हमेशा प्रयोगात्मक अपने या अपने pipetting कौशल मांय द्वारा शुरू की है और गुणवत्ता और पिपेट या इस्तेमाल किया सीरिंज के प्रदर्शन का निरीक्षण । यह सबसे अच्छा करने के लिए गेंद मिल पीसने ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments at JoVE.com

Reliable Mechanochemistry: Protocols for Reproducible Outcomes of Neat and Liquid Assisted Ball-mill Grinding Experiments

हम विस्तृत प्रक्रियाओं वर्तमान मिलिंग शर्तों के तहत एक ठोस राज्य प्रणाली में विलायक एकाग्रता के एक समारोह के रूप में चरण संरचना के प्रयोगात्मक संतुलन घटता का उत्पादन करने के लिए ।

विश्वसनीय Mechanochemistry: स्वच्छ और तरल असिस्टेड बॉल-मिल पीस प्रयोगों के प्रतिलिपि परिणामों के लिए प्रोटोकॉल

The equilibrium outcomes of ball mill grinding can dramatically change as a function of even tiny variations in the experimental conditions such as the ...

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